140 Chen Yung-fa, ‘Guanjian de Yinian’, 410.
Chapter 11: Japan’s Surrender in China
1 Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Michael Howard and Peter Paret, trans. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 227.
2 http://www.chinese-poems.com/due.html
3 Guo Dajun, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei: Shouxiang yu Shenpan (A Monument Erected in Eight Blood-drenched Years: The Acceptance of Surrender and the Judgment after Trial) (Guilin: Guangxi Shifan Daxue Chubanshe, 1994), 96.
4 ‘Nanking Acclaims Japan’s Surrender’, The New York Times, 10 September 1945.
5 Okamura Yasuji, Gangcun Ningci Huiyilu (Memoirs of Okamura Yasuji), Tianjin Shi Zhengxie Weiyuanhui, trans. (Beijing: Xinhua Shudian, 1981), 50–55; Guo, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei, 100–114; Wan Jinyu, ‘Riben Touxiang he Zhongguo Lujun Zongbu Shouxiang Neimu’ (‘Japan’s Surrender and the Background to the Reception of the Surrender by the Supreme Headquarters of the Chinese Army’), in Zhonghua Wenshi Ziliao Quanji (Compilation of Materials for the Culture and History of China), vol. 5, 2, 911–27.
6 Guo Dajun, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei, 65.
7 Okamura Yasuji, Gangcun Ningci Huiyilu, 28–32.
8 Ibid., 26.
9 Ibid., 23–8.
10 Ibid., 33.
11 The text is replicated in ibid., 45–6.
12 Guo Dajun, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei, 78–9.
13 Ibid., 85–6.
14 Ibid., 92–4.
15 Ibid., 95.
16 Okamura Yasuji, Gangcun Ningci Huiyilu, 30–31.
17 Guo Dajun, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei, 78; Okamura Yasuji, Gangcun Ningci Huiyilu, 33.
18 Guo Dajun, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei, 97–8.
19 ‘Nanking Welcomes the Chinese C-in-C’, Manchester Guardian, 10 September 1945.
20 ‘Nanking Acclaims Japan’s Surrender’, The New York Times, 10 September 1945.
21 Mao Zedong, ‘Dui Ri Kou de Zui Hou Yi Zhan’ (‘One Final Battle with the Japanese Invader’), in Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong Junshi Wenji (Collected Military Writings of Mao Zedong) (Beijing: Military Sciences Press, 1993), vol. 2, 817.
22 Yang Tianshi, Zhaoxun Zhenshi de Jiang Jieshi: Jiang Jieshi Riji Jiedu (In Search of the Real Chiang Kaishek: Reading the Chiang Kaishek Diaries) (Taiyuan: Shanxi Renmin Chubanshe, 2008), vol. 2, 422.
23 Guo Dajun, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei, 67.
24 Quoted in Guo Dajun, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei, 69–70.
25 ‘Text of Yenan Charges against Chiang’, The New York Times, 14 August 1945.
26 Ibid.
27 Guo Dajun, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei, 71.
28 Ibid., 73–4.
29 Ibid., 74.
30 See Hans van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945 (London: Routledge, 2003), 58–9.
31 Ibid., 59.
32 ‘Red Offensive Announced’, The New York Times, 15 August 1945.
33 ‘China Communists Ask Part in Peace’, The New York Times, 17 August 1945.
34 ‘Reds Warn Chiang to Avert Civil War’, The New York Times, 20 August 1945.
35 Okamura Yasuji, Gangcun Ningci Huiyilu, 36.
36 ‘Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, Nimitz, and Wedemeyer’, 11 August 1945, in Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 87, folder 1.
37 ‘From COMGENCHINA to WARCOS’, 1 August 1945, in Hoover Institution Archives, Wedemeyer Papers, box 83, folder 40.
38 Brian Murray, ‘Stalin, the Cold War, and the Division of China: A Multi-Archival Mystery’, Working Paper 12, Cold War International Project, June 1995, 2–6; Shen Zhihua, Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War: Trilateral Communist Relations in the 1950s (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), 2–4.
39 ‘Telegram from Chiang Kaishek to Mao Zedong Inviting Mao Zedong to Chongqing’, ZHMGZYSLCB, series 7, vol. 2, 23.
40 ‘Chungking and Reds Claim New Gains in Wide Areas’, The New York Times, 25 August 1945.
41 Ibid.
42 Quoted in Yang Tianshi, Zhaoxun Zhenshi de Jiang Jieshi, vol. 2, 423; Murray, ‘Stalin, the Cold War, and the Division of China’, 2.
