20.A. Wulf, The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt’s New World (New York: Knopf, 2015).
21.W. A. Sarjeant, “Hundredth year memoriam Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg 1795–1876,” Palynology, 2(1) (1978), 209–11.
22.P. Debré, Louis Pasteur (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
23.W. de Blécourt, The Werewolf, the Witch, and the Warlock: Aspects of Gender in the Early Modern Period, Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe, (New York: Springer, 2009), 191–213.
24.P. Debré, Louis Pasteur (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
25.H. Flack, Louis Pasteur’s discovery of molecular chirality and spontaneous resolution in 1848, together with a complete review of his crystallographic and chemical work, Acta Crystallographica, 65(5) (2009) 371–389.
26.L. Carroll, Through the Looking Glass: And what Alice found there, (Chicago: Rand, McNally, 1917).
27.J. Blish, Spock Must Die! (New York: Bantam Books, 1972).
28.P. Debré, Louis Pasteur (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
29.L. Fitzharris, The Butchering Art (New York: Scientific American, 2017).
30.K. A. Smith, “Louis Pasteur, the Father of Immunology?” Frontiers in Immunology 3 (2012) 68.
31.L. Pasteur, R. Chamberland, “Summary report of the experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881,” The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 75(1) (2002) 59.
32.M. Best, D. Neuhauser, “Ignaz Semmelweis and the birth of infection control,” Quality and Safety in Health Care 13(3) (2004) 233–234.
33.K. C. Carter, B. R. Carter, Childbed Fever: A Scientific Biography of Ignaz Semmelweis (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, 1994).
34.S. B. Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage, 1995).
35.H. Wykticky, M. Skopec, “Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology,” Infection Control 4(05) (1983) 367-370.
36.Ibid.
37.S. B. Nuland, The Doctors’ Plague (NYC: WW Norton & Co., 2003).
38.Ibid.
39.Ibid.
40.S. Tougher, The Reign of Leo VI (886-912): Politics and People (Leiden: Brill, 1997).
41.F. J. Erbguth, “The pretherapeutic history of botulinum neurotoxin,” in Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
42.F. J. Erbguth, M. Naumann, “Historical aspects of botulinum toxin: Justinius Kerner (1786–1862) and the ‘sausage poison.’” Neurology, 53(8) (1999), 8.
43.F. J. Erbguth, “The pretherapeutic history of botulinum neurotoxin,” in Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
44.F. J. Erbguth, M. Naumann, “Historical aspects of botulinum toxin: Justinius Kerner (1786–1862) and the ‘sausage poison.’” Neurology, 53(8) (1999), 8.
45.O. Grüsser, “Die ersten systematischen Beschreibungen und tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen des Botulismus: Zum 200. Geburtstag von Justinus Kerner am 18. Sept. 1986,” Sudhoffs Archiv (1986) 167–187.
46.F. J. Erbguth, “The pretherapeutic history of botulinum neurotoxin,” in Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
47.Ibid.
48.F. J. Erbguth, M. Naumann, “Historical aspects of botulinum toxin: Justinius Kerner (1786–1862) and the ‘sausage poison.’” Neurology, 53(8) (1999), 8.
49.L. G. W. Christopher, L. T. J. Cieslak, J. A. Pavlin, E. M. Eitzen, “Biological warfare: a historical perspective,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(5) (1997) 412–417.
50.E. Calic, Reinhard Heydrich, (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1985).
51.C. A. MacDonald, The Killing of Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich: 27 May 1942, (London: Macmillan, 1989).
52.E. Calic, Reinhard Heydrich, (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1985).
53.C. A. MacDonald, The Killing of Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich: 27 May 1942, (London: Macmillan, 1989).
54.J. Paxman, R. Harris, A Higher Form of Killing, (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).
55.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Diphtheria” in Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 15th Edition (Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).
56.J. Barry. The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History (London: Penguin, 2005).
57.E. Laval, “The strangling of children (diphtheria) in Spain (16th and 17th centuries),” Revista Chilena de Infectología: Organo Oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia 23(1) (2006) 78.
