A History of the Roman World

by Scullard, H. H.

  579-534 Servius Tullius. ’Servian’ organization begun. Treaty with Latins. Temple of Diana on Aventine.

  534-510 L. Tarquinius Superbus. Capitoline temple. Treaty with Gabii. Ager Romanus extended to c. 350 sq. miles.

  B. FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC TO THE GALLIC SACK

  509 Fall of monarchy; institution of two annual magistrates.

  First treaty with Carthage.

  War with Porsenna (who captures Rome ?).

  504 Migration of Claudii to Rome.

  501 First dictator appointed.

  496 Battle of Lake Regillus fought by Rome against Latin League.

  495 Cult of Liber, Libera and Ceres on Aventine.

  Latin colony at Signia.

  494 First secession; plebeians assert their rights (or 471).

  Latin colony at Velitrae.

  493 Treaty of Spurius Cassius with the Latins.

  492 Corn imported from Cumae.

  Latin colony at Norba.

  491 Raid of Coriolanus.

  486 Sp. Cassius proposes agrarian law.

  Treaty of Rome with Hernici.

  Wars with Aequi and Volsci intermittently for fifty years.

  484 Latins recover Tusculum from Aequi and Volsci.

  483-474 War with Veii.

  479 Battle of the Cremera.

  474 Etruscans defeated off Cumae by Hiero.

  471 Lex Publilia Voleronis. Concilium Plebis and tribunes officially recognized.

  462 Agitation of Terentilius Harsa.

  459? Tribunes raised to ten.

  458? Minucius defeated by Aequi at Mt Algidus.

  Aequi defeated by Cincinnatus.

  456 Lex Icilia de Aventino publicando.

  451-450 The decemvirates. Publication of the XII Tables.

  449 Secession of the plebs. Valerio-Horatian Laws. Rights of tribunes legally defined.

  447 Quaestors elected by the people. Comitia Tributa Populi perhaps instituted.

  445 Lex Canuleia. Military tribunes with consular power replace consulship.

  444 Treaty with Ardea.

  443 Censorship established.

  442 Latin colony at Ardea?

  439 Minucius deals with corn supply of Rome.

  433 Temple of Apollo founded.

  431 Decisive defeat of Aequi on the Algidus.

  428-425 Rome wins Fidenae from Veil.

  421 Quaestorships raised to four: opened to plebs.

  418 Roman garrison (colony ?) at Labici.

  409 Three quaestors plebeians.

  406 Anxur reduced.

  404 Velitrae receives garrison.

  399 Lectisternium decreed.

  396 Military pay introduced.

  Fall of Veii. Peace with Volsci.

  393 Latin colony at Circeii.

  390? Latin colony at Sutrium.

  390 Battle of Allia. Gauls sack Rome. (387 acc. to Polybius.)

  C. THE CONQUEST OF ITALY

  388 Aequi defeated at Bola.

  387 Creation of four rustic tribes on ager Veiens (making total of 25).

  386-385 Latins, Volsci and Hernici defeated.

  385 Latin colony at Satricum.

  383? Latin colony at Nepete.

  382 Latin colony at Setia.

  381 Tusculum pacified.

  378 ‘Servian’ Wall begun.

  377 Latins defeated after their capture of Satricum.

  Licinius and Sextius start their agitation.

  367 Laws of Licinius and Sextius passed. Consulship restored. Creation of curule aedileship.

  366 First plebeian consul. Creation of praetorship. Curule aedileship to alternate annually between patricians and plebs.

  361 Romans capture Ferentinum.

  359 Tarquinii revolts.

  358 Hernici readmitted to alliance. Renewal of treaty with Latins. Two

  new tribes created on land from Antium (total 27).

  357 Government tax on manumission. Rate of interest fixed.

  Falerii revolts. Gallic raid on Latium.

  356 First plebeian dictator.

  354 Alliance of Rome and Samnites.

  353 Caere defeated: 100 years’ truce: receives half-citizenship (or later).

  352 Quinqueviri mensarii established.

  351 First plebeian censor.

  Tarquinii and Falerii reduced: forty years’ truce.

  348 Renewal of Rome’s treaty with Carthage.

  346 Gallic raid checked (or 349). Defeat of Antium and Satricum.

  343 Falerii receives permanent alliance.

  Latin attack on Paeligni.

  343-341 First Samnite War (very doubtful).

  342 Military mutiny and secession. Leges Cenuciae.

  340-338 Latin revolt.

  339 Leges Publiliae.

  338 Latin League dissolved. Lanuvium, Aricia, Nomentum, Pedum and Tusculum receive full citizenship. Fundi, Formiae, Cumae, Capua, etc., receive half-citizenship. Roman colony at Antium and Ostia (?).

