Mary Tudor: The First Queen

by Linda Porter

  21 Van der Delft to the emperor, 2 May 1550, ibid., 10, p. 85.

  22 28 June 1550, ibid., 10,p.117.

  23 Dubois’ report, ibid., 10, p. 127.

  24 26 August 1550, Cal SP Foreign, Edward VI, ed.W.Turnbull (London, 1861), p. 53.

  25 3 August 1550, Cal SP Spanish, 10, pp. 148-9.

  26 Scheyfve to the emperor, 3 August 1550, ibid., 10, p. 151.

  27 Mary to the council, latter half of January 1552, ibid., 10, p. 206.

  28 Ibid., 10, pp. 209-12.

  29 Mary to Edward VI, late January/early February 1551, ibid., 10, pp. 212-13.

  30 Scheyfve to Mary of Hungary, 1 March 1551, ibid., 10, p. 259.

  31 Report of Lord Rich, 29 August, in Dasent, Acts of the Privy Council, vol. 2, pp. 348-52.

  Chapter 7 Mary Triumphant

  1 13 March 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, pp. 14-15.

  2 28 April 1553, ibid., 11,p.35.

  3 7 May 1553, BL Lansdowne MS, 3, f. 23.

  4 30 May 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, pp. 45-8.

  5 For a full treatment of the origins of the Devise, see D. Loades, Intrigue and Treason: The Tudor Court, 1547-1559 (Oxford, 2004).

  6 HMC, Report on the MSS of Lord Montagu of Beaulieu (London, 1900), 4, quoted in Jennifer Loach, Edward VI (London, 1999), p. 164.

  7 Letters Patent for the limitation of the Crown, quoted in the Chronicle of Queen Jane and Two Years of Queen Mary (hereafter Chronicle QJ&QM), ed. J. G. Nichols (Camden Society, 1850), pp. 91-100.

  8 Ambassades des Messieurs de Noailles en Angleterre, ed.Vertot (Leyden, 1763), vol. ii, p. 49.

  9 Cal SP Spanish, 11, pp. 60-65.

  10 J. More Molyneux, ‘Letters illustrating the reign of Queen Jane’, Archaeological Journal, vol. xxx (1873), p. 276. Originals in the Loseley Correspondence, 3/3, in the Guildford Museum and Muniment Room.

  11 BL Cotton MS Galba Bxii, f. 250.

  12 The main contemporary source for Mary’s East Anglian campaign is the Vita Mariae Angliae Reginae of Robert Wingfield of Grantham, ed. and transl. by D. MacCulloch, Camden Miscellany, 4th series, vol. 29 (1984), pp. 250-56.

  13 7 July 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, p. 73.

  14 10 July 1553, ibid., 11, p. 79.

  15 11 July 1553, ibid., 11,p.81.

  16 Vita Mariae Reginae, p. 262.

  17 Chronicle QJ&QM, pp. 6-7.

  18 Vita Mariae Reginae, p. 264.

  19 Oxburgh Hall: Bedingfeld MS, proclamation of 18 July 1553.

  20 Vita Mariae Reginae, p. 265.

  21 Advice from England, translated from the Italian, 20 July 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, p. 108.

  22 The epistle of Poor Pratte, Chronicle QJ&QM, pp. 115-21.

  23 More Molyneux, ‘Letters illustrating’, pp. 276-8.

  24 See S. J. Gunn, ‘A letter of Jane, duchess of Northumberland, in 1553’, English Historical Review, CXIV (November 1999).

  25 Her letter is reported by the imperial ambassadors, 22 July 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, p. 115.

  26 6 August 1553, ibid., 11,p.151.

  27 22 July 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 109-11.

