As Good As Dead

by Stephen L. Moore

  Army

  Zidar, Joseph Fred

  Pfc

  Army

  Zumar, William Anthony

  Pvt

  Sources: Captain Fred T. Bruni diary and roster, Record Group 331 Entry 1364, Box 2028, Folder 6; Roster of men sent to Manila and Escapees, Palawan Prison, 1942–1945, RG 407, Entry 1064, Box 97, Folder 1; Roster of Men Received and Transferred, Palawan Prison, RG 307, Entry 1064, Box 97, Folder 2.

  * Indicates man who died on Arisan Maru on October 24, 1944.

  ** Indicates man who died on hellship Oryoku Maru or on ship subsequently transferred to. Deaths of these men occurred between December 14, 1944, and February 1, 1945.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  ORAL HISTORIES AND VIDEOTAPED INTERVIEWS

  University of Kentucky, Colonel Arthur L. Kelly American Veterans Oral History Collection:

  Rufus W. Smith: 1983 interview with Col. Arthur Kelly.

  University of North Texas Oral History Collection:

  George W. Burlage: November 18, 1970, interview with Dr. Ronald Marcello.

  Glenn W. McDole: October 10, 1996, interview with William J. Alexander, transcript (shared property of Admiral Nimitz Museum, Fredericksburg, Texas).

  Eugene Nielsen: December 11, 1989, interview with George W. Burlage, Number 802, transcript.

  Rufus W. Smith: June 13, 1989, interview with George W. Burlage, Number 788, transcript.

  T. Harry Williams Center for Oral History Collection, Louisiana State University, Hill Memorial Library:

  Dupont, Joseph Emile Jr. Collection 4700.1409, transcription of audiotaped interview. Interview dates February 14, 2001, through January 29, 2002.

  Veterans History Project, Library of Congress, Washington, DC:

  Crowley, Daniel William. Interviewed January 28, 2011, by Bob Weisel, transcript.

  Galligan, Francis A. Videotaped interview with James McCarthy, date unspecified.

  Kerr, William Andrew. Videotaped interview with Gary Gift, December 12, 2005.

  Russell, Robert Enson. Collection No. AFC/2001/001/39431. Video compilation of Russell narrating selections from his memoirs.

  Interviews and Correspondence Conducted by the Author:

  Alexander, Nita Smith. Daughter of Rufus Smith. Telephone interviews on July 22 and December 27, 2015, and subsequent conversations, correspondence.

  Ancheta, Jennifer. Daughter of Mary Anne Ancheta. Telephone conversations beginning June 13, 2015, and subsequent e-mail and social media exchanges.

  Ancheta, Mary Anne Mayor. Telephone interview of June 13, 2015, and subsequent telephone conversations.

  Balchus, Joseph R. Son of Palawan Massacre survivor William J. Balchus. Telephone interview of May 23, 2015.

  Barta, Joseph P. Grandson of Palawan Massacre survivor Fern Joseph Barta. E-mail correspondence commencing November 2015.

  Barta, Maureen. Daughter-in-law of Palawan Massacre survivor Joseph Barta. Telephone interviews of June 9 and August 20, 2015, and subsequent e-mails, correspondence, and telephone calls.

  Bell, Milton A. Nephew of Thomas T. Daniels. Telephone interview of February 13, 2016, and subsequent follow-up.

  Burlage, Georgianne. Personal interview of May 24, 2015.

  Duff, Bart. E-mail correspondence commencing June 14, 2015. Bart is a retired American living in Palawan who shared documents related to the massacre and Palawan’s seventy-year liberation ceremonies and helped connect author with Dr. Higinio Mendoza’s son.

  Cevering, Janet. Daughter of Palawan Massacre survivor Eugene Nielsen. Telephone interview of May 29, 2015.

  Dorman, Janet L. Daughter of Palawan Massacre survivor Elmo Deal. Telephone interview of September 2, 2015. Subsequent e-mail and telephone correspondence.

  Elliott, Jacqueline. Daughter-in-law of Palawan escapee Bruce G. Elliott. Telephone interview of September 22, 2015.

  Hill, Pam. Telephone interview of February 11, 2016, and subsequent e-mail correspondence.

  Hooker, Etta. Daughter of Palawan POW Roy L. Henderson. Telephone interview of October 24, 2015, and subsequent correspondence, e-mail.

