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7.“Paul Ehrlich—Biographical” Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. February 15, 2018.
8.“Emil von Behring—Biographical” Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. February 15, 2018.
9.M. Jučas, J. Everatt, The Battle of Grünwald (ed. Albina Strunga), (Vilnius: Lithuanian National Museum, 2009).
10.E. Ludendorff, My War Memories, 1914–1918 (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1919).
11.“Emil von Behring—Biographical” Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. February 15, 2018.
12.D. S. Linton, “Emil von Behring: Infectious Disease, Immunology, Serum Therapy,” (Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 2005).
13.J. Toland, Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography (Norwell, MA: Anchor, 2014).
14.E. Binz, “Memoirs: Protoplasmic Movement and Quinine,” Journal of Cell Science 2(96) (1884) 682–684.
15.“Emil von Behring—Biographical” Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. February 15, 2018.
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17.E. von Behring, S. Kitasato, “The mechanism of immunity in animals to diphtheria and tetanus,” Deutsche Med. Wochenschr 16 (1890) 1113–1114.
18.Ibid.
19.S. S. Kantha, “A Centennial Review; the 1890 Tetanus Antitoxin Paper of von Behring and Kitasato and the Related Developments,” The Keio Journal of Medicine 40(1) (1991) 35–39.
20.T. N. K. Raju, “Emil Adolf von Behring and serum therapy for diphtheria,” Acta Paediatrica 95(3) (2006) 258–259.
21.F. J. Grundbacher, “Behring’s discovery of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins,” Immunology Today 13(5) (1992) 188–90.
22.S. S. Kantha, “A Centennial Review; the 1890 Tetanus Antitoxin Paper of von Behring and Kitasato and the Related Developments,” The Keio Journal of Medicine 40(1) (1991) 35–39.
23.S. H. E. Kaufmann, “Remembering Emil von Behring: from Tetanus Treatment to Antibody Cooperation with Phagocytes,” American Society for Microbiology, 8(1) (2017) 1–6.
24.“Emil von Behring—Biographical” Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. February 15, 2018.
25.S. H. E. Kaufmann, “Remembering Emil von Behring: from Tetanus Treatment to Antibody Cooperation with Phagocytes,” American Society for Microbiology, 8(1) (2017) 1–6.
26.W. Slenczka, H. D. Klenk, “Forty years of Marburg virus,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 196 (Supplement 2) (2007) S131–S135.
27.A. Shelokov, “Viral hemorrhagic fevers,” The Journal of Infectious Diseases 122(6) (1970) 560–562.
28.W. Slenczka, H. D. Klenk, “Forty years of Marburg virus,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 196(Supplement 2) (2007) S131–S135.
29.M. B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (New York: Presidio Press, 2003).
30.W. Slenczka, H. D. Klenk, “Forty years of Marburg virus,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 196(Supplement 2) (2007) S131–S135.
31.M. T. Osterholm, K. A. Moore, N. S. Kelley, L. M. Brosseau, G. Wong, F. A. Murphy, C. J. Peters, J. W. LeDuc, P. K. Russell, M. Van Herp, “Transmission of Ebola viruses: what we know and what we do not know,” MBio 6(2) (2015) e00137–15.
32.R. Preston, The Hot Zone—A Terrifying New Story (New York: Random House, 1994).
33.E. Johnson, N. Jaax, J. White, P. Jahrling, “Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus,” International Journal of Experimental Pathology 76(4) (1995) 227–236.
34.F. J. Grundbacher, “Behring’s discovery of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins,” Immunology Today 13(5) (1992) 188–90.
35.The Lancet Special Commission, “On the relative strengths of diphtheria antitoxic serums.” The Lancet 148(3803), 182–195.
36.H. Markel, “Long Ago Against Diphtheria, the Heroes Were Horses,” New York Times, New York, NY, July 10, 2007, p.D6.