43 ‘Zhongyang Guanyu Duoqu Da Chengshi yu Jiaotung Yaodao Gei Huazhongju de Zhishi’ (‘Instruction from the Centre to the Central China Bureau about Seizing Large Cities and Main Transport Routes’), available at http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64184/64186/66647/4490962.html. ‘Zhonggong Zhongyang Zhongyang Junwei Guanyu Gaibian Zhanlue de Zhishi’ (‘Instruction from the CCP Central Committee and the Central Military Affairs Committee about Changing Our Strategic Guideline’), available at http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64184/64186/66647/4490941.html.
44 Shen Zhihua, Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War, 49.
45 ‘Mao in Chungking for Talk on Unity’, The New York Times, 29 August 1945.
46 Guo Dajun, Yuxue Banian Shu Fengbei, 76.
47 Ibid.
48 ‘Key Issues for Negotiation Raised by Communist Representatives Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei’, ZHMGZYSLCB, series 7, vol. 2, 39–41.
49 Ibid., 41 –5.
50 Ibid., 41–2.
51 Ibid., 41–2.
52 Quoted in Yang Tianshi, Zhaoxun Zhenshi de Jiang Jieshi, vol. 2, 430.
53 Ibid., 434–8.
54 ‘Chungking, Reds in Limited Accord’, The New York Times, 12 October 1945.
55 ‘Mao Tse-tung Charges Plot’, The New York Times, 14 October 1945.
56 ‘Extract of a letter by Carton de Wiart to General Ismay’, in ‘Personal Correspondence with General Sir Carton de Wiart’, National Archives UK, CAB 127/28.
57 Chi Pang-yuan, Juliuhe (The Great Flowing River) (Taipei: Yuanjian Tianxia, 2014), 218–19.
58 Ibid., 219.
59 Ibid., 212.
60 Chi Pang-yuan, Juliuhe, 224.
61 Ibid., 203–4.
62 Ibid., 204.
Chapter 12: Crash and Burn
1 Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Michael Howard and Peter Paret, trans. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 254.
2 SLGB, vol. 62 (August– September 1945), 439–54.
3 Ibid., 442.
4 Ibid., 449–50.
5 Ibid., 439.
6 Ibid., 453–4.
7 Ibid., 454.
8 Ibid., 414.
9 Ibid., 417.
10 Zhang Xianwen, Zhonghua Minguo Shi (History of the Republic of China) (Nanjing: Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe, 2005), vol. 4, 1–10.
11 Morrison-Knudsen Construction Group, ‘Report on Requirements of Railroads of China South of the Great Wall of China’ (Shanghai, 1946), 11.
12 Diana Lary, ‘Flowing East in Victory’, paper presented at the conference ‘The Sino-Japanese War and Its Impact on Asia’, Taipei, December 2015, 6–8.
13 Agnes Norman, ‘Immediate Needs’, China Newsweek, 20 Decemberr 1945, in ‘Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and the United Nations’, UK National Archives, WO 208/484.
14 Feng Zikai, ‘Shengli Huanxiang Ji’ (‘Returning Home in Victory’), in Feng Zikai Sanwen Xuanji (Selected Prose Essays by Feng Zikai) (Tianjin: Baihua Wenyi Chubanshe, 1991), 194.
15 Chi Pang-yuan, Juliuhe (The Great Flowing River) (Taipei: Yuanjian Tianxia, 2014), 254–5.
16 Ibid., 278–8.
17 Ibid., 281–2.
18 Ibid., 287.
19 Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji (Chen Kewen’s Diary), Chen Fangzheng, ed. (Taipei: Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Jindaishi Yanjiusuo, 2012), 1034.
20 Ibid., 1059.
21 Ibid., 1027.
22 Charles D. Musgrove, ‘Cheering the Traitor: The Post-war Trial of Chen Bijun, April 1946’, in Twentieth-century China, 30:5 (2005), 3.
23 Chen Kewen, ‘Yi Chen Bijun yu Chen Chunpu’ (‘Recollecting Chen Bijun and Chen Chunpu’), in Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 1435–6.
24 Diana Lary, China’s Civil War: A Social History, 1945–1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 67.
25 ‘Agreement for UNRRA’, November 1943, http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/431109a.html
26 Ruth
E. Pardee, ‘First Aid for China’, Pacific Affairs, vol. 19:1 (March 1946), 75.
27 ‘CNRRA: Its Purpose, Functions, and Organization’, in ‘Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and United Nations’, UK National Archives, WO 208/484.