  Johnson, Glenda McDole. Daughter of Palawan Massacre survivor Glenn McDole. Telephone interview of June 14, 2015.

  Koblos, John E. Son of Palawan Massacre survivor Ernest J. Koblos. Telephone interviews of May 24 and May 26, 2015, with “Jack” and his wife, Felice. Subsequent correspondence via mail and e-mail.

  Mango, Albert L. Nephew of Palawan Massacre victim Carl Mango. Telephone interview of October 23, 2015, and subsequent correspondence.

  Martinez, David. Son-in-law of Palawan Massacre survivor Alberto Pacheco. Telephone interview of January 26, 2016.

  Martinez, Kathy Pacheco. Daughter of Palawan Massacre survivor Alberto Pacheco. Telephone interviews of December 15, 2015, and January 26, 2016, and subsequent e-mail correspondence.

  Mayor, Robert. Telephone interview of July 18, 2015.

  McCoy, Jeanette Johnson. Telephone interview of February 17, 2016.

  Meixner, Jennifer. Granddaughter of Palawan escapee Bruce G. Elliott. E-mail correspondence of September 24, 2015, and additional materials and photos.

  Mendoza, Higinio Clark “Buddy.” Son of Dr. Higinio Mendoza. Photos provided via Bart Duff.

  Merritt, Joe D. Telephone interview of August 22, 2015.

  Murray, Lorna. Daughter of Palawan Massacre survivor Eugene Nielsen. Telephone interview of May 29, 2015, and subsequent correspondence.

  Pacheco, Florentino and Juanita. Brother and sister-in-law of Palawan Massacre survivor Alberto Pacheco. Telephone interview of September 1, 2015, and subsequent correspondence.

  Parkins, Kathy McDole. Daughter of Palawan Massacre survivor Glenn McDole. Telephone interview of June 14, 2015, and subsequent e-mail correspondence and follow-up phone calls.

  Ramirez, Joanne Rae M. Granddaughter of Palawan guerrilla leader Nazario Mayor. E-mail correspondence of June 1, 2015.

  Schandelmeier, Wayne. Telephone interview of May 27, 2015.

  Spears, Sharon Deal. Daughter of Palawan Massacre survivor Elmo V. Deal. Telephone interview of September 7, 2015, and subsequent e-mail correspondence.

  Stillwell, Raymond. Grandson of Palawan Massacre survivor Edwin A. Petry. Telephone interview of March 5, 2016, and subsequent e-mail correspondence.

  Stout, Lynhon Hough. Daughter of Palawan POW Hubert D. Hough. Telephone interview of September 23, 2015, and subsequent correspondence and e-mails.

  Wright, David S. Son of Palawan escapee Sydney T. Wright. Telephone interview of December 19, 2015, and subsequent e-mail correspondence.

  Yale, Linda J. Daughter of Palawan Massacre survivor Joe Barta. Telephone interview of July 19, 2015, and subsequent correspondence.

  OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS, REPORTS, STATEMENTS

  MacArthur Memorial Archives, Norfolk, Virginia:

  Deal, Elmo V., Cpl., USA. Signal Corps messages from Sergeant Cabais to General MacArthur regarding Deal, February 8–18, 1945. Record Group 16, Box 26, Folder 8.

  Elliott, Bruce Gordon, Coxswain, USN. Philippine Evacuee Report No. 211, August 21, 1944.

  Little, Jopaul, AOM3c, USN. Philippine Evacuee Report No. 169, July 5, 1944.

  Swift, William Dewey, Cpl., USMC. Philippine Evacuee Report No. 214, August 21, 1944.

  Vicouroux, McVea J., Cpl. Philippine Evacuee Report No. 200, August 21, 1944.

  National Archives:

  Adams, Hoyett, CWO, USA. July 27, 1945, affidavit concerning the escape of Tommie T. Daniels. Record Group 153, Box 1353.

  “Affidavits of Kempei Tai Members, Palawan Case,” RG 331, 1214UD, Box 1112, Folder 1. Statements made by Yoshio Yamazaki, Sempachi Abe, Kenkichi Iwaoka, Takeo Kawamura, Munekazu Miyahara, Shiro Isoi, Tatsuo Nakamura, and Taichi Deguchi.

