After the Ice
Page 33
Chevron, 193
Chukchi Plateau, 83, 109–10
Chukchi Sea, 184–85
Chukotka, 28, 53–56, 145
Churchill Town, 140–41
Circumpolar view, 8–9, 11–12
Clean Air-Cool Planet, 251
Clean Air Task Force, 253
CLEOPATRA (Climate Effects on Planktonic Food Quality and Trophic Transfer), 155–56
Climate change, 68, 92–99
ice thickness and, 78–82
Inuit and, 34–38
Climate models, 92–98
Clinton, Hillary, 253
Cochran, Patricia, 31–32, 35, 182, 261
Cod. See Arctic cod; Atlantic cod
Cod fishing, 174–78
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), 85–86
Cold War, 22, 72–73, 130–31
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, 107, 108–9
Conoco-Philips, 190
Control of the Arctic. See Sovereignty issues
Convention on Biological Diversity, 118
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 118
Cooper Island, 161–64
Copepods, 154, 156–60, 170, 177–78
Corell, Robert, 118
Craig Harbour, 22–24
Cruise ship scenario, 209–11
Cryoconite, 247
Cryosat, 71, 78
Dalane, Jan Inge, 202–4, 208
Dall, William, 61
Dalton Highway, 15
DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies), 81, 87–88
Dempster Highway, 15
Denmark, 16
Inuit and, 30, 37
sovereignty issues, 13, 104, 110–11, 113, 119, 196
Des Groseilliers, 1–4
“Dirty snow,” 247–51
Diskobukta, 159–60
Divoky, George, 161–64, 170
Donut Hole, 175, 176
Dovekies, 159–61
Drift camps, 63–65, 66
Drill ships, 207
“Dynamic effects,” 233
EALÁT, 51, 55
East Siberian-Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline, 189
Ecosystem. See Food chain
Edwardson, George, 21, 184, 220–21
Electromagnetic (EM) bird, 70–71
Eni Oil, 185, 194
Eqi Glacier, 227–28, 234
“Equidistance principle,” 114–15
European Union (EU), 103, 104, 105, 119–20
Exclusive economic zones (EEZ), 107, 112–13, 116
Explorer, 211, 217
“Extended continental shelf,” 106–8, 113, 116
ExxonMobil, 192, 193
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 209, 222, 224
FedNav, 215
Feedback. See Ice-albedo feedback
Ferguson, Steven, 148–49, 166, 168, 178
Fifty Years of Victory, 213–14
Finland, 120, 187–88, 245
Fin whales, 169
Fisheries, 173–78, 262
oil industry and, 194–95
sovereignty issues, 105, 116, 117–18
Flagellates, 152
Flanner, Mark, 249–50
Florian, Hans Christian, 33
Food chain, 150–64
southern invaders, 165–73
Forbes, Bruce, 43–45, 47–53, 56
Ford, James, 35, 36
Forest of Dean, 260–61
Fortier, Louis, 177–78, 256
Fowler, Chuck, 76–78
Fox, Rick, 182–83
Fram, 59–60, 61–63, 88
Fram Strait, 12, 68, 74, 80, 88
Franz Josef Land, 62
Fresh water, 12, 15, 80–81, 242
Frontier Discoverer, 181
Frontier Drilling, 207
Full subsea tiebacks, 202–3, 208
Gakkel Ridge, 12–13, 110
Garrett, Timothy, 247–49
Gascard, Jean-Claude, 81, 82, 87–88
Gas industry. See also Natural gas
Nenets reindeer herding and, 50–53, 55–56
Gazprom, 43, 191, 204
Glacier melt, 227–36
Global warming. See Climate change; Greenhouse gases
Goliat oil field, 194
Golovnev, Andrei, 49–50
Gore, Al, 75, 96, 235
Governance in a Rapidly Changing Arctic, 118
Gradinger, Rolf, 152–55, 159
Grand Banks, 174–75, 203–4
Gravel islands, 199–200
Gray, Patty, 53
Grayling, USS, 72
Greely, Adolphus, 61
Greenhouse gases, 91–99, 242–43, 249–50
Greenland ice cap, 231–34, 246–48
“Green oil,” 261
