64.F. Fenner, D. Henderson, I. Arita, Z. Jezek, I. Ladnyi, Smallpox and its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988).
65.J. Gillray, The Cow-Pock-or-the Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation! (1802) Etching. British Museum, London.
66.M. R. Leverson, “Biographical Memoir of Mr. Wm. Tebb,” The Homoeopathic Physician: A Monthly Journal of Medical Science 19 (1899) 407–417.
67.W. Tebb, Compulsory Vaccination in England, (London: E.W. Allen, 1884).
68.D.-L. Ross, “Leicester and the anti-vaccination movement, 1853–1889,” Transactions of the Leicester Archaeological and Historical Society 43 (1967) 35–44.
69.A. Allen, Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver, (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2007).
70.E. B. Glenn, Bryn Athyn Cathedral: The Building of a Church, (Bryn Athyn, PA: Bryn Athyn Church of New Jerusalem, 1971).
71.G. Williams, Angel of Death: The Story of Smallpox (New York: Springer, 2010).
72.R. D. Johnston, The radical middle class: Populist democracy and the question of capitalism in progressive era Portland, Oregon, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
73.American Medical Association Bureau of Investigation, “The Propaganda for Reform,” Journal of the American Medical Association 79(1) (1922) 395–398.
74.U. Sinclair, The Jungle (New York: Doubleday, Jabber & Company, 1906).
75.American Medical Association Bureau of Investigation, “The Propaganda for Reform,” Journal of the American Medical Association 79(1) (1922) 395–398.
76.A. P. Greeley, The Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906: A Study with Text of the Act, Annotated, the Rules and Regulations for the Enforcement of the Act, Food Inspection, Decisions and Official Food Standards, (New York: J. Byrne, 1907).
77.American Medical Association Bureau of Investigation, “The Propaganda for Reform,” Journal of the American Medical Association 79(1) (1922) 395–398.
78.D. R. Hopkins, The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
79.J. Colgrove, R. Bayer, “Manifold restraints: liberty, public health, and the legacy of Jacobson v Massachusetts,” American Journal of Public Health 95(4) (2005) 571–576.
80.I. Weinstein, “An outbreak of smallpox in New York City,” American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health 37(11) (1947) 1376–1384.
81.J. Oppenheimer, “The Panic of 1947.” The Daily Beast, September 19, 2009. Web. February 4, 2018.
82.C. Franco-Paredes, L. Lammoglia, J. I. Santos-Preciado, “The Spanish royal philanthropic expedition to bring smallpox vaccination to the New World and Asia in the 19th century,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 41(9) (2005) 1285–1289.
83.J. J. Esposito, S. A. Sammons, A. M. Frace, J. D. Osborne, M. Olsen-Rasmussen, M. Zhang, D. Govil, I. K. Damon, R. Kline, M. Laker, Y. Li, G. L. Smith, H. Meyer, J. W. Leduc, R. M. Wohlhueter, “Genome sequence diversity and clues to the evolution of variola (smallpox) virus,” Science 313(5788) (2006) 807–12.
84.J. Rhodes, The End of Plagues: The Global Battle Against Infectious Disease (London: Macmillan,2013).
85.D. Henderson, Smallpox: The Death of a Disease. The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2009).
86.Editorial Board: “D. A. Henderson and the triumph of science,” St Louis Post-Dispatch, St Louis, MO, August 23, 2016. Web. February 14, 2018.
87.Obituaries, “Donald Henderson, epidemiologist who helped to eradicate smallpox,” The Telegraph, London, August 21, 2016. Web. February 14, 2018.
88.F. Fenner, D. Henderson, I. Arita, Z. Jezek, I. Ladnyi, Smallpox and its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988).
89.Ibid.
90.Ibid.
91.A. C. Madrigal, “The Last Smallpox Patient on Earth,” The Atlantic, New York, December 9, 2013. Web. February 14, 2018.
92.J. Donnelly, “Polio: A Fight in a Lawless Land,” Boston Globe, Boston, February 27, 2006. Web. February 14, 2018.
93.“The End of Smallpox,” Rx for Survival, Public Broadcasting Service. WGBH, Boston. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/rxforsurvival/series/diseases/smallpox.html (2005).
94.A. C. Madrigal, “The Last Smallpox Patient on Earth,” The Atlantic, New York, December 9, 2013. Web. February 14, 2018.
95.Ibid.
96.S. Kotar, J. Gessler, Smallpox: A History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013).
97.M. Lockley, “The smallpox death that locked down Birmingham could have been avoided,” Birmingham Mail, Birmingham, England, May 15, 2016. Web. February 14, 2018.