  “Affidavits by Kinoshita Unit’s Members. Palawan Case, Vol. I.” Record Group 331, 1212UD, Box 1112, Folder 4. Statements made by Benji Kubota, Masumi Minamoto, Keitaro Tada, Toshih
iro Arima, Tamotsu Kamei, Tadashi Fujitani, Isure Takahashi, Shingo Nakagawa, Gon Oye, Kanji Hichihyo, Yoshimasa Dojo, Takeyoshi Nagao, Masaki Maruyama, Yoshio Honda, Kinsaku Kawajiri, Arira Inuzuka, Mitsuhori Fujimoto, Teruo Saito, Tatsuo Hara, Sadaaki Katsuki, and Ushitaro Hamano.

  “Affidavits by Kinoshita Unit’s Members. Palawan Case, Vol. II.” Record Group 331, Folder 5. Statements made by Isamu Oba, Genichiro Kawaguchi, Tadao Deguchi, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Takeo Goda, Ichiji Mitani, Minoru Terumoto, Kameo Hamamoto, and Masaharu Okubo.

  “American POWs.” Production transcripts of 6th AAF Combat Camera Unit documentary filmed on Morotai Island on January 19, 1945, with Palawan Massacre survivors William J. Balchus, Ernest J. Koblos, Eugene Nielsen, Alberto D. Pacheco, Edwin A. Petry, and Rufus W. Smith. This document includes testimony given by Petry, Koblos, Balchus, and Nielsen. National Archives, Record Group 153, Box 1353.

  Barta, Fern Joseph, RM1c, USN. Transcript of video of his experiences, February 14, 1945. Record Group 38.

  Bondad, Rufino G. “American War Prisoners Who Escaped the Massacre at Pto. Princesa on Dec. 14, 1944, and [Were] Rescued by Colony Officials and Some Prisoners from the Japanese.” Record of American escapees who were aided by members of the Iwahig Penal Colony. Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 2.

  Cobb, Alfred Ervin (civilian). Report of evasion from Philippine Islands, June 21, 1944, Record Group 319, Entry 85.

  “Death and Wound Reports Compiled and Maintained at Palawan, P.I.” Record Group 407, Entry 1072, Box 184.

  “Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor.” Report of 449th Counter Intelligence Corps (Detachment) APO 926, USAFFE, dated 7 January 1945. Summary of information derived from interrogations of escapees William J. Balchus, Ernest John Koblos, Eugene Nielsen, Albert D. Pacheco, Rufus W. Smith, and Edwin A. Petry. National Archives, RG 331, Box 1111, Folder 7-1.

  Interrogation of Tomisaburo Sawa, July 31, 1947, from Sugamo Prison, Japan. National Archives Record Group 331, Box 1276.

  “Investigation of the Allied Atrocities Committed at Camp 10 A, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippine Islands, Against American Prisoners of War Between 1 August 1942 and 14 December 1944.” Report No. 49. War Crimes Branch, Judge Advocate Section, General Headquarters, AFPAC. National Archives, courtesy of James Scott.

  Escape and Evasion (E&E) Report No. 23, United States Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas, 15 February 1945. Statements of D. W. Bogue, Sgt., USMC, F. J. Barta, RM1c, USN, and G. W. McDole, Pfc., USMC. National Archives Record Group 331, Box 1276.

  “Mistreatment of Crew of U.S. Sub Robalo, Palawan.” Record Group 331, 1211UD, Box 1265.

  “Palawan Massacre.” Report of Investigation Division, Legal Section, GHQ, SCAP, March 15, 1948. National Archives Record Group 331, Box 1276.

  “The Palawan Massacre.” Research report of the General Headquarters Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, May 15, 1946. National Archives Record Group 331, Box 1112, Folder 7.

  “Palawan Military Police Report No. 55, 18 August 1944. Examination of POWs from American Submarine.” National Archives, courtesy of Douglas Campbell.

  “Palawan Military Police Report No. 56, 28 August 1944. Report on the Movements of Lt. Comdr. Kimmel, Captain of the American Submarine Robalo.” National Archives, courtesy of Douglas Campbell.

  “Record of Proceedings of an Investigation conducted at the headquarters of the Commander Submarines Seventh Fleet by order of the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and the Chief of Naval Operations to investigate the circumstances connected with the loss of the U.S.S. Robalo and the loss of the U.S.S. Flier,” 14 September 1944. National Archives and Records Authority, College Park, MD.