  Land confiscated from Velitrae.

  337 First plebeian praetor.

  336 Teanum granted alliance.

  334 Latin colony at Cales.

  332 Acerrae receives half-citizenship. Two new tribes created in Latium (total 29).

  Rome’s treaty with Tarentum (or 303).

  332-331 Rome makes thirty years’ truce with Senones.

  c. 330 Roman alliance with Fabrateria and Frusino.

  329 Privernum captured and receives half-citizenship.

  Roman colony at Tarracina (Anxur).

  328 Latin colony at Fregellae.

  326 First use of prorogatio imperii. Lex Poetilia concerning debt (313).

  Roman alliance with Neapolis, Nuceria and the Apulians.

  Rome captures Rufrium and Allifae.

  326-304 Second Samnite War.

  321 Roman defeat at Caudine Forks. Peace. Rome surrenders Fregellae.

  318 Two tribes (Falernia and Oufentina) created in northern Campania (total 31).

  Alliance with Teanum (Apuli) and Canusium.

  Roman prefects sent to Capua and Cumae.

  316 Samnite War renewed.

  315 Luceria captured. Samnite victory at Lautulae. Revolt of Capua and Aurunci to Samnites.

  314 Roman victory atTarracina. Capua and Aurunci reduced. Latin colony at Luceria.

  313 (or 312) Fregellae and Sora recaptured. Nola and Calatia made allies. Latin colonies at Suessa Aurunca, Pontia, Saticula, Interamna.

  312 Censorship of Appius Claudius.

  Romans capture Peltuinum and Allifae. Via Appia started. Aqua Appia.

  311 Duoviri navales appointed.

  310 Naval landing at Pompeii fails. Roman advance into Etruria.

  Roman treaties with Cortona, Perusia, Arretium.

  308 Alliance with Tarquinii renewed for forty years.

  Alliance with Camerinum and Ocriculum.

  307 Revolt of the Hernici.

  306 Anagnia stormed; receives half-citizenship.

  ‘Philinus’ treaty with Carthage.

  304 Repeal of reform of Appius Claudius. Flavius publishes the ‘legis actiones’.

  Aequi defeated. Samnite War ended. Alliance with Marsi, Paeligni, Marrucini, Frentani.

  303 Latin colony at Alba Fucens (or 300) and Sora.

  Half-citizenship to Arpinum and Trebula.

  Temple of Salus dedicated.

  302 Latin colony at Carsioli (or 298). Alliance with Vestini.

  300 Lex Valeria de provocatione. Lex Ogulnia, opening priestly colleges to plebeians.

  299 Two new tribes, Aniensis and Terentina (total 33).

  Latin colony at Narnia (Nequinum). Alliance with Picentes.

  Gallic raid in Roman territory.

  298-290 Third Samnite War.

  298 Rome captures Taurasia, Cisauna, Bovianum Vetus, and Aufidena.

  296 Samnite raid in ager Falernus. Roman colonies at Minturnae and Sinuessa.

  295 Roman victory over Samnites, Gauls and Umbrians at Sentinum.

  294 Fo
rty years’ treaty with Volsinii, Perusia, Arretium.

  Samnite victory near Luceria.

  293(?) Lex Maenia. Cult of Aesculapius imported.

  Roman victory over Samnites at Aquilonia.

  292 Falerii reduced; truce.

  291 Venusia stormed: Latin colony there.

  290 Peace with Samnites. Sabines granted half-citizenship.

  Latin colony at Hadria and Roman (?) colony at Castrum Novum Piceni.

  289 Mint and triumviri monetales established.

  287 Lex Hortensia.

  284 Senones defeat Metellus at Arretium. Revolt of Vulci, Volsinii, and some Samnites and Lucanians. Senones driven out of ager Gallicus. Roman colony at Sena.

  283 Boii defeated at Lake Vadimo.

  282 Boii defeated near Populonia, Roman garrisons sent to Thurii, Rhegium and Locri. Roman fleet attacked by Tarentines.

  281 Roman embassy at Tarentum.

  280 Alliance with Vulci, Volsinii, Rusellae, Vetulonia, Populonia, Volaterrae, and Tarquinii.

  280-275 War with Pyrrhus.

  280 Pyrrhus lands in Italy, and defeats Romans at Heraclea.

  (Winter) Negotiations with Pyrrhus.

  279 Battle of Asculum.

  278 Peace negotiations fail. Rome’s treaty with Carthage.

  Pyrrhus leaves Italy.