98.R. Shooter, Report of the Investigation into the Cause of the 1978 Birmingham Smallpox Occurrence (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1980).
99.T. H. Flewett, “The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of variola minor (alastrim),” The British Journal of Clinical Practice 24(9) (1970) 397–402.
100.A. Geedes, “Alasdair Geddes—Emeritus Professor of Infection in the School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, UK.” Interview by Pam Das, The Lancet. 4(1) (2004) 54–7.
101.R. Shooter, Report of the Investigation into the Cause of the 1978 Birmingham Smallpox Occurrence (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1980).
102.Ibid.
103.M. Lockley, “The smallpox death that locked down Birmingham could have been avoided,” Birmingham Mail, Birmingham, England, May 15, 2016. Web. February 14, 2018.
104.R. Shooter, Report of the Investigation into the Cause of the 1978 Birmingham Smallpox Occurrence (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1980).
105.Ibid.
106.B. W. Mahy, J. W. Almond, K. I. Berns, R. M. Chanock, D. K. Lvov, R. K. Pettersson, H. G. Schatzmeyer, F. Fenner, “The remaining stocks of smallpox virus should be destroyed,” Science 262(5137) (1993) 1223–1225.
Chapter 3: Becoming Defensive
1.J. D. Haller, “Guy de Chauliac and his Chirurgia Magna,” Surgery 55 (1964) 337.
2.G. de Chauliac, Inventarium sive Chirurgia Magna (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997).
3.D. A. Watters, “Guy de Chauliac: pre‐eminent surgeon of the Middle Ages,” ANZ Journal of Surgery 83(10) (2013) 730–734.
4.Ibid.
5.P. Prioreschi, A History of Medicine (Lewiston NY: Edwin Mellen, 2003).
6.J. R. Strayer, The Reign of Philip the Fair (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980.
7.J. Burnes, Sketch of the History of Knights Templars (London: Blackwood, 1840).
8.R. L. Poole, Wycliffe and Movements for Reform, (London: Longmans, Green, and Company, 1889).
9.W. J. Reardon, The Deaths of the Popes: Comprehensive Accounts, Including Funerals, Burial Places and Epitaphs, (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004).
10.J. D. Haller, “Guy de Chauliac and his Chirurgia Magna,” Surgery 55 (1964) 337.
11.J. Enselme, “Commentaries on the great plague of 1348 in Avignon,” La Revue Lyonnaise de Medecine 17(18) (1969) 697–710.
12.D. A. Watters, “Guy de Chauliac: pre‐eminent surgeon of the Middle Ages,” ANZ Journal of Surgery 83(10) (2013) 730–734.
13.G. de Chauliac, Inventarium sive Chirurgia Magna (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997).
14.F. Adams, The Genuine Works of Hippocrates, (London: Sydenham Society, 1849).
15.S. A. Eming, T. Krieg, J. M. Davidson, “Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 127(3) (2007) 514–525.
16.M. Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
17.S. B. Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage, 1995).
18.K. S. Makarova, Y. I. Wolf, E. V. Koonin, “Comparative genomics of defense systems in archaea and bacteria,” Nucleic Acids Research 41(8) (2013) 4360–4377.
19.R. D. Magnuson, “Hypothetical functions of toxin-antitoxin systems,” Journal of Bacteriology 189(17) (2007) 6089–6092.
20.W. C. Summers, “Bacteriophage research: Early
history,” in Bacteriophages: Biology and applications ed. E. Kutter, A. Sulakvelidze (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2005), 5–27.
21.M. S. Kinch, A Prescription For Change: The Looming Crisis in Drug Discovery, (Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press, 2016).
22.K. S. Makarova, Y. I. Wolf, E. V. Koonin, “Comparative genomics of defense systems in archaea and bacteria,” Nucleic Acids Research 41(8) (2013) 4360–4377.
23.F. A. Ran, P. D. Hsu, J. Wright, V. Agarwala, D. A. Scott, F. Zhang, “Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system,” Nature Protocols 8(11) (2013) 2281–2308.
24.A. V. Wright, J. K. Nuñez, J. A. Doudna, “Biology and applications of CRISPR systems: Harnessing nature’s toolbox for genome engineering.” Cell. 164(1–2) (2016): 29–44.
25.L. Margulis, Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Life and its Environment on the Early Earth, (New York: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1981).
26.T. C. Bosch, R. Augustin, F. Anton-Erxleben, S. Fraune, G. Hemmrich, H. Zill, P. Rosenstiel, G. Jacobs, S. Schreiber, M. Leippe, “Uncovering the evolutionary history of innate immunity: the simple metazoan Hydra uses epithelial cells for host defence,” Developmental & Comparative Immunology 33(4) (2009) 559–569.