37.R. E. DeHovitz, “The 1901 St Louis Incident: The First Modern Medical Disaster,” Pediatrics 133(6) (2014) 964–965.
38.Anonymous, “St. Louis, the largest stock owner in Missouri owns 2699 horses and mules,” St Louis Post-Dispatch, St Louis, MO, January 8, 1899, p.1.
39.J. M. Morris, Pulitzer: a Life in Politics, Print, and Power (New York: Harper, 2010).
40.P. D. Noguchi, “From Jim to Gene and Beyond: An Odyssey of Biologics Regulation,” Food & Drug Law Journal 51 (1996) 367–73.
41.M. Liu, K. Davis, A Clinical Trials Manual from the Duke Clinical Research Institute: Lessons from a Horse Named Jim (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011).
42.R. E. DeHovitz, “The 1901 St Louis Incident: The First Modern Medical Disaster,” Pediatrics 133(6) (2014) 964–965.
43.Ibid.
44.Ibid.
45.Editor, “Four Cases for Tetanus Investigation,” St Louis Republic, St Louis, October 31, 1901, p. 1.
46.R. E. DeHovitz, “The 1901 St Louis Incident: The First Modern Medical Disaster,” Pediatrics 133(6) (2014) 964–965.
47.Ibid.
48.M. E. Dixon, “Why Nine Camden Children Died from Smallpox Vaccines in 1901,” Main Line Today (Camden, NJ), http://www.mainlinetoday.com/Main -Line-Today/September-2016/Why-Nine-Camden-Children-Died-from-Smallpox -Vaccines-in-1901/, Web. February 15, 2018.
49.D. E. Lilienfeld, “The first pharmacoepidemiologic investigations: national drug safety policy in the United States, 1901–1902,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 51(2) (2008) 188–198.
50.M. E. Dixon, “Why Nine Camden Children Died from Smallpox Vaccines in 1901,” Main Line Today (Camden, NJ), http://www.mainlinetoday.com/Main -Line-Today/September-2016/Why-Nine-Camden-Children-Died-from -Smallpox-Vaccines-in-1901/, Web. February 15, 2018.
51.T. S. Coleman, “Early Development in the Regulation of Biologics,” Food & Drug Law Journal 71 (2016) 544.
52.R. A. Kondratas, “Biologics control act of 1902” in The Early Years of Federal Food and Drug Control ed. J. H. Young (Madison, WI: American Institute for the History of Pharmacy, 1982) 8–27.
53.J. C. Burnham, Health Care in America: A History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015).
54.M. S. Kinch, A Prescription For Change: The Looming Crisis in Drug Discovery (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016).
55.L. Owens, “Inventing the NIH: federal biomedical research policy, 1887–1937,” Science, 236 (1987) 985–987.
56.N. Wade, “Division of Biologics Standards: The boat that never rocked,” Science 175(4027) (1972) 1225–1230.
57.R. Wagner, Clemens von Pirquet: His Life and Work (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1968).
58.S. T. Shulman, “Clemens von Pirquet: A Remarkable Life and Career,” Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 6(4) (2016) 376–9.
59.T. Escherich, Die Darmbacterien des Neugeborenen und Säuglings (Stuttgart. Germany: Verlag von Ferdinand Enke, 1886).
60.J. Benedict. Poisoned: The True Story of the Deadly E. Coli Outbreak that Changed the Way Americans Eat (New York: February Books, 2011).
61.J. Turk, “Von Pirquet, allergy and infectious diseases: a review,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 80(1) (1987) 31.
62.R. G. Eccles, A Darwinian Interpretation of Anaphylaxis, (New York: W. Wood & Company, 1911).
63.J. T. Edsall, “Edwin Joseph Cohn (1892–1953),” Biographical Memoirs 35 (1961) 47–83.
64.D. M. Surgenor. Edwin J. Cohn and the Development of Protein Chemistry. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
65.J. M. Prutkin, W. B. Fye, “Edward G. Janeway, clinician and pathologist,” Clinical Cardiology 29(8) (2006) 376–377.