  276 Pyrrhus returns to Italy.

  275 Pyrrhus defeated near Malventum; returns to Greece.

  273 Latin colonies at Paestum and Cosa. Caere mulcted of some territory. Roman friendship with Egypt.

  272 Livius Andronicus brought to Rome. Anio Vetus aqueduct.

  Alliance with Velia, Heraclea, Thurii, Metapontum.

  Surrender of Tarentum.

  270 Capture of Rhegium.

  269 First silver coinage minted at Rome. Revolt of Picentes.

  268 Picentes reduced: half-citizenship. Sabines receive full citizenship.

  Latin colonies at Beneventum and Ariminum.

  Capture of Sarsina.

  267 War with Sallentini. Capture of Brundisium.

  266 Apulia and Messapia reduced to alliance.

  264 First gladiatorial show at Rome.

  Latin colony at Firmum. Capture of Volsinii.

  263 Latin colony at Aesernia.

  D. THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS

  264-241 First Punic War.

  264 Roman alliance with Mamertines. Roman army lands in Sicily.

  263 Hiero becomes Roman ally.

  262 Capture of Agrigentum.

  260 Naval victory off Mylae.

  259 Roman occupation of Corsica.

  258 Naval victory off Sulci.

  257 Naval victory off Tyndaris.

  256 Naval victory off Ecnomus. Regulus lands in Africa.

  255 Defeat of Regulus’ army. Naval victory off Cape Hermaeum.

  Roman fleet wrecked off Pachynus.

  254 Romans capture Panormus.

  253 Roman fleet wrecked off Palinurus.

  250 Victory at Panormus. Siege of Lilybaeum.

  249 Claudius’ naval defeat at Drepana. Roman transport fleet wrecked.

  247 Hamilcar Barca starts Carthaginian offensive in Sicily.

  244 Latin colony at Brundisium.

  243 Roman fleet built from voluntary loans.

  242 Institution of praetor peregrinus.

  241 Naval victory off Aegates Insulae. Peace. Roman occupation of Sicily. Falerii reduced. Latin colony at Spoletium. Two tribes created in Picenum (total 35).

  241? Reform of the Comitia Centuriata.

  238-225 Occupation and reduction of Corsica and Sardinia.

  238-230 Intermittent campaigns against the Ligurians.

  236 First play of Naevius.

  Gallic raids in the North.

  c. 235 The quadrigatus introduced.

  235-234 Temple of Janus closed.

  232 Distribution of ager Callicus carried by Flaminius.

  231 Roman embassy to Hamilcar in Spain.

  229-228 First Illyrian War. Roman protectorate established on the Illyrian coast.

  228 Roman envoys in Greece.

  227 Praetorships raised to four. Sicily and Sardinia under praetors.

  226 Roman embassy to Hasdrubal in Spain; Ebro treaty.

  225 Invading Gauls defeated at Telamon.

  223 Flaminius defeats Insubres.

  222 Battle of Clastidium; Insubres surrender.

  221-220 North-eastern frontier secured to Julian Alps.

  c. 221 Saguntines appeal to Rome.

  220 Construction of Via Flaminia.

  219 Second Illyrian War; Demetrius defeated.

  (aut.) Hannibal storms Saguntum.

  218? Lex Claudia.

  Latin colonies at Placentia and Cremona.

  Roman ultimatum to Carthage. War declared (spring).

  218-201 Second Punic War.

  218 Hannibal in northern Italy. Battles of Ticinus and Trebia.

  217 Roman naval victory off the Ebro. Battle of Lake Trasimene.

  216 Battle of Cannae. Revolts in central Italy, and of Capua.

  215 Tributum doubled.

  Hannibal in South Italy. Hasdrubal defeated at Dertosa.

  Alliance of Carthage with Philip and Syracuse.

  214 Roman successes in Spain.

  214-205 First Macedonian War.

  213 Hannibal occupies Tarentum. Roman siege of Syracuse.

  212 Siege of Capua.

  Ludi Apollinares introduced.

  212-211 The denarius introduced.

  211 Hannibal’s march on Rome. Fall of Capua and Syracuse. Roman alliance with Aetolia.

  The Scipios defeated in Spain.

  210 Twelve Latin colonies refuse contingents. Fall of Agrigentum.

  Scipio Africanus lands in Spain.

  209 Recapture of Tarentum. Capture of New Carthage.

  208 Death of Marcellus. Battle of Baecula.

  207 Hasdrubal defeated at Metaurus.

  206 Battle of Ilipa. Final reduction of Spain. Aetolians make peace with Philip.

  205 Scipio in Sicily. Peace of Phoenice (or 204).

  204 Ennius brought to Rome. Cult stone of Mother Goddess brought from Asia Minor.

  Scipio lands in Africa.

