The Glass Universe
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giant stars, 152, 153, 182, 194, 288
Gill, David, 132
Gill, Edith, 91, 171, 216
Gill, Mabel, 150, 171, 216
Giovanelli, Riccardo, 260
globular clusters, 282
See also clusters
Goodricke, John, 160
Gould Fund, 217
grants and fellowships, 209, 217, 218, 220, 226, 234–35
Bruce grants, 43–44, 76–77, 85, 97
Maria Mitchell Association fellowship, 154, 166–67, 179, 183–84, 187–88, 277, 288, 297
See also Cannon Prize; Pickering fellowship
G stars, 37, 296
Hale, George Ellery: and astronomy associations and meetings, 53–54, 80, 81, 134–35, 138, 288, 295
background and career, 53, 76, 80, 174, 287–88
honors awarded to, 230, 260
at Mount Wilson, 134, 168, 188, 190, 205
on Pickering’s influence and legacy, 173–74
spiral nebula debate proposal, 185
Halley, Edmond, 84
Harpham, Florence, 153
Harvard College Observatory: Bailey’s published history of, 210, 229
Bruce Medal winners associated with, 259
current activities and methods, 263–65
graduate astronomy program, 196–97, 217–18, 237–38, 257, 263, 278, 279
history of, 273–79, 293
international role and eminence, 195, 274, 275
military work at, 168, 250, 253, 254
1903 staff expansion, 105–6
1929 Observatory Pinafore entertainment, 226–27
during 1940s and 1950s, 249–51, 254–55, 257, 258
volunteer observer program, 13–14, 42–43, 110, 148–50, 171
World War I and, 162, 163–64, 167–68, 173, 193
See also Draper Memorial project; women, as observatory staff; specific directors, staff, and researchers
Harvard College Observatory funding: Boyden Station relocation and, 218, 220
Carnegie grant, 105–7, 113
before Draper Memorial, 8, 10, 13, 18, 273
facility improvements and, 51, 103–4, 296
1920s–1930s, 202, 229–30
Pickering’s own donations, 51, 120
post–World War II, 254
telescope purchase grants, 21, 40–41, 55
See also grants and fellowships; specific sites, projects, and publications
Harvard College Observatory plate library: digitization project, 264–65, 279
facility and improvements, 52–53, 103–4, 125, 162, 202–3, 296
importance and value of, 174, 264
Miss Cannon’s curatorial duties, 147, 244–45
Mrs. Fleming’s curatorial duties, 47, 89, 90
plate storage and access, 47, 53, 189
Shapley’s Hollow Square meetings, 241–42
2016 flood, 265–66
use of, 108, 116, 118, 203, 264
Harvard College Observatory publications: Miss Payne’s editorial duties, 221
Mrs. Fleming’s editorial duties, 90–91, 95–96, 101–2, 145
under Shapley’s directorship, 219, 220
time line of, 273–79
See also Annals of the Astronomical Observatory at Harvard College; Draper Catalogue; other specific papers and publications
Harvard College Observatory site and facilities: Brick Building construction, 52–53
current Cambridge facility, 260–61, 265–66
Draper telescope building, 20, 21
improvements and changes after Pickering’s death, 202–3, 230, 241, 258
original location, 293
Pickering’s concerns and improvements, 67–68, 103–4, 125, 162, 296
Pickering’s quarters, 8, 51, 125
See also Boyden Station entries; Harvard College Observatory plate library; Oak Ridge observatory
Harvard College Observatory telescopes: Bache Fund telescope, 21, 34, 45, 250, 274
Boyden 13-inch telescope, 32, 45, 250
Great Refractor, 11, 12, 21, 95, 273
lease to Lowell, 62
meridian photometer, 12, 33–34, 60, 89–90, 274
moved to Oak Ridge, 230, 250, 278
Mrs. Draper’s donations, 20, 27–28, 41–42, 210
radio telescope, 258
60-inch reflectors, 218–19, 250
See also Bruce telescope
Harvard Photometry: Chandler’s criticisms, 59–61, 82