  28 Dispatches in July 1553, Ambassades des Messieurs de Noailles en Angleterre, vol. ii, pp. 57-98.

  29 Antonio de Guaras, The Accession of Queen Mary, ed. R. Garnett (1892), p. 102.

  30 Wriothesley, Chronicle, 2, p. 100.

  31 BL Harley MS 787, f. 61.

  32 Chronicle QJ&QM, pp. 25-6.

  33 Guaras, The Accession of Queen Mary, p. 109.

  Chapter 8 Mary’s England

  1 In acts of 1536 and 1543. See Brigden, New Worlds, p. 169.

  2 Ireland did not share in the recovery, its population remaining static.

  3 John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials (Oxford, 1822), vol. 3i, p. 361.

  4 In C.V. Malfatti (ed.), The Accession, Coronation and Marriage of Mary Tudor (Barcelona, 1956), p. 91.

  5 Cal SP Spanish, 11, p. 215.

  6 Calendar of State Papers Domestic Mary I (hereafter SPD Mary I), ed. C. S. Knighton (London, 1998), no. 597

  7 The imperial ambassadors to Charles V, 9 September 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, p. 215.

  8 SPD Mary 1, no. 21.

  9 16 August 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, p. 172.

  10 4 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.201.

  11 9 September 1553, ibid., 11, p. 125.

  12 Proclamation of 28 July 1553, in Tudor Royal Proclamations, ed. P. L. Hughes and J. F. Larkin (1969), vol. 2, p. 4.

  13 7 August 1553, Cal SP Venetian, 5, p. 764.

  14 8 October 1553, ibid., 5,p.425.

  15 Quoted in Eamon Duffy and David Loades (eds), The Church of Mary Tudor (2006), p. 19.

  16 Cal SP Spanish, 11, p. 169.

  17 Cal SP Foreign, 1553-8, ed.W.Turnbull (1861), p. 4.

  18 Ambassades de Messieurs de Noailles en Angleterre, vol. 3, dispatches of 29 and 31 July and 4 and 7 August 1553, pp. 96-106.

  19 When the ambassadors presented letters from Charles V on 4 September 1553, Mary said she would need time to read them ‘as she was not familiar with your Majesty’s handwriting’.This may, however, have just been quick-wittedness on her part. She wanted to make sure there were no direct references to her having written personally to Charles without the knowledge of the privy council. Cal SP Spanish, 11, p. 200.

  20 Report by Francisco Duarte to Prince Philip, 9 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 221-7.

  21 16 August 1553, ibid., 11,p.169.

  22 Undated, late August 1553, ibid., 11,p.196.

  23 9 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 220-21.

  24 Charles V to Renard, 23 August 1553, ibid., 11, p. 180.

  25 Cal SP Venetian, 6ii, p. 1084.

  26 BL Cotton MS Titus A xxiv, f. 83V.

  27 19 October 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, p. 308.

  28 20 August 1553, SPD Mary I, no. 12.

  29 28 June 1554, ibid., no. 119.

  30 J. R. Planché, Regal Records, or a Chronicle of the Coronations of the Queens Regnant of England (1838), p. 3. Waits were bands of musicians playing wind instruments; shawmes were an early type of clarinet.

  31 Guaras, The Accession of Queen Mary, p. 118.

  32 Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, quoted in R.Tittler (ed.), The Reign of Mary I (1991), pp. 84-5.The caul referred to is a net cap used to keep the hair in place.There is disagreement about what Mary actually wore during the state entry.The account of French ambassador Noailles has her wearing a mantle and kirtle of cloth of gold, furred with miniver and powdered ermines. See Regal Records, p. 5.

  33 The duchess of Norfolk herself died less than two weeks after Queen Mary, on 30 November 1558.

  34 Chronicle QJ&QM, pp. 27-31.

  35 Planché, Regal Records, p. 11.

  36 30 September 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, pp. 259-60.

  37 The last queen consort to be crowned, Anne Boleyn, had gone to the ceremony with loosened hair, but it seems unlikely that Mary would wish to have been connected with her mother’s usurper by copying her.