Grise Fiord, 19–20, 21–24
Grytting, Trond, 130–31
Haas, Christian, 70–71, 75–76, 78, 81–82
Habeck, Otto, 55–56
Halocline layer, 80–82, 83
Hans Island, 104–5
Harbor porpoises, 170
Harper, Stephen, 27, 103, 259
Healy, USCGC, 109, 145
Healy Seamount, 110
Hibernia oil rig, 201
Hobbs, Rod, 147–48
Horned puffins, 170
Hudson, Henry, 124
Huebert, Rob, 114–15
Husky Energy, 193
Hutton oil rig, 201
Ice, 59–99
adrift on the ice, 59–71
lethal mix, 85–99
scientists’ “outlook” on, 89–93
view from below, 72–84
2007 crash, 5, 69–70, 78, 86–89, 94–95, 163
Ice age, 76–78, 93, 172
Ice-albedo feedback, 86–89, 93, 228, 247
Ice algae, 150–51, 153–59
Icebreakers, 188–91, 196–98, 213–14
Ice drift camps, 63–65, 66
“Ice dust” holes, 247, 254
Iceland, 16, 120, 175, 217–18
Ice melt, 2–7, 65–66, 68–70, 79–84, 227–36
Ice movements, 66–71
Ice roads, 15, 199
Ice streams, 65–66, 68–69
Nansen’s discovery of, 61–63
Ice-Tethered Profilers, 66–67
Ice thickness, 69–71, 75–78
climate change and, 78–82
ocean heat and, 79–84
Igloolik, 35
Ilulissat, 35, 104, 120, 173–74, 231–32
Imperial Oil, 192
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 92, 229, 233, 236
International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears, 136
International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), 120
International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), 108
International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 117, 224
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 117
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 117, 213, 224
International Polar Year (IPY), 9, 55, 249
International Standards Organization, 120
Interoceanic invasion, 171–73
Inuit, 14–15, 19–41
climate change and, 34–38
governance of, 29–34
High Arctic relocations, 21–28
hunting and fishing practices, 20–21, 36, 181–84
land claim agreements, 25–28, 33–34
problems of housing, unemployment, and education, 32, 33–34, 36–37
revenue concerns, 37–41
social values of, 30–32
Inuit Circumpolar Council, 9, 31, 105, 182, 261
Inuit Impact and Benefits Agreement, 40
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK), 27
Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC), 25
Inukjuak, 22
Inupiat Community of the Arc
tic Slope, 184
Inuuqatigiitsiarniq, 31
Iqaluit, 21, 23, 29–30, 32, 38
“Irish formula,” 108
Irminger Current, 174
Itta, Ed, 181, 184
Jakobshavn Glacier, 231–32, 235–36
Jay, Chadwick, 144–45
Jeanette, 60, 61, 245
Jones, Philip, 92
J P Kenny, 205–6
Kara Gate, 217
Kara Sea, 12, 42, 46, 193, 217
Khanty-Mansiysk District, 186, 188–89
Killer whales, 147, 165–69
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 25
King’s Mirror, The, 146
Kinner, Nancy, 211
Kittiwakes, 159–60
Kivalina, 36
Kjaernes, Per, 205
Kodiak bears, 137
Kola Peninsula, 43, 55
Komi Republic, 187
Kovacs, Kit, 143, 146, 166–71
Kulluk, 181, 207
Laidre, Kristin, 146–48
Laptev Sea, 12, 80, 144, 193, 217, 239
Law of the Sea, 104–10, 113, 116–21, 224, 257
Lawrence, David, 94–95, 229, 241
Lena River, 12
Lindsay, Jonathan, 205–6
Lindsay, Ron, 98–99
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers, 189, 214
Lofoten Islands, 194–95
Lomonosov Ridge, 13, 80, 110–11, 196
Longyear, John, 127
Longyearbyen, 122–24, 126–27
