Unlike his primitive fireplug contemporaries, the arms of early AMH were not long, his legs not short, his figure not burly. His symmetry was with him from the beginning. As an Au, Lucy had some Ihin genes; her hip structure was so refined as to make it hard for her to climb trees, and her family, the gracile Au, had bigger brains than the robust Au—who, indeed, are not as old. For gracile is older than robust in both South and East Africa. The puzzle of Au appearing as two distinct kinds (gracile versus robust) now dissolves. No, selection pressure did not change gracile to robust; it is a fruitless argument. East African robusts like Zinj (Au. boisei) were less humanlike, though younger, than Au. africanus. All these impossible evolutionary reversals are proof enough that Darwinian phylogenesis doesn’t pan out. Such anachronisms (appendix E) as we constantly find are only the result of Au retrobreeding with even more archaic mates.
Figure 2.9. Jehai Negritos, showing the symmetry of the Ihin.
Not only in Africa but also America do we encounter Asu and Ihin genes thoroughly mixed (as we will see in chapter 11). We might expect such mixing wherever “giants and dwarfs” are found together in proximity. Early men of Argentina, for instance, were divided into a dwarf race with a strong chin and a short, broad, and smooth skull, living side by side with a larger people. According to James Shreeve, these are “two very distinct races of man.”27
A LOST RACE
To recap: The little people—H. sapiens pygmaeus (the second race)—came before Au. The only race older than H. sapiens pygmaeus is the unripened, insapient Asu man (Ar. ramidus or Ardi, the very first race). I believe Kenya’s Kanapoi specimen, Au. anamensis, demonstrates the earliest blend of the two: morphologically somewhere between Asu (Ardi) and Lucy (Au), Kanapoi shows quite a modern knee joint and humerus/elbow, even though he is one of the very oldest known hominids (4.3 myr). How could he have had more modern features than his successors? It is true, he was chinless, with curved fingers, short legs, and a primitive mandible. But the tibia was almost indistinguishable from H. sapiens. An anomaly. But they simply lumped it with Au.
Done deal, but a pseudosolution: Falsifying or refuting evolution, commented Marvin L. Lubenow in connection with these Kanapoi discrepancies, “is like trying to nail jelly to the wall.”28 For evolutionists, it was simply unacceptable that such an old specimen could be associated in any way with H. sapiens, even though Kanapoi archaeology revealed such sapient items as potsherds and hut circles. Viewed as a hybrid, Kanapoi would simply be an Asu upgraded by Ihin genes.
But let’s move on, away from jellylike anthropogenesis. In reconstructing the past, Indonesia and beyond is rightfully seen as a key area. Indeed, here are most of the world’s extant little people. Their great antiquity can be read by the number of indigenous languages still spoken in Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Papua-New Guinea, and Australia: estimated at over 1,400, this is more than a quarter of all the world’s languages.29 Such linguistic diversity betrays a formerly far-flung, extremely old and indigenous population, meaning the little people of insular Southeast Asia and Sahul were most probably here in situ from the beginning. They did not come from somewhere else.
And they were always little, despite the fatuous shrinkage theory that pegs small stature as an adaptation to life in the tropics or closed habitats or amid crowding. The “shrunken Negrillo” (the pygmy of the Congo) actually has few traits genetically linking him to black Africans. No, they are not shrunken Africans. The argument that they are shriveled versions of a taller race actually stands fact on its head, for the little people everywhere arose before the larger races, the “giants”; just as the gracile Au are older than the robusts. Chronologically, the giants were an offshoot of the third (Druk) and fourth (Ihuan) races, much more recent than the second race (the little people). Welsh tradition holds that the Manx (a fairy race of little people) were the original inhabitants of the land and lived there long before the giants. In the Bible, too, the giants are introduced thousands of years after Adam, the first man.