  38 Planché, Regal Records, p. 16.

  39 Ibid., p. 17.

  Chapter 9 Wyatt’s Rebellion

  1 2 and 7 August 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, pp. 132, 153.

  2 8 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.213.

  3 7 August and 8 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 154, 212.

  4 30 July 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 126-7.

  5 22 August 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 177-8.

  6 8 September and 10 October 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 213, 290.

  7 29 December 1553, ibid., 11,p.467.

  8 13 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 230-31.

  9 9 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.228.

  10 5 October 1553, ibid., 11,p.266.

  11 10 October 1553, ibid., 11, p. 284.

  12 8 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.213.

  13 12 October 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 288-93.

  14 28 October 1553, ibid., 11,p.321.

  15 31 October 1553, ibid., 11, p. 328.

  16 17 November 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 363-5.

&nb
sp; 17 20 November 1553, ibid., 11, p. 372.

  18 4 November 1553, ibid., 11, p. 335.

  19 28 November 1553, ibid., 11 p. 393.

  20 17 December 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 439-40.

  21 Quoted in E. H. Harbison, Rival Ambassadors at the Court of Queen Mary (1940), p. 116.

  22 Quoted in D. Loades, Two Tudor Conspiracies (1992), p. 115.

  23 Draft of 7 December 1553, Cal SPD Mary I, pp. 13-14. It is unclear whether this was the precise text that Lord Chancellor Gardiner used when presenting the treaty at court on 14 January 1554.

  24 Cited in Harbison, Rival Ambassadors, p. 119.

  25 Chronicle QJ&QM, pp. 34-5.

  26 SPD Mary I, no. 28.

  27 26 January 1554, Hearne, Sylloge Epistolarum, pp. 154-5. It is not clear how Mary knew of the possibility that her sister might move to Donnington. Renard and his network of informers may have alerted her. Elizabeth, under interrogation in March, claimed that she did not even know she owned a house at Donnington. See Chapter 10.

  28 Undated, January 1554, Cal SP Spanish, 12, p. 50.

  29 29 January, SPD Mary I, no. 46.

  30 Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vi, pp. 414-15.

  31 Chronicle QJ&QM, p. 128.

  32 Ibid., p. 133.

  33 Gertrude Courtenay died less than two months before Mary in September 1558. She had been unwell over several years but it is not known whether her death was hastened by the influenza epidemic of 1558.

  34 Chronicle QJ&QM, p. 59.

  35 Quoted in Alison Plowden, Lady Jane Grey (Stroud, 2003), p. 145.

  36 Ibid., p. 148.

  37 Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk, Jane’s father, was executed on 23 February. So far as is known, his wife made no plea for clemency, as she had done seven months earlier.

  38 11 February 1554, SPD Mary I, no. 86.

  39 Chronicle QJ&QM, pp. 69-70.

  40 17 March 1554, in Leah S. Marcus et al. (eds), Elizabeth I, Collected Works, (Chicago, 2000).

  Chapter 10 King Philip

  1 29 November 1553, Cal SP Spanish, 11, pp. 398-9.

  2 Document drawn up ‘in the noble town of Valladolid’ on 4 January 1554. Among the witnesses were the duke of Alba, master of Philip’s household, and Ruy Gómez de Silva, his chamberlain. Cal SP Spanish, 12, pp. 4-5.

  3 Ibid., 12, p. 6.

  4 Ibid., 12, p. 8.

  5 Ibid., 11, p. 367. The portrait of Philip, in armour, is now in the Prado Museum in Madrid.

  6 19 February 1554, ibid., 12,p.121.

  7 Hearne, Sylloge Epistolarum, p. 156.

  8 See D. Starkey, Elizabeth (London, 2001), pp. 143-4.

  9 From ‘Memoirs of Sir James Croft’, Retrospective Review, series 2, vol. 1 (1827), pp. 474-9.

  10 Chronicle QJ&QM, pp. 73-4.

  11 ‘State Papers relating to the custody of the Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock, in 1554’, ed. R. C. Manning, Norfolk Archaeology, 4 (1855), pp. 133-231.