equipment for, 12, 33–34, 60, 89–90, 274
publication of, 274
Revised Harvard Photometry and its influence, 128–29, 135–36, 276
See also variable star entries; specific observers and analysts
Harvard Polaris Attachment, 168
Harvard/Radcliffe astronomy degree program, 196–97, 217–18, 237–38, 257, 263, 278, 279
See also specific students
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 260–61, 264–65, 279
Harwood, Margaret, 164–67, 224, 228, 270–71, 288
background and arrival at Harvard, 154, 217, 276
Cannon Prize awarded to, 260
and Maria Mitchell Association, 154, 164, 166–67, 179, 277
research work, 154, 166, 201, 277, 288
Hastings-on-Hudson, Draper property at, 4, 7, 31, 79, 252
Hawes, Marian, 171
Haynes, Martha, 260
Hegarty, Marie, 90, 96
helium, 68–69, 79, 91, 209, 210, 211
Henry Draper Catalogue. See Draper Catalogue
Henry Draper Extension. See Draper Extension
Henry Draper Medal, 18, 230–31, 260, 278
Henry Draper Memorial. See Draper Memorial project
Herschel, Caroline, 39, 118
Herschel, John, 38–39
Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 219, 224, 288
and Draper classification, 128–29, 142, 152, 157–58, 261
as observatory guest researcher, 219
research and discoveries, 152–53, 161, 277, 288, 293
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, 277
Hinchman, Charles, 166–67
Hinchman, Lydia Swain Mitchell, 153–54, 166–67, 180, 220, 244, 288
Hinkley, Frank, 193
Hipparchus of Nicaea, 22
History and Work of Harvard Observatory, The (Bailey), 210, 229
Hodgdon, Lillian, 216, 244
Hoffleit, Ellen Dorrit, 255
Hogg, Frank, 218, 221, 228, 256, 257, 278, 288
Hogg, Helen Sawyer. See Sawyer, Helen
Hoover, Herbert, 238
Horikoshi, Casper, 249
House Un-American Activities Committee, 254
Hoyle, Fred, 259
Hubble, Edwin, 204–5, 233, 262
Hubble’s law, 233, 262
Huffer, C. M., 256
Huggins, Margaret Lindsay, 16–17, 118, 160, 163
Huggins, William, 16–17
hydrogen and hydrogen lines, 25, 48, 64, 295
Draper classification and, 26, 76, 91, 101, 129, 142
hydrogen abundance, 209, 210, 211, 212, 225
and Mrs. Fleming’s variable star discoveries, 56, 81, 111
novae and, 56, 58
Hyperion, 95, 273
International Astronomical Union (IAU): 1920s European meetings, 193–95, 213–14, 223–24
1932 Cambridge (UK) meeting, 232–33, 237–38, 239
1941 Zurich meeting, 246–47
international astronomy community: Chicago Congress (1893), 53–54, 55, 80, 275
Harvard observatory’s role and eminence, 195, 274, 275
Pickering’s influence and legacy, 173–74
after World War I, 173, 193–94, 223–24
World War I’s impact on, 162, 163–64, 167–68, 194
See also International Astronomical Union; International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research; specific observatories and astronomers
International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research, 134–35, 277, 278
Draper Classification discussions and support, 139–40, 141–45, 157–58
meetings of, 134–40, 156–58
interstellar light absorption, 127, 222, 227–28, 297
intrinsic variables, 251
See also Cepheid variables; variable star entries
island universes, 151, 184, 190, 204–6, 233, 282
See also galaxies; nebulae
Jamaica, William Pickering in, 155, 183, 191, 210
Jewett, James, 189
Jewett, Margaret, 189
Kant, Immanuel, 282
Keenan, Philip, 252
Kellman, Edith, 252
Kepler, Johannes, 56, 83
King, Edward Skinner, 100, 114, 196, 200, 229, 278, 288
King, Helen Dean, 234–35
Kirchhoff, Gustav, 24
K lines, 34–36, 282
Klumpke, Dorothea, 297
Knobel, Edward, 100
Kovalevskaya, Sofia, 211
Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de, 57
League of Women Voters, 213
Leavitt, Erasmus Darwin, 134, 183
Leavitt, George, 73, 150
Leavitt, Henrietta Swan, 288–89
background and arrival at Harvard, 72–74, 275
death of, 191, 277
Harvard comings and goings, 72, 75, 113–15, 275, 276
honors and tributes, 171, 210–11
and observatory directorship, 183
personal life, 131, 134, 150, 170, 183
work of: Orion Nebula and Magellanic Clouds research, 113–15, 125, 149–53, 276; period-luminosity relation discovery, 130–31, 151–52, 170–71, 210–11, 261–62, 277, 288–89; photometric work, 72–73, 114, 128, 134, 153, 276; supervisory duties, 160; variable star discoveries, 114–15, 118–19, 123, 125, 130, 276, 288
Leavitt Law, 262
Leib, Grace Burke, 205
Leland, Evelyn, 91, 119, 123, 216
Lick Observatory, 164, 295
light curves and light curve research, 75, 99–100, 179–80, 250, 277, 282
See also variable star entries
Locke, Hannah, 171
Lockyer, Norman, 68, 142, 293
Lopez, Laura, 260
Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, 147, 162, 167, 182, 183, 190, 202
and official appointments for female staff, 147, 221–22
Lowell, Percival, 62, 65, 98, 137, 183, 289
Lowell Observatory, 98, 137, 139, 164
luminosity, 282
luminosity indicators, 252–53
See also absolute magnitude; period-luminosity relation
M-42. See Orion Nebula
McAteer, Charles, 149
McCarthy, Joseph, 254
Mackie, Joan, 171
Magellanic Clouds, 150–51, 153, 282
variable star discoveries in, 114–15, 125, 130–31, 149–53, 276
See also Cepheid variables
magnitude (of stars), 11, 282
interstellar light absorption and, 222, 227–28
and spectral type, 277, 278
stellar distances and, 127, 128–29, 152–53, 211, 222
See also period-luminosity relation; stellar photometry; variable stars
Mandeville observatory (Jamaica), 155, 183, 191, 210
Mantois (Paris glassmaker), 44, 46–47, 55
Maria Mitchell Association and Observatory, 153–54, 164, 166–67, 277
See also Pickering fellowship
Mars, 51, 62, 65, 191
Marshall, Ella Cannon, 124, 155, 156, 183, 215
Masters, Annie, 30
Maury, Antonia Coetana de Paiva Pereira, 289, 294, 295
background and arrival at Harvard, 30–31, 79–80, 275
death of, 279
in Europe, 68, 224
Harvard comings and goings, 49–50, 53, 63–65, 79–80, 130, 150
health of, 49–50, 63–64
honors, prizes, and fellowships, 180–81, 251, 279
and Miss Payne, 200, 208
and Mrs. Draper’s death, 163
and Pickering, 31, 49–50, 53, 63, 64–65, 80, 129–30, 180
retirement, later life, and interests, 251–53
and Solar Union questionnaire, 142
work of: on binary stars, 34–37, 39, 48–50, 130–31, 180, 275, 289; credit for, 79; Draper classification contributions, 37–38, 49, 64, 68–69, 76, 79, 91, 101, 129, 152, 252–53, 261, 289; publications, 79, 251, 275, 278; teaching and lecturing, 79–81, 129–30, 252
Maury, Carlotta, 63, 163, 295
Maury, John William Draper (brother of Miss Maury), 31, 163, 295
Maury, Mytton, 30, 31, 63–64
Maury, Virginia Draper, 30–31
Mayall, Margaret Walton, 217, 225, 228, 260, 279, 291
Mayall, R. Newton, 228
Mendenhall, Thomas, 18
Menzel, Donald, 208, 255, 258, 279, 289
meteors and meteor research, 187–88, 254, 255, 273, 282
Milky Way, 37, 150–51, 282
interstellar absorption in, 227–28
Magellanic Clouds and, 150–51
Shapley’s work and related galactic theories, 182, 184–88, 190, 198, 204–6, 211, 222–23, 228, 233, 262
Milne, Edward Arthur, 207, 209
Mitchell, Maria, 1, 79–80, 153, 180, 289, 297
See also Nantucket Maria Mitchell Association
Mittag-Leffler, Gösta, 210–11
Mizar, 34–37, 49, 294