We find the same sort of reckoning in America, where, after the (Algonquian) hero Glooscap created the world, he formed “the smaller human beings.” The Wyandot Indians, for their part, said the little people were old enough to remember the flood; while the Choctaw, so rich in little people lore, held that a race of diminutive folk, teachers, lived on Earth before them. And who were those little people? They were the mysterious American mound builders, who left their own tiny bones and diminutive sarcophagi in Ohio, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Such skeletons, deposited in coffins not more than four feet long, were found near Cochocton, Ohio, in an ancient cemetery situated on elevated ground (i.e., artificial mounds). “They are very numerous,” said the earliest report,30 “and must have been tenants of a considerable city. . . . All are of this pigmy race.” The city of Lexington, Kentucky, thought historian George W. Ranck, was built on the metropolis of a lost race that flourished centuries before the Indians who are themselves “a tall people; the [early mound builders] were short . . . rarely over five feet high.”
In the South, the Creek Indians reported that the oldest mounds were built many ages prior to their arrival. Most Indians said the mound builders were a different race. In The Secret: America in World History before Columbus, J. B. Mahan observes that the priest caste inhabiting the Georgia mounds were of European mold: “the people of the mound cultures are clearly Caucasian in type.” In some AmerInd traditions, the little people on the mounds are remembered as the teachers of their tribal elders. They had been mentors to the Crow Indians: “Our forefathers claim the little people lived there once, it was a sacred place many years ago.”31
Figure 2.10. Chiseled Crow features suggest a measure of Ihin genes, for the Native Americans had an Ihin foremother.
Diminishing the chances of finding their remains was the Ihin-related practice of cremation, which brachycephalic people introduced into Europe in the early Neolithic; brachycephals and mixed-head forms fringe the areas in which cremation was most prevalent. By the time of the Bronze Age, it became the principal method of disposing of the dead. In the New World, cremation is evident in regions dominated by the Ihins, such as Tennessee, Ohio, and Wisconsin (with cremation pits near the ancient copper works of the mound builders). We also find cremation at Lake Mungo in Australia, with its early gracile people.
In South American traditions, it is said that men of fair coloring came to the Andes long before the Inca: “In the very ancient times the Sun God, ancestor of the Incas, sent them one of his sons and one of his daughters to give them knowledge. The Incas recognized them as divine by their words and their light complexion.”32
Priests and wisdomkeepers, the Ihins in North America introduced the worship of Gitchee Manito to the Ihuans. Some western tribes declared these priests and mound builders were people who “came from another world [chapter 7] and dwelt on earth for a long season, to teach them of the Great Spirit and of the Summer Land in the sky.”33 Genetically different, being born with the veil,*26 the Ihins were constitutionally open to spirit. “The race which provides the meaning of world history . . . spread over the whole earth . . . a blue-eyed, fair-haired race which . . . formed the spiritual features of the world.”34 They are one and the same as the round heads of antiquity, the “broad-headed [brachycephalic] people apparently with a higher civilization.”35
Figure 2.11. Tablet of the mound builders, from Oahspe. As noted in Peter Kolosimo’s Not of This World, bone fragments, on analysis, show the mound builders “did not belong to the red-skinned races but to . . . a race similar to the [Europeans].”
Called the Alpine race by Prof. Dixon, the clearest remnant today of these brachycephalic people is in the high Alps. “The brachycephalization of Europe . . . may be summed up as a contest between the older longheads and the later roundheads.”36 Thus, even in Africa, the Ihin-blooded little people, the pygmies, are morphologically of the Paleo-Alpine type, as are the remnant people of Hiva (lost Pan).
In America, stret
ching from Panama to the southernmost tip of the continent, are ensconced remnants of this lost race along with their mixed descendants, from the San Blas White Indians of Panama to the small-footed Yaghan at Tierra del Fuego. Many of the latter (in the western part of Cape Horn) are only four feet seven inches tall. Likewise are Chile’s Alakaluf people short statured and thought to be among the earliest South Americans, pushed ever southward by later people. Writer Bill Mack followed this indigenous little race from Mexico to Tierra del Fuego: “The tropical rain forests of Central and South America are inhabited by a race of dwarflike people”; known as Alux in the Yucatan, “in other parts of Central and South America they were called Sisemite or Toyo . . . . The villages gave them special local names.”37
Figure 2.12. The Yaghan of Tierra del Fuego are mentioned from time to time in the writings of Charles Darwin, who, on board the HMS Beagle, encountered these Stone Age people.