58.P. Bretonneau, Des Inflammations Spéciales du Tissu Muqueux, et en Particulier de la Diphthérite ou Inflammation Pelliculaire (Paris: Chez Crevot, 1826.)
59.J. M. Packard, Victoria’s Daughters, (London: Macmillan, 1998).
60.F. H. Garrison, “Edwin Klebs (1834-1913),” Science 38(991) (1913) 920-921.
61.P. Fildes, “Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer. 1858–1945,” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 2 (1956) 237–247.
62.T. Proft, J. D. Fraser, “Bacterial superantigens,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology 133(3) (2003) 299–306.
63.J. Jui, “Chapter 146: Septic Shock.” In Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine, 7th Edition Ed. Tintinalli, Judith E.; Stapczynski, J. Stephan; Ma, O. John; Cline, David M.; et al. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011). 1003–14.
64.C. Hollabaugh, L. H. Burt, A. P. Walsh, “Carboxymethylcellulose. Uses and applications,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 37(10) (1945) 943–947.
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66.S. L. Vostral, “Rely and Toxic Shock Syndrome: a technological health crisis,” The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 84(4) (2011) 447.
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68.K. N. Shands, G. P. Schmid, B. B. Dan, D. Blum, R. J. Guidotti, N. T. Hargrett, R. L. Anderson, D. L. Hill, C. V. Broome, J. D. Band, “Toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women: association with tampon use and Staphylococcus aureus and clinical features in 52 cases,” New England Journal of Medicine 303(25) (1980) 1436–1442.
69.R. J. Dubos, Mirage of Health: Utopias, Progress, and Biological change (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987).
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71.R. Buckminster Fuller. Your Private Sky (Zurich: Lars Müller Publishers, 1999).
72.W. Stephen, S. Leonard, M. Macdonald, K. Maclean, N. Gupta. Think Global, Act Local (Edinburgh, UK: Luath Press Limited, 2017).
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74.T. Saey, “Body’s bacteria don’t outnumber human cells so much after all,” Science News 189(3) (2016) 6.
75.V. D’Argenio, F. Salvatore, “The role of the gut microbiome in the healthy adult status,” Clinica Chimica Acta 451 (2015) 97–102.
76.M. Blaser, Missing Microbes: How the Overuse of Antibiotics Is Fueling Our Modern Plagues (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2014).
77.The Human Microbiome Project Consortium, “Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome,” Nature 486(7402) (2012) 207–214.
78.H. Tilg, A. Kaser, “Gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 121(6) (2011) 2126–2132.
79.P. J. Turnbaugh, F. Bäckhed, L. Fulton, J. I. Gordon, “Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome,” Cell Host & Microbe 3(4) (2008) 213–223.
80.M. Kwa, C. S. Plottel, M. J. Blaser, S. Adams, “The Intestinal Microbiome and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Female Breast Cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 108(8) (2016).
81.M. Blaser, Missing Microbes: How the Overuse of Antibiotics Is Fueling Our Modern Plagues (New York:
Henry Holt and Co., 2014).
82.R. Higdon, R. K. Earl, L. Stanberry, C. M. Hudac, E. Montague, E. Stewart, I. Janko, J. Choiniere, W. Broomall, N. Kolker, “The promise of multi-omics and clinical data integration to identify and target personalized healthcare approaches in autism spectrum disorders,” Omics: a Journal of Integrative Biology 19(4) (2015) 197–208.
Chapter 5: Spreading Like Viruses
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4.M. C. Horzinek, “The birth of virology,” Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71(1) (1997) 15–20.
5.A. J. Levine, “The origins of virology,” Fields Virology (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, 1996) 1–14.
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7.A. Mayer, “Ueber die Mosaikkrankheit des Tabaks,” Die Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs-Stationen 32 (1886) 451–467.
8.D. Ivanovsky, “Über die Mosaikkrankheit der Tabakspflanze,” Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 5 (1899).