MKK classification, 252–53, 261
Moon, 99, 191, 295
Moore, Charlotte (later Sitterly), 246, 259
Morales Bermúdez, Francisco, 62
Morgan, William, 252, 261
Morris, William, 132
Mount Wilson, William Pickering at, 32
Mount Wilson Solar Observatory, 195
Baade’s work, 262
Hale at, 134, 168, 188, 190, 205
Hubble at, 204, 205
Miss Harwood’s visit, 164–65
Russell at, 207–8, 212
Shapley at, 161, 164–65, 168–71, 181–82, 204, 205
Solar Union visit to, 138–40
M stars, 101, 152, 217, 296
Muñiz, Juan, 193
Nantucket Maria Mitchell Association and Observatory, 153–54, 164, 166–67, 277
See also Pickering fellowship
National Academy of Sciences, 3, 29, 36, 217
Bache Fund telescope donation, 21, 34, 274
Draper Medal, 18, 230–31, 260, 278
1920 spiral nebulae debate, 185–86, 188
National American Woman Suffrage Association, 54
National Bureau of Standards, 212, 259
National Defense Research Council, 250
National Medal of Science, 259
National Science Foundation, 254
“Nature” (Emerson), 244
nebulae, 143, 282
Shapley-Ames Catalogue, 219, 233
Solon Bailey’s work, 78, 276
spiral nebulae, 184–85, 186–87, 190, 203, 283
See also spiral nebulae; specific nebulae
Newcomb, Simon, 41, 43, 77, 80, 81, 84
Newton, Isaac, 23, 152
Nobel prizes, 200, 210, 211
North
Polar Sequence, 128, 134, 153, 160, 179, 283
Nova Aquilae 1918, 179, 180
Nova Carinae, 211, 275
Nova Centaurus, 275
novae, 48, 56–58, 179, 186, 204, 211, 250–51, 275, 295
Nova Normae, 56–57
Nova Scorpii, 251
Oak Ridge observatory, 230, 250, 255, 258, 278
Observatory Pinafore, The, 226–27, 297
O’Halloran, Rose, 295
“Oh, Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me . . . ,” 91, 159, 194, 261
Olcott, William Tyler, 149, 171, 277
Omega Centauri, 59
“On the Composition of the Sun’s Atmosphere” (Russell), 225
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 258
Oppolzer, Egon von, 99
Orion lines, 64, 68–69, 101
Orion Nebula (M-42), 27, 113–14, 143, 283
O stars, 91, 101, 143, 152, 207, 208
oxygen, 293
Paine, Robert Treat, 245
Palmer, Margaretta, 297
Paraskevopoulos, Dorothy Block, 179–80, 202, 218–20, 250, 253
Paraskevopoulos, John Stefanos, 202, 218–20, 250, 253, 289
Parsons, William, 184
Paschen, Friedrich, 293
Payne, Emma Pertz, 199–200
Payne, William, 85
Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia Helena, 177, 217, 229, 247, 252, 289
awarded Cannon Prize, 242–43, 278
background and arrival at Harvard, 198–201, 278
death of, 279
in Europe, 224, 239–41
graduate degree and postdoctoral work, 203, 208–10, 213, 214, 263, 289
Harvard duties and positions, 217, 221–23, 244–45, 255, 258, 279
as lecturer and educator, 217, 221–22, 245, 258
marriage and personal life, 214, 215, 238–42, 245, 247, 249, 278, 297–98
and Miss Ames, 200, 238–39
research and publications, 199–201, 203, 206–10, 211–13, 250–51, 278, 289
Stellar Atmospheres, 212–13, 278
Pendleton, Ellen Fitz, 165, 213
period-luminosity relation, 130–31, 151–53, 161, 168, 170–71, 261–62, 277
Peru observatory. See Boyden Station (Arequipa, Peru)
Phillips, Edward, 245, 273, 289–90
Phoebe, 94–95, 276
“Photographic Study of Variable Stars, A” (Fleming), 126–27, 276
photography. See stellar photography
Pickering, Edward, 290
astronomical work: binary discovery, 34–35, 36, 275; Eros research, 99–100, 155; expansion of variable star research, 119, 123; photometric work, 11–14, 22–23, 100, 110–11, 127–28, 276; publication of “Photographic Map of the Entire Sky,” 276; the Revised Harvard Photometry and its influence, 128–29, 135–36, 137, 276