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3. William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1989), 193; Simon F. Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia, 1997), 124–25.
4. Larry E. Tise, American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800 (Mechanicsburg, PA, 1998), 4–6.
5. Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto: Early American Politics As Viewed In The Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 51.
6. TJ to Joseph Fay, 18 March 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 25: 402; Jay Winik, The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788–1800 (New York, 2007), 463; Charles D. Hazen, Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution (1897; Gloucester, MA, 1964), 257.
7. AH to _____, 18 May 1793, Papers of Hamilton, 16: 475–76.
8. Hazen, American Opinion of the French Revolution, 276, 277.
9. Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street, 125.
10. Susan Branson, These Fiery Frenchified Dames: Women and Political Culture in Early National Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 2001), 109; Heather Nathans, Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People (Cambridge, UK, 2003), 79–81.
11. Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York, 2008), 468–69.
12. S. W. Jackman, “A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–1793,” WMQ, 18 (1961), 110.
13. TJ to George Mason, 4 Feb. 1791, Papers of Jefferson, 19: 241.
14. TJ to William Short, 3 Jan. 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 25: 14.
15. TJ to Tench Coxe, 1 May 1794, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 67.
16. TJ to William Branch Giles, 27 April 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 337.
17. John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 127; TJ to William Carmichael, 15 Dec. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, 12: 424; TJ to JM, 28Aug. 1789, Republic of Letters, 629.
18. Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821 (Columbus, OH, 1998), 20; Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 363; Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (Boston, 1962), 71.
19. Richard Buel Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, 1972), 42–43.
20. TJ to JM, 28 April 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 25: 619.
21. Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics In The New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 45.
22. John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 130; Jackman, “A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation,” 119.
23. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit In A Frontier Republic, 94.
24. JM to TJ, 19 June 1793, 13 June 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 31, 29; JM to the Minister of the French Republic, April 1793, Republic of Letters, 778.
25. AH, Pacificus No. I, 29 June 1793, Pacificus No. II, 3 July 1793, Pacificus No. III, 6 July 1793, Pacificus No. IV, 10 July 1793, Pacificus No. V, 13–17 July 1793, Pacificus No. VI, 17 July 1795, Pacificus No. VII, 27 July 1793, Papers of Hamilton, 15: 33–43, quotation at 38; 55–63; 65–69; 82–86; 90–95; 100–106, quotation at 103; 130–35.
26. James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 79.
27. TJ to JM, 7 July 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 444.
28. JM to TJ, 30 July 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 48.
29. JM to TJ, 22 July 1793, and “Helvidius” No. 1, 24 Aug 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 47, 72.
30. JA to TJ, 30 June 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 346–47.
31. “The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet,” Papers of Jefferson, 26: 686.
32. Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty, 104.
33. TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 438.
34. Harry Ammon, “The Genet Mission and the Development of American Political Parties,” Jah, 52 (1966), 725–41; Harry Ammon, The Genet Mission (New York, 1973).
35. Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 351.
36. JM to Archibald Stuart, 1 Sept. 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 88.
37. TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 438.
38. In August 1793 Washington asked France for Genet’s recall, but when the French government complied, Genet, as a Girondin appointee, decided that his life might be in danger back in France, where the Jacobins had taken over. So he married the daughter of Governor George Clinton of New York, settled near Albany, and became an American citizen.
39. TJ to JM, 3 Aug., 11 Aug. 1793, Papers of Jefferson, 26: 606, 652.
40. TJ to GW, 16 April 1784, Papers of Jefferson, 7: 106–7.
41. “The Free Republican,” Boston Independent Chronicle, 8 Dec. 1785.
42. Paine, “Common Sense” (1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 20, 21; David M. Fitzsimons, “Tom Paine’s New World Order: Idealistic Internationalism in the Ideology of Early American Foreign Relations,” Diplomatic History, 19 (1995), 569–82.
43. Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, 1970), 146.
44. JA, March–April 1776, Diary and Autobiography, 2: 236.
45. Burton Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution (Charlottesville, 1979), 1; Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1990), 56.
46. Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 53.
47. JA to BF, 17 Aug. 1780, in Felix Gilbert, To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy (Princeton, 1961), 86; Fitzsimons, “Tom Paine’s New World Order”; Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation (New York, 2006), 59.
48. American Commissioners to De Thulemeir, 14 March 1785, Papers of Jefferson, 8: 28.
49. GW to Lafayette, 15 Aug. 1786, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 28: 520.
50. Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 131.
51. TJ to Tench Coxe, 1 May 1794, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 67.
52. Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 386; Ames to Christopher Gore, 28 Jan. 1794, in W. B. Allen, ed., The Works of Fisher Ames (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1028.
53. Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 384–86.