27.T. C. Bosch, “Cnidarian-microbe interactions and the origin of innate immunity in metazoans,” Annual Review of Microbiology 67 (2013) 499–518.
28.A. Isaacs, J. Lindenmann, “Virus interference. I. The interferon,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 147(927) (1957) 258–67.
29.A. Isaacs, J. Lindenmann, R. C. Valentine, “Virus interference. II. Some properties of interferon,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 147(927) (1957) 268–273.
30.T. Taniguchi, “Aimez-vous Brahms? A story capriccioso from the discovery of a cytokine family and its regulators,” Nature Immunology 10(5) (2009) 447.
31.E. De Maeyer, J. F. Enders, “An Interferon Appearing in Cell Cultures Infected with Measles Virus,” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 107(3) (1961) 573–578.
32. E. Baron, S. Narula, “From cloning to a commercial realization: Human alpha interferon,” Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 10 (1990), 179–90.
33.K. Sikora, “Does interferon cure cancer?” British Medical Journal 281(6244) (1980) 855.
34.M. F. Flajnik, M. Kasahara, “Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures,” Nature Reviews. 11(1) (2010) 47–59.
35.W. F. Bynum, Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
36.M. M. Shoja, R. S. Tubbs, M. Loukas, G. Shokouhi, M. R. Ardalan, “Marie-François Xavier Bichat (1771–1802) and his contributions to the foundations of pathological anatomy and modern medicine,” Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger 190(5) (2008) 413–420.
37.Ibid.
38.G. A. Lindeboom, “François Joseph Victor Broussais; 1772–1838,” Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde, 99(13) (1955), 955–63.
39.J. F. Lobstein, A Treatise on the Structure, Functions and Diseases of the Human Sympathetic Nerve (Philadelphia, PA: JG Auner, 1831).
40.I. S. Whitaker, J. Rao, D. Izadi, P. Butler, “Historical Article: Hirudo medicinalis: ancient origins of, and trends in the use of medicinal leeches throughout history,” British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 42(2) (2004) 133–137.
41.S. I. Hajdu, “The discovery of blood cells,” Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 33(2) (2003) 237–238.
42.G. Andral, Précis d’Anatomie Pathologique, (Brussels: Societe Typographique Belge, 1837).
43.L. Doyle, “Gabriel Andral (1797–1876) and the first reports of lymphangitis carcinomatosa,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82(8) (1989) 491.
44.A. Kay, “The early history of the eosinophil,” Clinical & Experimental Allergy 45(3) (2015) 575–582.
45.J. J. Beer, The Emergence of the German Dye Industry (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1959).
46.C. Weigert, “Über die pathologischen Gerinnungsvorgänge,” Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin 79(1) (1880) 87–123.
47.P. Valent P, B. Groner, U. Schumacher, G. Superti-Furga, M. Busslinger, R. Kralovics, C. Zielinski, J. M. Penninger, D. Kerjaschki, G. Stingl, J. S. Smolen, R. Valenta, H. Lassmann, H. Kovar, U. Jäger, G. Kornek, M. Müller, F. Sörgel. “Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) and his contributions to the foundation and birth of translational medicine.” Journal of Innate Immunity, 8 (2016), 111–20.
48.F. H. Garrison, “Edwin Klebs (1834-1913),” Science 38(991) (1913) 920–921.
49.G. A. Silver, “Virchow, the heroic model in medicine: health policy by accolade,” American Journal of Public Health 77(1) (1987) 82–88.
50.H. Schramm-Macdonald, Ein Pereat den Duellen!: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Duells, (Leipzig, Denicke, 1869).
51.R. Austrian, “The Gram stain and the etiology of lobal pneumonia, an historical note,” Bacteriological Reviews 24(3) (1960) 261–265.
52.A. Kay, “The early history of the eosinophil,” Clinical & Experimental Allergy 45(3) (2015) 575–582.
53.T. D. Brock, Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology (Washington: National Society for Microbiology, 1999).
54.R. Koch, “Investigations into bacteria: V, The etiology of anthrax, based on the ontogenesis of Bacillus anthracis.” Cohns Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen 2(2) (1876) 277–310.
55.T. D. Brock, Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology (Washington D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1999).
56.W. Hesse, D. Gröschel, “Walther and Angelina Hesse-early contributors to bacteriology,” American Society for Microbiology News 58(8) (1992) 425–428.
57.R. Edwards, “Poison-tip umbrella assassination of Georgi Markov reinvestigated,” The Telegraph (London), June 19, 2008. Web. February 14, 2018.
