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Where Wizards Stay Up Late

Page 31

by Matthew Lyon

Taylor, Robert. Interview by William Aspray. Charles Babbage Institute, DARPA/IPTO Oral History Collection, University of Minnesota Center for the History of Information Processing, Minneapolis, Minn., 28 February 1989.

  U.S. Postal Service. “Electronic Message Systems for the U.S. Postal Service.” Report of the U.S.P.S. Support Panel, Committee on Telecommunications, Washington, D.C., January 1977.

  Walden, David C. “Experiences in Building, Operating, and Using the ARPA Network.” Paper presented at the Second USA-Japan Computer Conference, Tokyo, Japan, August 1975.

  Walden, David. Interview by Judy O’Neill. Charles Babbage Institute, DARPA/IPTO Oral History Collection, University of Minnesota Center for the History of Information Processing, Minneapolis, Minn., 6 February 1990.

  Walker, Stephen T. “Completion Report: ARPA Network Development.” Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Information Processing Techniques Office, Washington, D.C., 4 January 1978.

  Weik, Martin H. “A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems.” Ballistic Research Laboratories, report no. 1115, March 1961.

  White, Jim. “Proposed Mail Protocol.” Request for Comments 524. Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., 13 June 1973.

  Zimmermann, H., and M. Elie. “Proposed Standard Host-Host Protocol for Heterogeneous Computer Networks: Transport Protocol.” Notes of the International Network Working Group 43, December 1973.

  Electronic Archives

  Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota. Large archival collection relating to the history of computing. More information can be obtained via the CBI Web site at http://cbi.itdean.umn.edu/cbi/welcome.html or via e-mail addressed to bruce@fs1.itdean.umn.edu.

  Computer Museum, Boston, Massachusetts. Large collection relating to the history of computing, including the archives of the Message Group concerning the early development of e-mail. The archive is available via the homepage at http://www.tcm.org/msgroup.

  Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California. Collection includes up-to-date indexes and tests of Internet standards, protocols, Requests for Comments (RFCs), and various other technical notes available via the ISI Web site: http://www.isi.edu. Some of the earlier RFCs are not available electronically, but are archived off-line in meticulous fashion by RFC editor Jon Postel. A searchable archive is maintained at http://info.internet.isi.edu:80/in-notes/rfc.

  Ohio State University, Department of Computer and Information Science. The CIS Web Server offers access to RFCs and various other technical and historical documents related to the Internet via http://www.cis. ohio-state.edu:80/hypertext/information/rfc.html.

  Acknowledgments

  This book grew out of an idea that originated with engineers at Bolt Beranek and Newman. Memories were growing fuzzy in late 1993, when we first started thinking about doing a book, and Frank Heart and others were interested in having BBN’s considerable role in the creation of the original ARPANET recorded. Not only did the company open its archives to us and cooperate in every way but it helped fund the project as well, while agreeing to exercise no control over the content of the book. Marian Bremer, then BBN’s head librarian, made the initial phone call that led to the book. Cary Lu and John Markoff urged us to take on the project.

  Helen Samuels and the folks at MIT archives were immensely helpful, as was Kevin Corbitt, assistant archivist at the Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, at the University of Minnesota. We are grateful to John Day, Larry Roberts, Al Vezza, and John Shoch for digging around in old boxes for us. Deborah Melone and Bob Menk sent photographs and archives from BBN. Kevin Kelly and Martha Baer at Wired magazine got us focused on the history of e-mail. Noel Chiappa, good-natured tutor, spent hours on the telephone explaining, among other technical points, how routing tables and RFNMs work.

  The following people allowed us to interview them at length: Wes Clark, Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, Severo Ornstein, Bob Taylor, Larry Roberts, Jon Postel, Frank Heart, Alex McKenzie, Dave Walden, Ben Barker, Donald Davies, Paul Baran, Len Kleinrock, Steve Lukasik, Steve Crocker, and Bob Metcalfe. Louise Licklider, Bill McGill, John Swets, and Karl Kryter shared their memories of J. C. R. Licklider with us, and Mitch Waldrop helped fill in some blanks. Phil Patton entrusted us with his copy of the Barber Associates study, for which we are grateful. Brian Reid, Gary Chapman, Kevin Buckley, Dave Farber, and Colonel Clair Shirey let us pick their brains on various relevant topics. Marsha Longshore of IEEE sent technical articles our way, and Earl Swartzlander lent us his copies of the IEEE computer history annals. Steve Wolff helped us understand the often labyrinthine events that took place in the 1980s, particularly concerning NSF’s role in the development of the Internet.