A similar pattern exists in Oceania, where the small people of Melanesia represent an older population than their tall neighbors.38 On Malekula (New Hebrides), the pygmies in the mountainous interior are “the last remnants of an earlier racial stock, similar to that found in the interior of the larger land-masses in the western Pacific. . . . Practically nothing is known about them.”39
This distribution, this geographical pattern, is typical of the world’s little people. In New Guinea, stature goes down with altitude: “[S]ome of the highland tribesmen are small enough to be called Pygmies.”40 Here in New Guinea (as well as Southeast Asia), the people tend to get shorter and lighter as you penetrate the uplands. As one leaves the coastal plain of Sri Lanka, for example, and climbs the central mountains, the people grow “shorter, stockier and somewhat lighter in skin color.”41 Hawaii’s legendary Menehune, also secluded in the uplands, were a singularly short race, who brought culture and lasting engineering works to those islands.
What does all this tell us about our ancestors? Armand de Quatrefage, the nineteenth century’s eminent professor of anthropology at the Musee d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris, concluded that the Negrito race (little brown people) once inhabited a vast domain of Indo-Oceanic Asia, extending from New Guinea all the way west to the Persian Gulf, and from the Malay archipelago north to Japan. Significantly, the Onge Negritos of the Andamans (in the Bay of Bengal) are considered genetically ancestral to Asians. Along the same lines, Jared Diamond, in Guns, Germs, and Steel, suggests that the Negritos of New Guinea may be the ancestors of the Papuans, that is, the little ones came before the tall. Likewise were Australia’s Negritos anterior to the tall Aborigines, providing the initial population for the whole of Greater Australia.
Great minds think alike: Professor J. Kollman of Basle considered the Negrito and Negrillo populations the oldest form of humanity: “from them the taller races have been evolved,” rather than the other way around (the dwarfing or shrinkage theory). The dean of American anthropology in the mid-twentieth century, William Howells, identified the Negritos of the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and India as the underlying population strata, the submerged remnant of South Asia’s first people. Just as India’s Negritos have long been regarded as the oldest people on the sub-continent, the little Semang, Malaysia’s last remaining Paleolithic people (living in remote forest areas), are known to be the earliest inhabitants of the Peninsula. Their name, Orang Asli, means “original people.”
We were born just after the earth was made.
WELSH ELF PROVERB
TABLE 2.3. WORLDWIDE LEGENDS OF LITTLE PEOPLE AS THE OLDEST RACE
Where/Who Little People Description
Africa/Wolof Yumboes White pygmies/fairies
Europe, eastern/Serbs, Poles Ludki Little people, lived before humans
Europe, western/French Fees The Old Ones, oldest beings on the planet
Ghana/Ghanaians Small man First hero of the race, made by Anansi
Mexico, Central America/Maya Saiyam Uinicob Race of dwarfs inhabiting the First World
Mozambique/Yao Little man and woman First people ever seen, a tale of the beginning
Northeast America, rocky heights/Seneca Indians “Great little people” Predecessors of the Seneca Indians
United States, Hawaii/Native Hawaiians Menehune Little people, first race in the region
United States,
Nantahalas, North Carolina/Cherokee Nunnehi Little, white, and bearded people
United States, Southeast/Choctaw Kowi Anukasha Forest dwellers or little people, lived on Earth before Natives
It is among such dwindling and isolated groups that we might catch a last glimpse of the earlier editions of H. sapiens, in some ways more like the short and pale Ihin ancestor. One stunning example is the Filipino Abenlens, with lighter skin than the Aetas, a different language, and the signature graceful limbs of early H. sapiens pygmaeus. (The Aeta, themselves tiny folk, are considered the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines.) The remote Abenlens, living deep in the isolated Zambales Mountains of Luzon, are exceptional; unlike the regional Negritos (Aetas), they are shorter still and light, almost blond in complexion. Some are oliveskinned with light brown eyes; most possess delicate features and soft wavy hair. One reason the Abenlens’ fair coloring and short stature are taken as a sign of Ihin ancestry is that they are highly reclusive and never mixed their genes with neighbors or conquerors.