  12 The 1352 treason statute covered only female consorts of the monarch.

  13 Act concerning the regal power (1554) in Stephenson and Marcham (eds), Sources of English Constitutional History (New York, 1937), p. 328.

  14 Philip was advised to reduce the number of troops to 4,000 before he left.

  15 Simon Renard and M. de Courrières to the emperor, 26 July 1554, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 1.

  16 ‘John Elder’s Letter describing the arrival and marriage of King Philip, his triumphal entry into London, the legation of Cardinal Pole, etc’, Chronicle QJ&QM, p. 139.

  17 It is difficult to understand this as anything other than Spanish prejudice. A contemporary portrait of Eleanor, sister of Charles V, shows her in furred sleeves much more voluminous than anything Mary ever wore.

  18 29 July 1554, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 2.

  19 Ibid., 13, p. 9.

  20 Ibid., 13, p. 10.

  21 Chronicle QJ&QM, p. 167.

  22 Late 1558, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 442.

  23 For further discussion of the significance of this and related matters of precedence in the marriage ceremony, see Alexander Samson, ‘Changing Places: the marriage and royal entry of Philip, Prince of Austria and Mary Tudor’, Sixteenth Century Journal, xxxvi(3) (2005).

  24 Chronicle QJ&QM, p. 168.

  25 I am indebted to Tanya Elliott for this description.

  26 Lady Margaret Clifford was the daughter of the earl of Cumberland and his first wife, Eleanor Brandon, sister of Frances Brandon. She was herself married in February 1555 to Henry Strange, later the third earl of Derby, in a splendid ceremony in the Chapel Royal of Whitehall Palace. Mary seems to have been fond of this young relative, who had herself a claim to the throne.

  27 Chronicle QJ&QM, p. 142.

  28 Ibid., p. 170.

  29 ‘An account of what has befallen in the realm of England since Prince Philip landed there …’, written by a Spanish gentleman, 17 August 1554, in Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 31.

  30 2 August 1554, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 13.

  31 15 August 1554, ibid., 13,p.28.

  32 12 August 1554, ibid., 13,p.26.

  33 November 1554, ibid., 13, p. 95.

  34 23 August 1554, ibid., 13,p.35.

  35 24 September, ibid., 13, p. 53.

  36 Report to the bishop of Arras, 25 November, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 105.

  37 Quoted in DNB.

  38 30 November 1554, Cal SP Spanish, 13, pp. 108-9.

  39 Various dispatches, ibid., 13, pp. 51-60.

  40 In Idem Iterum, or The History of Queen Mary’s big belly, from Mr Foxe’s Acts and Monuments and Dr Heylin’s History of the Reformation (1688), p. 1.

  41 Ibid., pp. 3-4.

  42 27 March 1555, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 148.

  43 Letter of Philip to Maximilian of Austria, 25 April 1554, quoted in H. Kamen, Philip of Spain (1998), p. 62.

  44 Ruy Gomez to Eraso, 22 May 1555, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 176.

  45 Mary’s views as reported by Cardinal Pole, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 230.

  46 Muriel St Clare Byrne (ed.), The Lisle Letters (1983), p. 310.

  47 Quoted in J. M. Stone, Mary I, Queen of England (1901), p. 351.

  48 Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 240.

  49 Manning, ‘State Papers’, pp. 182-3.

  50 Quoted in Stone, Mary I, p. 349.

  51 Michieli’s report to the Doge, 3 September, quoted in Paul Friedmann (ed.), Les Dépèches de G. Michiel, Ambassadeur de Venise en Angleterre pendant les années de 1554 á 1557 (Paris, 1864), pp. 114-15.