  The manuscript was read in whole or in part in various stages of completion by Vint Cerf, Lyman Chapin, Steve Crocker, Peter Denning, Frank Heart, Bob Kahn, John Kelley, Larry Landweber, Steven Levy, Hank Long, Paul McJones, Alex McKenzie, Peter Preuss, Larry Roberts, Einar Stefferud, Bob Taylor, John Vittal, Dave Walden, and Susan Zacharias. Everett Hafner, perfectionist and workhorse, kept us honest. The manuscript benefited tremendously from the keen mind and careful pen of Richard Lyon. Responsibility for errors, of course, rests with us.

  Jon Coifman, our ace research assistant, helped immensely with the final stages of the manuscript preparation, and Andrea Perry was a careful proofreader. Julian Darley helped type in changes. Denise Bugg transcribed many tapes. Pete Lewis saved the day with his Wacom Pen Tablet. Sigrid Cerf supplied us with colorful stories and much sage advice. Matt Pallakoff, who wrote Retrieve It!, helped shave hours off our work weeks. And thanks to John Aielli, who knows why.

  Zoë Mark Lyon, though busy with her own book, took time out of her schedule every single day to bolster our spirits and make us laugh. Denny Lyon, Amy Goodwin, Kelly McRee, Ellen Lyon, and Jeremy Lyon gamely took on extra child care. Sherry Turkle, Sarah Hafner, Teresa Carpenter, Terry Evers, Robert Wallich, Tony Bianco, and Carol Flake lent a sympathetic ear. Ladd Hanson and Mark McFarland helped with technical troubles. George Hackett and Bob Berdahl were long-suffering bosses, against their better judgment. Ann Walther, Lindsey Lane, and Tom Ferguson (keeper of the postage meter) came to the rescue more than once. Paulina Borsook offered her customary invaluable insights.

  During our travels, Chris Paine, Katherine Magraw, Holly Myers, Kirk Neely, Lisa Van Dusen, Candace Thille, Julie Graham, Debbie Yager, Katherine and Irving Gottsegen, Jane and Frank Heart, Barry Muhlfelder, Jane Anderson, and Eric Ponteri put a roof over our heads.

  As usual, literary agents John Brockman and Katinka Matson knew there was a book there. Bob Bender, our marvelous editor at Simon & Schuster, knew what that book should be. His wondrous assistant, Johanna Li, never let us down.

  —Katie Hafner

  katieh@ zilker.net

  —Matthew Lyon

  m_lyon@ utxvms.cc.utexas.edu

  Index

  Abramson, Norm

  acoustics

  airborne

  BBN work in

  see also psychoacoustics

  Adams, Sherman

  Adventure

  aerospace industry

  Aiken, Howard

  air-defense early-warning system

  Air Force, U.S.

  air traffic control

  algorithms

  ALOHANET

  alphanumerical displays

  Alto Aloha Network

  Alto personal computer

  Andreessen, Marc

  AN/FSQ32XD1A, see Q-32

  animal research

  ANSWER command

  Archimedes

  architecture

  Army, U.S.

  ARPA (Advanced Research Projects

  Agency)

  armed services resistance to

  basic research and special projects

  orientation of

  behavioral sciences division at

  budget of />
  Command and Control Research division

  of

  dance automation project of

  downgrading of

  early redefinition of goals in

  formation of

  freewheeling style of

  Information Processing Techniques

  Office (IPTO) of

  Licklider at

  original research direction of

  staffing of

  Taylor at

  see also DARPA

  ARPANET:

  Baran’s theoretical work and

  centralized approach to

  cost factors in

  data flow in

  Davies’ theoretical work and

  deadlines for setting up

  design and development of, technology

  for

  duplication and isolation of work

  avoided with

  early advocacy of

  early uses of

  efforts to begin construction and

  trials of

  emphasis on openness in

  expansion of

  experiments with

  first public demonstration of

  first test of

  full duplex transmission in

  games on

  host sites proposed for, see

  also specific sites

  interconnected links and nodes in

  international network connections

  to

  as largest and most sophisticated in

  the world

  mass market for

  memory buffer congestion problems

  in

  message blocks data transmission in

  need for host computer eliminated

  in

  nuclear attack survivability and

  packet-switching transmission in

  periodic failures of

  radio linkage of

  redundancy levels in

  remote maintenance and troubleshooting

  of

  response time and reliability in

  routing procedures in

  satellite linkage of

  sharing of resources through

  skepticism and hostility toward

  software as

  store-and-forward system of

  subnetwork proposed for

  telephone line transmission in

  testing and analysis of

  theories of Baran and Davies combined

  in

  topology of

  transition to TCP/IP by

  twentieth anniversary of

  twenty-fifth anniversary of

  volume and flow of data traffic in

  ARPANET News,

  Arthur D. Little

  artificial intelligence (AI)

  Associated Press (AP)

  Association for Computing Machinery

  AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph

  Company)

  ARPANET takeover considered by

  circuit maps of

  as monopoly

  network participation of

  resistance to Baran network theory

  by

  @ sign

  audio tapes

  auditory nervous system

  automated garbage collection

  automatic database query

  automatic phone dialers, see

  also modems

  Avery Fisher Hall (Philharmonic Hall)

  Aviation Week,

  Baran, Paul

  background and education of

  network design consultancy of

  at RAND

  struggle for acceptance of theories

  by

  technical reports and memos of

  theoretical work on communications

  networks by

  bar codes

  Barker, Ben

  debugging skills of

  host sites visited by

  maintenance team of

  BARRnet

  Baruch, Jordan

  BBN Report 1822

  behavioral science research

  Bell Laboratories

  Bell System

  Beranek, Leo

  Berners-Lee, Tim

  Betts, Austin W.