Loop Hole, 175
Lyall, Charlie, 259, 262
McConnell, Joseph, 248
McCreary, Gordon, 38–40
McGlade, Jacqueline, 118–19
MacKay, Peter, 103–4
Mackenzie Valley, 15, 16, 114, 192–93
McLaren, Alfred, 73, 74
Macnab, Ron, 108–9, 111–12, 115
Manhattan, 105, 188
Mapping the Arctic, 108–12
MAREANO, 195
Marine Conservation Alliance, 176
MARPOL Convention, 117, 224
Mary River, 37–41
Maslanik, James, 76
Maslowski, Wieslaw, 96–97, 98, 142
Mass balance buoys, 85–86
Mayer, Larry, 109
Meltwater, 156, 234–35
Merten, Amy, 211
Methane, 112–13, 237–44
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 110
Mikaelsen, Dines, 138–39
Mikula, 129
Minerals Management Service (MMS), 182–83, 198–99
Minke whales, 167
Mirai, 5
Mohn, Henrik, 60
Molikpaq, 200–201
Moller, Stig, 104
Mollusks, 172–73
Moulins, 234–35, 246–48
Mundy, C.J., 152, 153, 155
Murmansk, 72
Murray, Tavi, 235
Murres, 159–60
Nansen, Fridtjof, 59–63, 245
Nanuq, 181
Narwhals, 20, 146–48
Nar’yan Mar, 56
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), 94–95, 98, 241
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 211
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 104, 130
Natural climate variability, 5, 91, 93, 94, 251, 256
Natural gas, 120, 143, 189, 192, 214
“Natural prolongation,” 13, 107–11
“Negative phase” of the Arctic Oscillation, 68–69
Nelson, Horatio, 260
Nenets. See Yamal Nenets
Nobile, Umberto, 252
Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, 245–47, 254
Nordnorge, 211
Norilsk Nickel, 213, 214, 218
Northeast Passage, 245–46
Northeast Science Station, 237, 242
Northern Forum, 119, 120
Northern Sea Route, 212, 215–17
North Pole series (NP6), 64–65
North Slope, 181–86, 199, 261
North Star, 199–200
Northwest Passage, 61, 105, 188, 215–17
Northwind Ridge, 83, 109
Norway
fisheries, 175
oil exploration, 185, 193–95, 202
polar bear hunting, 136
shipping, 212–13
sovereignty issues, 103, 104–5, 113, 115, 119–20, 127–31
Novaya Zemlya, 14, 217
Nuclear submarines, 72–76
Nunavut, 19–41
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA), 25, 27–28, 33–34
Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI), 27, 33–34
Ny Alesund, 123–24, 128, 131, 251–52
Ocean heat, and ice thickness, 79–84
Oden, 196–98
Oil industry, 181–208, 259–60
battle for Arctic oil, 181–95
extent of oil, 196–208
Nenets reindeer herding and, 50–53, 55–56
Oil pipelines, 16, 50, 52, 188–89, 192–93
Oil spills, 186–89, 194–95
shipping and, 209–12, 220–24
Oleynik, Gennady, 186–87
Olsen, Erik, 194–95
Orheim, Olav, 249
Ormen Lange gas field, 202
Osherenko, Gail, 49–50
OSPAR Convention on the NorthEast Atlantic Marine Environment, 118
Ostrov Belyy, 42
Overland, James, 96
Ownership of the Arctic. See Sovereignty issues
Pacific Environment, 181, 185–86
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), 96, 251
Pacific Ocean, fisheries, 175
Panama Canal, 219
Papanin, Ivan, 63–64
Paulin, Michael, 199–204
Pearson, Pam, 251–54
Permafrost, 237–44
Peter I (the Great), 14
Petermann Glacier, 231, 255
Pfeffer, Tad, 236
Phytoplankton, 154, 155–59
Pijitsirniq, 31
Piliriqatigiinniq/Ikajuqtigiinniq, 31
Pink salmon, 175–76
Polar bears, 1–3, 135–42, 164, 178
adaptations by, 137–40
disappearance of sea ice and, 136–37, 140–42
ringed seals and, 136–40