54. AH to GW, 8 Mar. 1794, Papers of Hamilton, 16: 134.
55. Hamilton, Defense of the Funding System, July 1795, Papers of Hamilton, 19: 56.
56. AH, “To Defence No. Xx,” 23–24 Oct. 1795, Papers of Hamilton, 19: 332.
57. JM, “Helvidius,” No. 4, 14 Sept. 1793, Papers of Madison, 15: 108.
58. James Monroe to TJ, 16 Mar. 1794, in S. M. Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe (New York, 1898), 1: 286–88.
59. JM to TJ, 11 May 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 327–28.
60. JM to TJ, 25 May 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 337–38.
61. JM to TJ, 16 Nov. 1794, Republic of Letters, 859.
62. Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 119.
63. TJ to JM, 21 Sept. 1795, Republic of Letters, 897.
64. Marcus Daniels, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy (New York, 2009), 138–44; Barry Schwartz, George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol ((New York, 1987), 67–68.
65. TJ to James Monroe, 6 Sept. 1795, TJ to Edward Rutledge, 30 Nov. 1795, Papers of Jefferson, 28: 542.
66. Gw to the House of Representatives, 30 March 1796, in Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, 35: 3, 5.
67. TP, The Age of Reason (1794), in Philip Foner, ed., The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine (New York, 1969), 1: 600; Russell Blaine Nye, The Cultural Life
of the New Nation, 1776–1830 (New York, 1960), 214; Daniels, Scandal and Civility, 242–49.
68. Gary B. Nash, “The American Clergy and the French Revolution,” WMQ, 22 (1965), 402–12; Henry May, The Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976), 258.
69. Elizabeth A. Perkins, “The Consumer Frontier: Household Consumption in Early Kentucky,” JAH, 78 (1991–92), 486–510.
70. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 842n.
71. Max M. Edling and Mark D. Kaplanoff, “Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform: Transforming the Structure of Taxation in the Early Republic,” WMQ, 61 (2004), 712–44.
72. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860 (Boston, 1961), 73–74.
73. Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 441, 842–43, 443.
74. [Noah Webster], The Revolution in France, Considered in Respect to Its Progress and Effects (New York, 1794), in Ellis Sandoz, ed., Political Sermons of the Founding Era, 1750–1805 (Indianapolis, 1991), 1279; Annals of Congress, 3rd Congress, 2nd session, IV, 929; Albrecht Koschnik, “The Democratic Societies of Philadelphia and the Limits of the American Public Sphere, circa 1793–1795,” WMQ, 58 (2001), 615–36.
75. JM to James Monroe, 4 Dec. 1794, Papers of Madison, 15: 406–7; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 487–88.
76. AH, Conversation with George Beckwith, Oct. 1789, Papers of Hamilton, 5: 383.
77. Gerard H. Clarfield, Timothy Pickering and the American Republic (Pittsburgh, 1980), 160–61; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 838.
78. Elkins and Mckitrick, Age of Federalism, 500.
79. John Ferling, The First of Men: A Life of George Washington (Knoxville, 1988), 465–66; GW to TJ, 6 July 1796, Papers of Jefferson, 29: 142–43.
80. GW to AH, 25 Aug. 1796, Papers of Hamilton, 20: 308.
81. Ferling, First of Men, 466.
82. GW, Farewell Address (1796), Washington: Writings, 962–77.
1. Manning J. Dauer, The Adams Federalists (Baltimore, 1953), 241; Marshall Smelser, “The Federalist Era as an Age of Passion,” American Quarterly, 10 (1958), 391–419.
2. James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, 1993), 142.
3. Joseph Charles, “Hamilton and Washington: The Origins of the American Party System,” WMQ, 12 (1955), 414–15; AH to, 8Nov. 1796, Papers of Hamilton, 20:376–77; AH, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States, 24Oct. 1800, Papers of Hamilton, 25: 195.
4. Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 149.
5. Joanne B. Freeman, “The presidential Election of 1796,” in Richard Alan Ryerson, ed., John Adams and the Founding of the Republic (Boston, 2001), 148.
6. Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001), 217–18; Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 147.
7. Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, 158.
8. Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick, THe Age of Federalism (NEw York, 1993), 535.
9. ACtually, Samuel Adams and some other Boston patriots were eager for Adams to take on the defense of the soldiers, perhaps in an effort to protect the reputation of Boston in the empire. Hiller B. Zobel, The boston massacre (New york, 1970), 220–21.
10. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill, 1969), 581; Peter Shaw, The Character of John Adams (Chapel Hill, 1976), 318.
11. JA to James Warren, 9 Jan. 1787, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., Warren-Adams Letters (Mass. Hist. Soc., Coll., 72–73[1917, 1925]), 2: 280.
12. Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 574.
13. Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 575.
14. David Lieberman has edited a new edition of Jean Louis De Lolme’s Constitution of England; or, An Account of the English Government (Indianapolis, 2007).
15. JA, Defence, in Wood, creation of the American Republic, 578.
16. On the way in which the French revolutionaries cast their social struggle, see Sarah Maza, “The Social Imagery of the French Revolution: The Third Estate, the National Guard, and the Absent Bourgeoisie,” in Colin Jones and Dror Wahrman, eds., The Age of Cultural Revolutions: Britain and France, 1750–1820 (Berkeley, 2002), 106–23.
17. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York, 1993), 2: 761.
18. Michael Merrill and Sean Wilentz, eds., The Key of Liberty: The Life and Democratic Writings of William Manning, “A Laborer,” 1747–1814 (Cambridge, MA, 1993); Michael Merrill, “Putting Capitalism in Its Place: A Review of Recent Literature,” WMQ, 52 (1995), 315–26.
19. On Findley, see John Caldwell, William Findley from west of the mountains: A Politician in pennsylvania, 1783–1791 (Gig Harbor, WA, 2000); and Caldwell, William Findley from West of the Mountains: Congressman, 1791–1821 (Gig Harbor, WA, 2001).
20. Jerry Grundfest, George Clymer: Philadelphia Revolutionary, 1739–1813 (New York, 1982), 141.
21. Claude M. Newlin, The Life and Writings of Hugh Henry Brackenridge (Princeton, 1932), 71.
22. NEWLIN, BRACKENRIDGE, 80–81, 78; Russell J. Ferguson, Early Western Pennsylvania Politics (Pittsburgh, 1938), 66–69.
23. Newlin, Brackenridge, 79–80; Ferguson, Early Western Pennsylvania, 70–72.
24. Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Modern Chivalry, ed. Claude M. Newlin (New York, 1937), 53, 14, 611, 19, 449.
25. Mathew Carey, ed., Debates and Proceedings of the General Assembly of pennsylvania on the Memorials Praying a Repeal or Suspension of the Law Annulling the Charter of the Bank (Philadelphia, 1786), 19, 64, 66, 87, 128, 21, 130, 38, 15, 72–73.
26. [Findley], “Letter by an Officer of the Late Continental Army,” Philadelphia Independent Gazette, 6Nov. 1787, in Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist (Chicago, 1981), 3: 95.
27. Merrill Jensen and Robert A. Becker, eds., The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788–1790 (Madison WI, 1976), 2: 528–32, 551; Caldwell, William Findley: Politician, 166–68; Owen S. Ireland, Religion, Ethnicity, and Politics: Ratifying the Constitution in Pennsylvania (University Park, PA, 1995), 99–101.
28. William Findley, A Review of the Revenue System Adopted at the First Congress Under the Federal Constitution (Philadelphia, 1794), 117.
29. Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill, 1967), 509–10.
30. Young, Democratic Republicans of New York, 511–12; Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontiers of the Early American Republic (New York, 1995), 245–46.
31. Taylor, William Cooper’s Town, 244–46. As Taylor points out in his brilliant book, James Fenimore Cooper’s novel The Pioneers is based on the experience of his father.
32. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of The American Revolution (New York, 1992), 237–38.
33. BF, “Blackamore, on Molatto Gentlemen,” 1733, Franklin: Writings, 219; Albrecht Koschnik, “Political Conflict and Public Contest: Rituals of National Celebration in Philadelphia, 1788–1815,” Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., 118 (1994), 209.
34. daniel chipman, the life of hon. nathaniel chipman . . . with selections from his miscellaneous papers (BOSTON, 1846), 33, 29, 30, 31–32.
35. aleine austin, matthew lyon: “new man” of the democratic revolution, 1749–1822 (university park, pa, 1981), 46, 45.
36. chipman, life of nathaniel chipman, 110.
37. austin, matthew lyon, 91, 95; J. Fairfax McLaughlin, Matthew Lyon: The Hampden of Congress (New York, 1900), 500.
38. Annals of congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session (Feb. 1798), VII, 955–1067.
39. Christopher Clark, Social Change in America: From the Revolution Through the Civil War (Chicago, 2006), 55.
40. Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretative History of the Continental
Congress (New York, 1979), 216–39; George A. Billias, Elbridge Gerry: Founding Father and Republican Statesman (New York, 1976), 138–39.
41. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (xi, par. 8) (Oxford, 1976), 1: 265.
42. See William R. Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American Character (New York, 1961).
43. The diary of William Maclay and other Notes on Senate Debates, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (Baltimore, 1988), 141; Jack N. Rakove, “The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George Washington,” in Richard Beeman et al., eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill, 1987), 283.