In remote corners of the world, far removed from the great currents of migration, moderately pure remnants of older, more original races still survive.
ROLAND DIXON, THE RACIAL HISTORY OF MAN
TABLE 2.4. LITTLE PEOPLE IN REMOTE AREAS
Little People Where Comment
Ainu Hokkaido, Japan Earliest widespread moderns in Far East
Bushmen Southern Africa Driven to the Kalahari wastelands
Lacandon Mayan jungles Short and pale
Tapiros Mt. Tapiro, New Guinea Remnants of a once widely distributed race*27
Tarifuroro New Guinea, interior Driven back by Papuans, at one time inhabited entire tableland
Maithoachiana gnomes Kenya Driven out by pre-Bantu people
Negritos India and Polynesia, inaccessible mountains Remnants of the earliest stratum†28
Pygmies Central African forest Original people, overrun‡29
“Race of dwarflike people”§30 Central and South America Driven back to interior forests
Once widespread but largely lost to history, driven back to refuge regions, persecuted and extirpated, “the pygmies fled to the ends of the earth.”42 Just look at the tips of the continents: people there are small and undersized, such as the near-Arctic Yaghans of Tierra del Fuego, where some of the women are only four foot three inches. Even in places like Italy, the shortest people are found in the most removed mountain enclaves.
NEGRITO PEOPLES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
The localities in which the Negrito people are found in their greatest purity in inaccessible islands . . . or in the mountainous ranges of the interior . . . point to the fact that they were the earliest inhabitants.
WILLIAM H. FLOWER, “THE PYGMY RACES OF MEN,” ESSAYS ON MUSEUMS
The worldwide distribution of Negritos tells us that, not only were little people a universal race, but so were black and brown people. According to George Frederick Wright, “[t]he original inhabitants of Europe were a long headed [dolichocephalic], dark-skinned race.”43 England’s controversial Galley Hill fossil man, for instance, was very dolichocephalic, his build modern, his face “Negroid.” Similar to Galley Hill is France’s Combe Capelle specimen, Negroid in dentition, palate, skull, and length of tibia. Belgium, too, had its “Ethiopian” type in the Engis skull; some have found bones of the Negro type in Austria and Liege.
Dixon, who thought the most ancient types of mankind had been discovered in Europe, identified brown-skinned proto-Australoids as the substratum of Neolithic France and western Russia, his determination based on cranial and nasal measurements. Dixon also found proto-Negroid people in Silesia, Bohemia, Denmark,
Italy, Greece, Norway, and Yugoslavia—the latter including the Krapina folk with dentition (crowns) of the Negroid type.
There are brown and black races in almost every part of the world: the Makrani blacks in Pakistan, and in India the Dravidian Negritos, dark with frizzy hair, dolichocephalic skulls, and thick lips, as well as jungle tribes like the Kadar and Paniyan Negroids. There were Neolithic platyrrhine proto-Negroids in the Ganges Valley, extending up to the Persian Gulf. In Iran, near Susa (the capital of Susiana aka Elam), a black Ethiopic people once lived and there are black people in southern Arabia as well.
In the Americas, too, Dixon found “Negroidal” skulls in New Mexico, northern Arizona, Tennessee, New England, and along the Great Lakes (in Ohio).44 Other sources allude to prehistoric blacks in the Andes and Peru (sculpted at Marcahuasi), Ecuador, Patagonia, and the Brazilian highlands,45 the latter region being home of the living Botocudo people at Minas Geras; their ancestors (best known from the 11,500-year-old Africoid woman of Luzia) were the underlying stratum populating this whole region (before being driven back by the Tupi). The Botocudos are dolichocephalic and prognathous and are probably descended from the people of the Lagoa Santa caves. Spanish and Portuguese expeditions of the late Middle Ages encountered tribes of black people (non-Indians) in both Central and South America. The Africoid Olmec heads of Mexico are a famous example. Blacks are also depicted in surviving Codices, as well as in images at Teotihuacan, Vera Cruz, Tula, and in temple paintings at Chichen Itza, in the terracotta heads at Jalapa, and carvings at Villahermosa.
Mysterious Origins of Hybrid Man Page 9