  Terada, Seeichi et al. (14 others). Record of Trial by Military Commission, August 2–October 8, 1948. National Archives, College Park, MD, Record Group 153, Boxes 1353 and 1354. Trial testimony referenced includes that of Gaudencia M. Manlavi, Pedro S. Paje, Edwin A. Petry, and Fern Joseph Barta.

  United States vs. Manichi Nishitani. Record of Trial and Exhibits, Court Docket No. 354, August 5–9, 1948. National Archives, College Park, MD, Record Group 153, Entry 143, Box 1358, transcript.

  Wartime Videotaped Interview of Palawan Massacre Survivors Eugene Nielsen, Edwin Petry, Alberto Pacheco, Rufus Smith, Ernest Koblos, and William Balchus, January 1945, National Archives.

  National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri:

  Daniels, Thomas Tinsley, Sergeant, USAAF (Ret.). Military records.

  Statements/Affidavits by Former American POWs and Filipinos from the National Archives, Record Group 331, Manila Report No. 49, Entry No. 1214-UD, Box 1111:

  Adams, Joseph John, BM1c, USN. January 15, 1946, Folder 5.

  Anderson, Gerald Lee, Coxswain, USN. March 19, 1946, Folder 6.

  Anderson, Ralph Wilmer, Cpl, U.S. Marines. December 19, 1945, and January 3, 1946, Folder 6.

  Aukay, Pedro C., Filipino. June 22, 1948, Folder 2.

  Bacon, Bobby Terrell, Pfc, U.S. Marines. December 20, 1945, Folder 6.

  Bajorek, Aloysius Stanley, F1c, USN. January 2, 1946, Folder 6.

  Balchus, William J. Group affidavit with Edwin A. Petry, Eugene Nielsen, and Alberto D. Pacheco of March 16, 1945, Folder 6.

  Ballou, Billy E., Sgt, USA. Affidavit of August 19, 1946, Folder 4.

  Barta, Fern Joseph, RM1c, USN. February 13, 1945, and August 28, 1946, Folder 6.

  Blau, Sanford Jack, T/5, USN. April 20, 1945, Folder 6.

  Bogue, Douglas W., Sgt, USMC. January 23, 1945, and February 17, 1945, Folder 6.

  Bogue, Douglas W. and Glenn W. McDole, joint statement of February 17, 1945, Folder 6.

  Bragg, William Isaac, Pvt. September 18, 1945, Folder 6.

  Bryan, Alton B., CGM, USN. September 10, 1946, Folder 5.

  Budzaj, Zygmond, CGM, USN. January 7, 1946, Folder 6.

  Carrington, James W., Cpl, USMC. August 21, 1946, Folder 4.

  Cheek, John Marvin. CTM, USN. December 20, 1945, Folder 6.

  Cleere, Neal C., U.S. Marines. May 3, 1946, Folder 6.

  Clemons, Aaron Lee, Pfc, U.S. Marines. October 3, 1945, and December 27, 1945, Folders 4 and 6.

  Clough, Clarence Sylvester, Cpl, U.S. Marines. January 31, 1946, Folder 6.

  Craig, Charles Frank, BM2c, USN. February 4, 1946, Folder 6.

  Daugherty, Coy Elmo, Sgt, USA. August 10, 1946, Folder 4.

  Dimeo, Carmen M., Sgt, USMC. August 26, 1946, Folder 4.

  DiSerio, John Donald, Sgt, USMC. July 22, 1946, Folder 2.

  Ditto, Walter A., Cpl, USMC. Undated, Folder 2.

  E&E (Evasion and Escape) Report No. 23, January 26, 1945. Joint statements of Douglas W. Bogue, Fern Joseph Barta, and Glen W. McDole, Folder 7-1.

  Galligan, Francis A., S/Sgt, USA. October 2, 1946, Folder 6.

  Gibson, Donald C., P/Sgt, U.S. Marines. August 30, 1946, Folder 6.

  Glowacki, Peter Anthony, Pfc, USA. November 15, 1945, Folder 5.

  Green, Joseph Clinton, Pfc, USA. August 19, 1946, Folder 4.