28 Katherine Green, ‘UNRRA’s Record in China’, in Far Eastern Survey, vol. 20:10 (1951), 100–102.
29 ‘Food Supply Survey Peiping – Tientsin’, Hoover Institution Archives, UNRRA China Office Files, box 8.
30 ‘Kwangsi Regional Office Summary Report’, Hoover Institution Archives, UNRRA China Office Files, box 6.
31 ‘Answers to Questions on the Amount of Food Production, Consumption, and Shortage of Food in Kiangsu’, Hoover Institution Archives, UNRRA China Office Files, box 6.
32 Carl Hopkins, ‘Report No. 7’, 21 June 1946, Hoover Institution Archives, UNRAA China Office Files, box 6.
33 T. Harman, ‘Agricultural Conditions and CNRRA Operations in Kiangsi (as of March 1946)’, Hoover Institution Archives, UNRRA China Office Files, box 6.
34 ‘Agicultural Rehabilitation in China during the UNRRA Period’, 31 July 1947, Hoover Institution Archives, UNRRA China Office Files, box 7.
35 Micah S. Muscolino, The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1938–1950 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 201–2.
36 Muscolino, The Ecology of War in China, 173.
37 Pardee, ‘First Aid for China’, 75.
38 Morrison-Knudsen Construction Group, ‘Report on Requirements of Railroads of China South of the Great Wall of China’ (Shanghai, 1946)’.
39 Dorothy Borg, ‘ECA and US Policy in China’, Far Eastern Survey, vol. 18:17 (1949), 198.
40 ‘China Must Supply Relief Work Fund’, The New York Times, 10 June 1946.
41 Keith Lowe, Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II (London: Viking, 2012), 36–40.
42 Ibid., 212–48.
43 Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 127.
44 ‘Statement by President Truman on United States Policy toward China’, 15 December 1945, in US Department of State, The China White Paper, August 1949 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1967), vol. 2, 607–9.
45 Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 128.
46 US Department of State, The China White Paper, vol. 1, 138–43.
47 ‘Statement by President Truman on the United States Policy toward China’, 18 December 1946, in US Department of State, The China White Paper, vol. 2, 693.
48 ‘Truman Says Aid to China Hinges on Ending of Strife and Unification of Nation’, The New York Times, 16 December 1945.
49 Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 128.
50 Ministry of Economic Affairs, ‘An Overview of the Economy in the Northeast’, 26 January 1944, Taipei, Academia Historica (Guoshiguan), 055/1336.
51 Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 128.
52 ‘Press Release on Order for Cessation of Hostilities’, in US Department of State, The China White Paper, vol. 2, 610.
53 Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 128.
54 Ibid., 127.
55 Niu Jun, From Yan’an to the World: The Origin and Development of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy (Norwalk, CT: EastBridge, 2005), 210–12.
56 Yang Kuisong, Zhongjian Didai de Geming: Guoji Da Beijing Xia Kan Zhonggong Chenggong Zhi Dao (A Middle Zone Revolution: Looking at the Chinese Communist Party’s Road to Success from an International Context) (Taiyuan: Shanxi Renmin Chubanshe, 2010), 496.
57 Niu Jun, From Yan’an to the World, 210–12; Odd Arne Westad, Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 141.
58 Yang Kuisong, Zhongjian Didai de Geming, 479.
59 Ibid., 504.
60 Ibid., 507.
61 Ibid., 508.
62 ‘BAS Washington to War Office’, 9 April 1946, in ‘China: Reports on Russian Military Activities’, UK National Archives, WO 208/4736.
63 ‘Szepingkai’s Fall Reported’, The New York Times, 13 May 1946.
64 ‘Manchuria: Communist Activities’, April 1946, and ‘Report from Peiping’, 17 April 1946, in WO 208/4736.
65 ‘The Communist Armies in Manchuria’ (nd) in WO 208/4725.
66 ‘Press Release on Order for Cessation of Hostilities’, 10 January 1946, US Department of State, The China White Paper, vol. 2, 609.
67 ‘Statement by Generalissimo Chiang Kaishek’, 6 June 1946, US Department of State, The China White Paper, vol. 2, 641.
68 US Department of State, The China White Paper, vol. 1, 338–51; Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 128.
69 ‘Ralph Stevenson to Foreign Office’, 25 January 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall: Abandonment of US Mediation in Communist–Kuomintang Negotiations’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63318.
70 ‘Statement by Generalissimo Chiang Kaishek’, 13 August 1946, US Department of State, The China White Paper, vol. 2, 651; ‘Chiang Gives Reds 8-point Peace Bid’, The New York Times, 17 October 1946.