58.V. Kostov, The Bulgarian Umbrella, The Soviet direction and Operations of the Bulgarian secret service in Europe. ed. B. Reynolds. (New York: Harvester, 1988).
59.J. R. Tisoncik, M. J. Korth, C. P. Simmons, J. Farrar, T. R. Martin, M. G. Katze, “Into the eye of the cytokine storm,” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76(1) (2012) 16–32.
60.P. J. Bjorkman, M. Saper, B. Samraoui, W. S. Bennett, J. L. Strominger, D. Wiley, “Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2,” Nature 329(6139) (1987) 506–512.
61.R. H. Schwartz, “T cell anergy,” Annual Review of Immunology 21(1) (2003) 305–334.
62.E. M. Leroy, P. Rouquet, P. Formenty, S. Souquiere, A. Kilbourne, J.-M. Froment, M. Bermejo, S. Smit, W. Karesh, R. Swanepoel, “Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife,” Science 303(5656) (2004) 387–390.
63.H. Fausther-Bovendo, S. Mulangu, N. J. Sullivan, “Ebolavirus vaccines for humans and apes,” Current Opinion in Virology 2(3) (2012) 324–329.
Chapter 4: The Wurst Way to Die
1.M. T. Varro, Delphi Complete Works of Varro. ed. H. B. Ash. (East Sussex, UK: Delphi Classics, 2017).
2.G. Rosen, P. J. Imperato, A History of Public Health (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015).
3.V. Nutton, “The reception of Fracastoro’s Theory of contagion: the seed that fell among thorns?” Osiris 6 (1990) 196–234.
4.L. J. Snyder, Eye of the Beholder: Johannes Vermeer, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, and the Reinvention of Seeing (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2015).
5.H. Houtzager, “Reinier de Graaf and his contribution to reproductive biology,” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 90(2) (2000) 125–127.
6.L. J. Snyder, Eye of the Beholder: Johannes Vermeer, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, and the Reinvention of Seeing (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2015).
7.H. Gest,”The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Fellows of the Royal Society,” The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science, 58(2) (2004), 187–201.
8.A. M. Bau
er, “The Symbolae Physicae and the herpetology of Hemprich and Ehrenberg’s expedition to Egypt and the Middle East,” International Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology 2(1) (2000) 8–16.
9.W. Klausewitz, “Frankfurt versus Berlin: The Red Sea explorers Wilhelm Hemprich, Christian Ehrenberg and Eduard Rüppell,” Zoology in the Middle East 27(1) (2002) 7–12.
10.J. G. Olson, “Epidemic Typhus: a Forgotten but Lingering Threat,” in Emerging Infections 3. ed W. A. Craign, J. M. Hughes, (Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1999) 67–72.
11.D. Raoult, O. Dutour, L. Houhamdi, R. Jankauskas, P.-E. Fournier, Y. Ardagna, M. Drancourt, M. Signoli, V.D. La, Y. Macia, “Evidence for louse-transmitted diseases in soldiers of Napoleon’s Grand Army in Vilnius,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 193(1) (2006) 112–120.
12.S. Talty, The Illustrious Dead: The Terrifying Story of how Typhus Killed Napoleon’s Greatest Army (Portland, OR: Broadway Books, 2009).
13.R. F. Brenner, Writing as Resistance: Four Women Confronting the Holocaust: Edith Stein, Simone Weil, Anne Frank, and Etty Hillesum (University Park, PA: Penn State Press, 2010).
14.D. H. Stapleton, “A lost chapter in the early history of DDT: The development of anti-typhus technologies by the Rockefeller Foundation’s louse laboratory, 1942–1944,” Technology and Culture 46(3) (2005) 513–540.
15.A. M. Bauer, “The Symbolae Physicae and the herpetology of Hemprich and Ehrenberg’s expedition to Egypt and the Middle East,” International Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology 2(1) (2000) 8–16.
16.W. Klausewitz, “Frankfurt versus Berlin: The Red Sea explorers Wilhelm Hemprich, Christian Ehrenberg and Eduard Rüppell,” Zoology in the Middle East 27(1) (2002) 7–12.
17.H. Klencke, G. Schlesier, J. Bauer, Lives of the Brothers Humboldt, Alexander and William (London: Ingram, Cooke & Co., 1853).
18.S. Rebok, Humboldt and Jefferson: A Transatlantic Friendship of the Enlightenment (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014).
19.A. von Humboldt, W. MacGillivray, The Travels and Researches of Alexander Von Humboldt: Being a Condensed Narrative of His Journeys in the Equinoctial Regions of America, and in Asiatic Russia: Together with Analyses of His More Important Investigations (New York: Harper, 1833).
Between Hope and Fear Page 38