  Harrell, Thomas Eugene. September 19, 1945, Folder 6.

  Heard, James M., P/Sgt, USMC. September 19, 1946, Folder 4.

  Henderson, Francis Marion, Pfc, USA. August 7, 1946, Folder 4.

  Holm, Holger Larsen, Cpl, USA. August 26, 1946, Folder 6.

  Johnston, Robert T. Jr., Cpl, USAA. January 16, 1945, Folder 6.

  Kerr, William Andrew, Cpl, USMC. October 4, 1945, Folder 6.

  King, Frank, Cox, USN. August 23, 1946, Folder 5.

  King, Joe R., Pvt, USA. September 12 and September 13, 1945, Folders 5 and 6.

  Kincaid, Hoke Henderson, Sp3/c, AAC. August 13, 1946, Folder 4.

  Kisner, Loyd C., Sgt, USA. August 23, 1946, Folder 4.

  Kneeland, Harold William, CSM, USN. September 17, 1946, Folder 5.

  Koblos, Ernest John, Cpl, USA. May 11, 1945, Folder 6.

  Lawrence, Joe Billy, Pvt, USA. September 16, 1945, Folder 5.

  Macaset, Valentin, Filipino resident. March 4, 1945, Folder 4.
/>   Macknicki, Stanley Walter, F1c, USN. October 3, 1945, and August 23, 1946, Folders 4 and 6.

  Malone, Luther H., CBM, USN. October 15, 1946, Folder 6.

  Marangiello, Anthony Daniel, S/Sgt, USA. December 27, 1945, Folder 6.

  Martinez, Clifford A., Pvt, USA. September 9, 1946, Folder 5.

  May, Robert Carl, Pfc, USMC. September 10, 1946, Folder 4.

  McAfoos, Charles B. September 14, 1946, Folder 2.

  McClellan, Richard C., Cpl. May 8, 1945, Folder 6.

  McDole, Glenn W. Pfc, USMC. February 17, 1945, Folder 6.

  McDougall, Donald Bruce, CSM, USN. August 28, 1946, Folder 6.

  Moore, Lee Wayne, Cpl, USA. May 15, 1945, Folder 6.

  Nelson, Clarence H. Jr., Coxswain, USN. August 29, 1946, Folder 4.

  Nelson, Wayne Arthur, Sgt, USA. August 22, 1946, Folder 6.

  Norris, Charles Douglas, Pfc, USMC. August 26, 1946, Folder 6.

  Parrish, Francis Marion, BM2c, USN. October 4, 1945, Folder 6.

  Perri, Albert, Sgt, USMC. September 5, 1946, Folder 6.

  Pitts, Bernie Byron, Cpl, U.S. Marines. September 4, 1945, Folder 6.

  Preslar, Lyndal B. Affidavit of September 7, 1945, Folder 6.

  Richards, James P., Pvt, USA. October 22, 1946, Folder 6.

  Robinson, David Mason, CTM, USN. September 16, 1946, and March 31, 1947, Folders 2 and 6.

  Robinson, Lawrence, Cpl. January 20, 1946, Folder 6.

  Russell, Robert Enson, Ensign, USN. 1945 (date unspecified), Folder 6.

  Schloat, Don T., Pfc, USA. April 27, 1945, Folder 5.

  Skripsky, Gerald L., Cpl, USMC. September 11, 1946, Folder 5.

  Smith, Norval Giles, CTM, USN. August 27, 1946, Folder 6.

  Snare, Vernon H. January 14, 1950, Folder 4.

  Spencer, Aldon L., Cpl. November 30, 1945, Folder 6.

  Stafford, Thomas Edward, Pvt, USA. September 16, 1946, Folder 6.

  Stanley, Abram Francis Jr., Sgt, USMC. September 26, 1946, Folder 6.

  Stephenson, Sam, Pvt. September 17, 1945, Folder 6.

  Taylor, Fernie William (Baptist ministry). June 20, 1945, Folder 6.

  Taylor, John Flowers, Cpl, U.S. Marines. October 8, 1946, Folder 6.

  Vaughan, Churchill E., CSK, USN. October 7, 1946, Folder 5.

  Wakefield, Gerald L., Sgt, USA. October 2, 1946, Folder 5.

  Wannebo, Peter Elsworth, U.S. Army. July 8, 1948, Folder 1.