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10.W. Stanley, E. G. Valens, Viruses and the Nature of Life (Minneapolis, MN: Dutton, 1961).
11.K. M. Wylie, G. M. Weinstock, G. A. Storch, “Emerging view of the human virome,” Translational Research 160(4) (2012) 283–290.
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15.J. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses: a Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
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18.F. W. Twort, “An investigation on the nature of ultra-microscopic viruses,” The Lancet 186(4814) (1915) 1241–1243.
19.W. C. Summers, Felix dHerelle and the Origins of Molecular Biology (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999).
20.W. C. Summers, “Bacteriophage research: Early history,” in Bacteriophages: Biology and applications ed. E. Kutter, A. Sulakvelidze (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2005), 5–27.
21.R. Atenstaedt, The Medical Response to the Trench Diseases in World War One (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011).
22.J. Ellis, Eye-Deep in Hell (Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis, 1976).
23.A. F. Trofa, H. Ueno-Olsen, R. Oiwa, M. Yoshikawa, “Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga: Discoverer of the dysentery bacillus,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 29(5) (1999) 1303–1306.
24.F. D’Herelle, “On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by Mr. F. D’Herelle, presented by Mr. Roux. 1917,” Research in Microbiology 158(7) (2007) 553–4.
25.D. E. Fruciano, S. Bourne, “Phage as an antimicrobial agent: d’Herelle’s heretical theories and their role in the decline of phage prophylaxis in the West,” The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology 18(1) (2007) 19–26.
26.S. T. Abedon, C. Thomas-Abedon, A. Thomas, H. Mazure, “Bacteriophage prehistory: is or is not Hankin, 1896, a phage reference?” Bacteriophage 1(3) (2011) 174–178.
27.W. C. Summers, “Bacteriophage research: Early history,” in Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications ed. E. Kutter, A. Sulakvelidze (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2005), 5–27.
28.S. Lewis, Arrowsmith, (San Diego, CA: Harcourt, Brace, 1945).
29.A. Sulakvelidze, Z. Alavidze, J. G. Morris, “Bacteriophage therapy,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45(3) (2001) 649–659.
30.A. Kuchment, The Forgotten Cure: The Past and Future of Phage Therapy, (Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011).
31.Ibid.
32.T. Van Helvoort, “History of virus research in the twentieth century: The problem of conceptual continuity,” History of Science 32(2) (1994) 185–235.
33.S. T. Abedon, C. Thomas-Abedon, A. Thomas, H. Mazure, “Bacteriophage prehistory: is or is not Hankin, 1896, a phage reference?” Bacteriophage 1(3) (2011) 174–178.
34.S. T. Abedon, “The murky origin of Snow White and her T-even dwarfs,” Genetics 155(2) (2000) 481–486.
35.S. E. Luria, M. Delbrück, T.F. Anderson, “Electron microscope studies of bacterial viruses,” Journal of Bacteriology 46(1) (1943) 57.
36.D. Matthews, “The world’s deadliest and most infectious diseases, in one chart,” Vox, https://www.vox.com/xpress/2014/10/17/6993851/diseases-deadly-infectious -reproduction-information-beautiful, 2014. Web. February 15, 2018.
37.W. H. Price, “The isolation of a new virus associated with respiratory clinical disease in humans,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 42(12) (1956) 892–896.
38.C. Curtis, Restless Ambition, (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015).
39.Ibid.
40.Editor, “Triggers for Catching Cold,” Science News Letter 67(2) (1955) 19.
41.C. Curtis, Restless Ambition, (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015).
42.W. H. Price, “The isolation of a new virus associated with respiratory clinical disease in humans,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 42(12) (1956) 892–896.
43.C. Curtis, Restless Ambition, (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015).
44.D. T. Fleming, G. M. McQuillan, R. E. Johnson, A. J. Nahmias, S. O. Aral, F. K. Lee, M. E. “St. Louis Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994,” New England Journal of Medicine 337(16) (1997) 1105–1111.