  Chapter 11 Mary Alone

  1 Undated, July or August 1555, Cal SP Spanish, 13, pp. 238-9.

  2 Quoted in Kamen, Philip of Spain, p. 63.

  3 August 1555, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 249.

  4 5 September 1555, Ambassades de MM de Noailles, vol. 5, pp. 126-7.

  5 Undated, August or September 1555, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 247.

  6 BL Sloane MS 1583.

  7 Direction of Queen Mary to her council touching the reforming of the Church to the Roman religion, BL Harley MS 444, ff. 27-8, in Tittler, The Reign of Mary I, pp. 87-8.

  8 Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (Belfast, 1995), p. 220.

  9 S. Haynes (ed.), A collection of state papers relating to the affairs in the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth from 1542, left by William Cecil, Lord Burghley (London, 1740), p. 187.

  10 Undated letter, 1553, in J. E. Cox (ed.), The Works of Thomas Cranmer (Cambridge, 1846), vol. 2, pp. 442-4.

  11 Letters written in 1555, ibid., vol. 2, pp. 447 and 454.

  12 Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, p. 307.

  13 Quoted in Diarmaid MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer (London, 1996), p. 583.

  14 Ibid., p. 603.

  15 Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, 2nd edn (London, 2002), p. 560.

  16 Quoted in Kamen, Philip II, p. 62. De Castro’s views were not shared by Bartolome Carranza, who had been sent to England to re-establish the Dominican order there. See John Edwards, ‘Spanish religious influence in Marian England�
�, in E. Duffy and D. Loades (eds), The Church of Mary Tudor (Aldershot, 2006), p. 208.

  17 John Ponet (later bishop of Rochester), A Short Treatise of politicke power and of the true obedience which subjects owe to Kings and other civill Governours (1556, reprinted 1639).

  18 Instructions of 24 May 1555 to Bishop Bonner of London, quoted in Prescott, Mary Tudor, p. 304.

  19 Quoted in P. Collinson, ‘The Persecutions in Kent’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, p. 322.

  20 The Diary of Henry Machyn, citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, from A.D. 1550 to A.D. 1563, ed. John Gough Nichols, Camden Society (London, 1848), quoted in Gary C. Gibbs, ‘Marking the Days, Henry Machyn’s Manuscript and the mid-Tudor Era’, in Duffy and Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor, p. 305.

  21 Ibid., p. 304.

  22 Queen Mary’s Manual is owned by Westminster Cathedral and is now kept in the library of Westminster Abbey.

  23 Edmund Bonner, An honest godlye instruction and information for the tradynge and bringinge up of Children, set forth by the bishop of London, printed by Robert Caly (London, 1555).

  24 Quoted in Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, p. 530.

  25 February 1558, printed by Robert Caly.

  26 The injunctions of Archdeacon Nicholas Harpsfield on the condition of parish churches, 1557, in Tittler, The Reign of Mary I, pp. 90-91.

  27 Albert Feuillerat (ed.), Documents relating to the revels at court in the time of King Edward VI and Queen Mary (Louvain, 1914), p. 159.

  28 Chancellor’s account of Russia is in Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations,Voyages, Traffics and Discoveries of the English nation made by sea or overland (1598), vol. 1, pp. 238-53.

  29 Quoted in T. S.Willan, The Muscovy Merchants of 1555 (Manchester, 1953), p. 9.

  30 The Queen Mary Atlas, with a useful commentary by Peter Barber, can be seen in the Map Room of the British Library. One hundred copies of it were printed by the Folio Society in 2005.

  31 Incorporation of the borough of High Wycombe, also known as Chipping Wycombe, by the Crown, 17 August 1558, in Tittler, The Reign of Mary I, pp. 94-6.

  32 SPD Mary I, no. 234.

  Chapter 12 Triumph and Disaster

  1 Undated, possibly May 1556, Cal SP Spanish, 13, p. 267.

  2 10 September 1556, ibid., 13,p.276.

  3 SPD Mary I, p. 334, quoted in DNB entry for Henry (Dudley) Sutton.