  203 Syphax defeated. Battle of the Great Plains. Armistice broken.

  Defeat of Mago. Hannibal recalled in winter.

  202 First prose history of Rome by Fabius Pictor.

  Scipio’s victory at Zama (aut.).

  201 Peace. Masinissa king of Greater Numidia. Carthage becomes a client state. Appeal of Attalus and Rhodes.

  E. EXTENSION OF EMPIRE

  200-196 Second Macedonian War.

  200 War declared on Philip. Insubres sack Placentia.

  199 Lex Porcia, limiting Imperium of governors. Death of Naevius.

  198 Flamininus’ victory at the Aoiis. Achaeans join Rome.

  197 Praetorships raised to six. Spain organized as two provinces.

  Cethegus defeats Insubres. Battle of Cynoscephalae.

  Peace between Philip and Rome (winter). Revolt of Turdetani in Spain.

  196 Final defeat of Insubres by Marcellus. Flamininus’ proclamation at

  Corinth. Appeal of Smyrna to Senate.

  195 Repeal of Lex Oppia. Lex Porcia, forbidding scourging of citizens.

  Hannibal exiled. Masinissa starts his raids on Punic territory. Cato in Spain. War against Nabis.

  194 Roman colonies at Volturnum, Liternum, Puteoli, Salernum, Pyrgi, Sipontum, Tempsa, Croton, Buxentum.

  Lusitani defeated; war drags on intermittently.

  Evacuation of Greece.

  193 Latin colony at Copia.

  192-189 War with Antiochus.

  192 Latin colony at Vibo. The Apuani checked. War declared on Antiochus, who lands in Greece (Oct.).

  191 Lex Acilia, concerning the calendar.

  Boii defeated by Scipio Nasica. Antiochus defeated at Thermopylae. War in Aetolia. Antiochus’ fleet defeated off Corycus.

  190 Placentia and Cre
mona resettled. The Scipios in Greece.

  Antiochus’ fleet defeated at Side and Myonnesus.

  189 Libertini enrolled in rustic tribes.

  Latin colony at Bononia. Campanians enrolled as citizens. Fall of Ambracia. Peace with Aetolia.

  Defeat of Antiochus at Magnesia. Manlius raids Galatia.

  188 Full citizenship granted to Arpinum, Formiae, Fundi.

  Treaty of Apamea. Settlement of Asia.

  187 Government liquidates war debt. Attacks on Scipios.

  Non-citizens expelled from Rome.

  Via Aemilia and Via Flaminia.

  186 Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus.

  Ligurians defeat Philippus.

  184 Cato censor. Death ofPlautus. Exile of Scipio Africanus.

  Roman colonies at Potentia, Pisaurum. Philip sends Demetrius to Rome.

  183 Lex Furia Testamentaria. Death of Scipio Africanus.

  Roman colonies at Parma, Mutina, Saturnia.

  181 Lex Baebia. Lex Orchia (sumptuary).

  Latin colony at Aquileia. Roman colony at Graviscae.

  Ingauni defeated. End of Achaeo-Spartan quarrel.

  Revolt in Corsica and Sardinia.

  181-179 First Celtiberian War.

  180 Lex Villia Annalis.

  Latin colony at Luca. Apuani defeated. Foundation of Graccuris in Spain.

  179 Accession of Perseus.

  178 Expedition against Istri.

  177 Latins expelled from Rome.

  Roman colony at Luna. Annexation of Istria.

  177-176 Sardinia reduced.

  173 Latins expelled from Rome. Two Epicurean philosophers expelled.

  Envoys sent to arbitrate between Masinissa and Carthage.

  172 Two plebeian consuls.

  172-167 Third Macedonian War.

  171 Temporary court de repetundis.

  Latin colony at Carteia in Spain.

  169 Lex Voconia. Freedmen confined to one urban tribe.

  Quarrel between Senate and Equites.

  168 Defeat of Perseus at Pydna. Romans capture Scodra.

  Antiochus checked. Delos declared a free port. Foundation of Corduba in Spain (or 151).

  167 Tributum discontinued. Perseus’ library brought to Rome. Epirus plundered. Macedon divided into four, Illyria into three protectorates. 1,000 Achaeans deported to Italy.

  166-159 Production of Terence’s comedies.

  163 Final reduction of Corsica.

  161 Lex Fannia (sumptuary). Expulsion of Greek philosophers.

  Treaty with Jews.

  159 Law against bribery.

  157-155 Roman campaigns in Dalmatia and Pannonia.

  155 Carneades in Rome.

  154 Oxybian Ligurians defeated.