45.T. R. A. Thomas, D. P. Kavlekar, P. A. LokaBharathi, “Marine drugs from sponge-microbe association—A review,” Marine Drugs 8(4) (2010) 1417–1468.
46.W. Bergmann, R. J. Feeney, “The isolation of a new thymine pentoside from sponges,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 72(6) (1950) 2809–2810.
47.M. S. Kinch, A Prescription For Change: The Looming Crisis in Drug Discovery, (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016).
48.G. B. Elion. The Nobel Prizes 1988 ed. T. Frangsmyr (Stockholm: Nobel Foundation, 1989).
49.G. B. Elion. “Gertrude B. Elion, M.Sc.,” Academy of Achievement. Web. Retrieved February 15, 2018 from http://www.achievement.org/achiever/gertrude-elion/.
50.Ibid.
51.Ibid.
52.Ibid.
53.G. H. Hitchings. The Nobel Prizes 1988 ed. T. Frangsmyr (Stockholm: Nobel Foundation, 1989).
54.F. Barre-Sinoussi, J. Chermann, F. Rey, M. Nugeyre, S. Chamaret, J. Gruest, C. Dauguet, “Isolation of T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune defficiency syndrome (AIDS),” Revista de Investigación Clínica 56(2) (2004) 126–129.
55.G. Kolata, “FDA approves AZT,” Science (New York, NY) 235(4796) (1987) 1570.
56.T. D. Meek, G. B. Dreyer, “HIV-1 protease as a potential target for anti-AIDS therapy,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 616 (1990) 41–53.
57.P. Handover, “The ‘Wicked’ Bible and the King’s Printing House
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58.J. D. Roberts, K. Bebenek, T. A. Kunkel, “The accuracy of reverse transcriptase from HIV-1,” Science 242(4882) (1988) 1171–3.
59.L. Zhang, B. Ramratnam, K. Tenner-Racz, Y. He, M. Vesanen, S. Lewin, A. Talal, P. Racz, A. S. Perelson, B. T. Korber, “Quantifying residual HIV-1 replication in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy,” New England Journal of Medicine 340(21) (1999) 1605-1613.
60.C. Gorman, “Dr. David Ho: The Disease Detective,” Time magazine, December 30, 1996. Web. February 15, 2018.
61.S. Schmitz, S. Scheding, D. Voliotis, H. Rasokat, V. Diehl, M. Schrappe, “Side effects of AZT prophylaxis after occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood,” Annals of Hematology 69(3) (1994) 135–138.
62.G. F. Vanhove, J. M. Schapiro, M. A. Winters, T. C. Merigan, T. F. Blaschke, “Patient compliance and drug failure in protease inhibitor monotherapy,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(24) (1996) 1955–1956.
63.J. D. Siliciano, J. Kajdas, D. Finzi, T. C. Quinn, K. Chadwick, J. B. Margolick, C. Kovacs, S. J. Gange, R. F. Siliciano, “Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells,” Nature Medicine 9(6) (2003) 727–728.
64.Z. Abdellah, A. Ahmadi, S. Ahmed, M. Aimable, R. Ainscough, J. Almeida, “International human genome sequencing consortium,” Nature 409 (2004) 860–921.
Chapter 6: A Sense of Humors
1.P. Ehrlich, Beiträge für Theorie und Praxis der Histologischen Färbung, Doctoral Dissertation. Leipzig University, 1878.
2.K. Strebhardt, A. Ullrich, “Paul Ehrlich’s magic bullet concept: 100 years of progress,” Nature Reviews Cancer, 8(6) (2008) 473–480.
3.L. Hood, D. W. Talmage, “Mechanism of antibody diversity: germ line basis for variability,” Science, 168(3929) (1970) 325–334.
4.S. Tonegawa, “Somatic generation of antibody diversity,” Nature, 302(5909) (1983) 575–581.
5.B. Alberts, J. Lewis et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Edition (New York: Garland Science, 2002).
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