USGS prognosis for, 140–42
Polar Science Center, 80, 98–99
Polar view of the globe, 11–16
Polychaete worms, 153
Polynyas, 81, 223
Pomerance, Rafe, 251, 254
Prince William Sound, 209
Prinsendam, 211
Prirazlomnoye Oilfield, 189–90, 191, 201, 214
Project LORITA, 111
Pyramiden, 257–59
Qanuqtuurniq, 31
Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ), 30–31
Qikiqtani Inuit Association, 23
Queenfish, USS, 73
Quinn, Patricia, 251, 252–53
Qullissat, 259
Rasmussen, Knud, 16
REDOIL (Resisting Environmental Destruction on Indigenous Lands), 183
Regehr, Eric, 141
Reindeer herding, 43–56
future of, 53–56
industrial development and, 50–53, 55–56
life of nomad herder, 45–48
Resolute, 1, 20–23, 24–25
Resolute, HMS, 60–61
Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, 86–88
Rignot, Eric, 232–36
Rijpfjorden, 156–58
Ringed seals, 142–44, 177–78
polar bears and, 136–40
Romanovsky, Vladimir, 240–41
Roopnarine, Peter, 171–73
Rosneft, 214
Rothrock, Drew, 75
Rotifers, 152
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 23, 32–33
Royal Navy, 73–75
Royal Norwegian Navy, 213
Russia (Soviet Union), 13–14
Arctic expeditions, 63–65
Col
d War and, 22, 72–73, 130–31
North Pole flag planting, 13, 103–4
oil exploration, 186–93
polar bear hunting, 136
sovereignty issues, 103–5, 107, 113, 115, 128–29
Yamal Nenets and, 48–50, 53–54
Russian Academy of Sciences, 13, 51, 239
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON), 51
Salekhard, 43, 47
Sannikova Strait, 217
Seabed rights, 13, 103–11. See also Sovereignty issues
Sea-ice tunnels, 151–53
Seal products ban, 7, 119
Seals. See Ringed seals
SEARCH (Study of Environmental Arctic Change), 90
“Sector-line principle,” 114–15
Sediment thickness, 107–9
Selendang Ayu, 221–22
Semiletov, Igor, 239–40
Serotetto, Sergey, 51
Serreze, Mark, 89, 93–94, 96, 99
Sheard, Whit, 185–86
Shell Oil, 181–85, 207, 223
Shepherd, Andy, 236
Shetland Islands, 165
Shimada, Koji, 5–6, 83–84
Shipping, 209–24
oil spills and, 209–12, 220–24
Shipping routes, 215–20
Shtokman field, 189–90, 191, 204–8, 214
Siberia, 14, 237–44
Simon, Mary, 27–28, 34, 37, 40, 41
Sirevaag, Roald Byhre, 202–3, 208
Sled dogs, 32–33
Smeerenburg, 125
Smith, David, 239
Snøhvit gas field, 194, 202
Solana, Javier, 103
SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) Convention, 117
Søreide, Janne, 155–57
Sorgfjord, 125–26
Southern invaders, 165–73
Sovereignty issues, 103–21
“extended continental shelf,” 106–8, 113, 116
Law of the Sea, 104–10, 113, 116–21, 224, 257
“natural prolongation,” 13, 107–11
oil and gas exploration and overlapping claims, 112–15
Svalbard, 105, 122–31
Sovetskiy Soyuz, 196–98
Soviet Union. See Russia
Spitsbergen, 62, 63, 74, 160, 169, 170, 258
Stalin, Joseph, 14
Stammler, Florian, 43–44, 47, 49, 50, 52–53
StatoilHydro, 130, 185, 191, 194, 202–5
Steele, Michael, 80
Stena Drilling, 207
Stena Drillmax Ice, 207
“Still hunting,” 135, 139
Stohl, Andreas, 252
Stoltenberg, Jens, 120
Støre, Jonas, 130
Stotsky, Alexander, 50–51
Stroeve, Julienne, 92–93, 228–29
Stylis, 223
Submarine study, 72–76
Subsea tiebacks, 202–3, 208
Suez Canal, 218, 245
Suojanen, Reko-Antti, 190
“Surface-mixed layer,” 81
Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic, 21, 310