  Bhushan, Abhay

  BITNET (Because It’s Time Network)

  Bobrow, Danny

  Boggs, David

  Bolt, Richard

  Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN)

  academic environment of

  acoustical work of

  artificial intelligence work at

  buildings and offices of

  computer systems division of

  computer technology focus of

  consulting services of

  corporate consciousness of

  early computers purchased by

  ebbing fortunes and problems of

  education group at

  founding of

  government investigation of

  growth of

  Heart at, see Heart, Frank, at BBN

  hiring philosophy of

  Honeywell DDP-516s purchased by

  Honeywell’s relations with

  hospital computer project at

  host site relations with

  IMP contract awarded to

  IMP design and construction by

  IMP Number Five at

  IMP proposal submitted by

  IMP source code of

  information sciences division of

  Internet-related businesses of

  Licklider at

  Moulton Street complex of

  Network Control Center (NCC) at

  new 316 IMPs designed by

  small size of

  Systems and Technology Division of

  Tenex group of

  time-sharing service of

  Boston Globe

  brain, neural connections in

  brain teasers

  Braun, Wernher von

  Braving the Elements (Merrill)

  British Post Office

  Bronk, Detlev W.

  Bryan, Roland

  B-17 bombers

  B-24 bombers

  Bunker-Ramo

  Bureau of the Budget, U.S.

  Burroughs B6700 computer

  Burroughs Corporation

  calculating machines

  California, University of:

  at Berkeley

  at Irvine

  at Los Angeles, see UCLA

  at Santa Barbara (UCSB)

  Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU)

  Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at

  Carter, Jimmy

  Carterfone

  Case Western Reserve University

  casino gambling

  CATENET (Concatenated Network)

  Cave Research Foundation

  CDNet

  Cerf, Sigrid

  Cerf,Vint

  background and education of

  hearing impairment of

  international network connections

  and

  Kahn and

  UCLA IMP experiment and

  CERFnet (California Educational Research

  Network)

  CERN physics laboratory (Switzerland)

  Chamber of Commerce, U.S.

  Chen, Joyce

  chess games

  Clark, Wesley

  subnetwork proposed by

  Clarke, Arthur C.

  Cohen, Danny

  Colby, Kenneth

  cold war

  COMET

  command and control systems

  ARPA research in

  commands

  Commerce Department, U.S.

  communications theory

  Computer Corporation of America

  (CCA)

  computer jargon

  Computer Museum

  Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility

  computer programming

  advanced techniques of

  assembly-language

&n
bsp; conversational

  courses in

  disparate languages of

  early complexities of

  educational

  e-mail

  machine-language

  medical

  natural-language

  computers:

  batch processing method and

  “bursty” nature of data communication

  by

  coordinating commands of multiple

  users of

  cost of

  crashes and down time of

  digital transmission in

  early manufacture of

  early research and development of

  educational applications of

  as extensions of human intelligence

  instructional aids and help menus of

  interactive aspects of

  interconnection of, see ARPANET;

  Internet

  life sciences application of

  log-in procedures for

  maintenance of

  measuring devices connected to

  memory capacity of

  military uses of

  operating systems of

  potential transformation of society

  by

  size and compounds of

  speed and reliability of

  time-sharing access to

  video display screens of

  computer science

  college courses in

  conferences on

  corporate divisions specializing in

  fruition of collective effort in

  professional organizations promoting

  Computer Science Research Network

  see CSNET

  “Confessions of a Hearing-Impaired

  Engineer” (Cerf)

  Congress, U.S.

  Conrades, George

  Consumer Reports,

  Control Data Corporation (CDC)

  Convair

  cooperating processes

  Copley Plaza Hotel

  Corbató, Fernando

  Corporation for National Research

  Initiative

  Cosell, Bernie

  development and debugging specialty

  of

  Crocker, Dave

  Crocker, Steve

  background and education of

  RFCs started by

  UCLA IMP experiment and

  Crowther, Pat

  Crowther, Will

  game developed by

  software effort directed by

  CRT

  CSNET (Computer Science Research

  Network)

  Curtis, Kent

  cyberspace

  Cyclades

  CPYNET

  Dalal, Yogen

  Dallas Naval Air Station

  DARPA (Defense Advanced Research

  Projects Agency)

  network responsibilities divested by

 

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