71 ‘Telegram, Zhou Enlai to the Central Committee and Mao Zedong, August 10, 1946’ and ‘Telegram, CCP Central Committee to Zhou Enlai, September 2, 1946’, in Shuguang Zhang and Jian Chen, eds., Chinese Communist Foreign Policy and the Cold War in Asia: New Documentary Evidence, 1944–1950 (Chicago, IL: Imprint Publications, 1996), 73–4, 77–8.
72 ‘China Reds Defied’, The New York Times, 15 November 1946.
73 Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 170–71.
74 Westad, Decisive Encounters, 49; ‘Year’s Work Halts’, The New York Times, 30 January 1947.
75 Minute to ‘Lord Inverchapel to Foreign Office’, 15 February 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63318.
76 Brigadier Field, ‘Conversation with Pai Chung-hsi’, 11 March 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63322.
77 ‘Naval Intelligence to China Department’, 25 January 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63321.
78 ‘Ralph Stevenson to FO’, 30 April 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63322.
79 ‘Lord Inverchapel from Washington to FO’, 15 February 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, FO 371/63318.
80 ‘Ralph Stevenson to FO’, 29 September 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63327.
81 Westad, Decisive Encounters, 159–62.
82 Ibid., 160–61.
83 Arnold A. Offner, Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002), 307.
84 ‘British Consul General M. C. G. Gillett to Wallinger’, 27 February 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, FO 371/63321.
85 Report by Lionel Lamb, attached to ‘British Embassy, Nanjing, to Foreign Office’, 26 April 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63317.
86 ‘R. Stevenson to Bevin’, 22 June 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63317.
87 Ralph Stevenson, ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, 17 July 1947, Kitson minute, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63321.
88 ‘Ralph Stevenson to Foreign Office’, 7 July 1947, ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63321.
Chapter 13: National Liberation War
1 Kusano Fumio, ‘Chinese Communist Guerrilla Warfare’, Translated Foreign Documents Branch, CIA, 9 September 1948, in ‘Communist Army: General’, UK National Archives, WO 208/4731.
2 Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Michael Howard and Peter Paret, tra
ns. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 322.
3 Lin Biao, ‘Proposal that at Present Our Forces Avoid Rush to Fight Back’ in Lin Doudao, ed., Lin Biao Junshi Wenxuan (Selected Military Texts of Lin Biao) (Hong Kong: Zhongguo Wenge Lishi Chubanshe, 2012), 184.
4 ‘Telegram, CCP Central Committee to CCP Northeast Bureau’, 28 November 1945, Shuguang Zhang and Jian Chen, eds., Chinese Communist Foreign Policy and the Cold War in Asia: New Documentary Evidence, 1944–1950 (Chicago, IL: Imprint Publications, 1996), 51.
5 ‘China: Northern Kiangsu – Conditions in’, undated, no author, forwarded by Naval Intelligence, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63321.
6 ‘Lionel Lamb to FO’, 28 October 1948, in ‘Situation in China: Situation Reports from Nanking’, in UK National Archives, FO 371/69541.
7 ‘China: Northern Kiangsu – Conditions in’, undated, no author, forwarded by Naval Intelligence, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/63321.
8 ‘Economic Life of Tsinan District’, 17 April 1946, Hoover Institution Archives, UNRRA China Office Files, box 7.
9 ‘H. M. Consul Tianjin, Whitamore, to Ambassador R. Stevenson’, 26 March 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Visit of General Marshall’, UK National Archives, FO 371/ 63317.
10 China Department, UK Foreign Office, ‘The Chinese Communists’, 1 April 1947, in ‘Situation in China: Situation Reports from Nanking’, UK National Archives, FO 371/69537.
11 Kusano Fumio, ‘Chinese Communist Guerrilla Warfare’, Translated Foreign Documents Branch, CIA, 9 September 1948, in ‘Communist Army: General’, UK National Archives, WO 208/4731.
12 Harold M. Tanner, Where Chiang Kai-shek Lost China: The Liao-shen Campaign, 1948 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2015), 129–30; Odd Arne Westad, Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 126–8.
13 Ch’en Yung-fa, ‘Neizhan, Mao Zedong, He Tudi Gemfing: Cuowu Panduan Haishi Zhengzhi Genmou’ (‘Civil War, Mao Zedong, and Land Revolution: Mistaken Assessment or Political Intrigue?’), in Dalu Zazhi (Mainland Magazine) 1996, vol. 92:1, 14.
China at War Page 46