66.P. M. Gayed, “Toward a Modern Synthesis of Immunity: Charles A. Janeway Jr. and the Immunologist’s Dirty Little Secret,” The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicin
e 84(2) (2011) 131–138.
67.R. S. Geha, C. A. Janeway and F. S. Rosen: “The discovery of gamma globulin therapy and primary immunodeficiency diseases at Boston Children’s Hospital,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 116(4) (2005) 937.
68.Editor, “Hieronymus Fabricius,” New England Journal of Medicine 229(15) (1943) 600–601.
69.D. Ribatti, E. Crivellato, A. Vacca, “The contribution of Bruce Glick to the definition of the role played by the bursa of Fabricius in the development of the B cell lineage,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology 145(1) (2006) 1–4.
70.Ibid.
71.G. Köhler, C. Milstein, “Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity,” Nature 256(5517) (1975) 495–497.
72.J. McCafferty, A. D. Griffiths, G. Winter, D. J. Chiswell, “Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains,” Nature 348(6301) (1990) 552.
73.N. Lonberg, L. D. Taylor, F. A. Harding, M. Trounstine, K. M. Higgins, S. R. Schramm, C.-C. Kuo, R. Mashayekh, K. Wymore, J. G. McCabe, “Antigen-specific human antibodies from mice comprising four distinct genetic modifications,” Nature 368(6474) (1994) 856.
74.G. Winter, A. D. Griffiths, R. E. Hawkins, H. R. Hoogenboom, “Making antibodies by phage display technology,” Annual Review of Immunology 12(1) (1994) 433–455.
75.C. Mantoux, “Intradermo-réaction de la tuberculine,” Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 147 (1908) 355–357.
76.S. T. Shulman, “Clemens von Pirquet: A Remarkable Life and Career,” Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 6(4) (2016) 376–9.
77.R. Wagner, “Clemens von Pirquet, discoverer of the concept of allergy,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 40(3) (1964) 229–235.
78.B. Schick, “Die Diphtherietoxin-hautreaktion des Menschen als Vorprobe der prophylaktischen Diphtherieheilseruminjektion,” Medizinische Wochenschrift (Munich), November 25, 1913. p.1.
79.C. Kereszturi, W.H. Park, B. Schick, “Parenteral BCG vaccination,” American Journal of Diseases of Children 43(2) (1932) 273–283.
Chapter 7: Lost in Translation
1.J. Steinberg, Bismarck: A life, (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012).
2.W. A. Smith, “Napoleon III and the Spanish Revolution of 1868,” The Journal of Modern History 25(3) (1953) 211–233.
3.M. Howard, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871 (London: Routledge, 2005).
4.F. Jellinek, The Paris Commune of 1871, (Redditch, UK: Read Books Ltd., 2013).
5.S. Dronicz, L. Kawalec, “Dictatorship of the ‘Proletariat,’” Dialogue and Universalism 21(3) (2011) 137–150.
6.F. Jellinek, The Paris Commune of 1871 (Redditch, UK: Read Books Ltd., 2013).
7.A. Ullmann, “Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive ways of thinking about infectious diseases,” Microbe 2(8) (2007) 383.
8.S. M. Blevins, M. S. Bronze, “Robert Koch and the ‘golden age’of bacteriology,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14(9) (2010) e744–e751.
9.T. D. Brock, Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology (Washington D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1988).
10.G. Richet. “From Bright’s disease to modern nephrology: Pierre Rayer’s innovative method of clinical investigation. Kidney International 39(4) (1991), 787–792.
11.P. Debré, Louis Pasteur (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
12.A. Ullmann, “Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive ways of thinking about infectious diseases,” Microbe 2(8) (2007) 383.
13.A. Mathijsen, E. Oldenkamp, “Jean Joseph Henry Toussaint (1847-1890): Predecessors: Veterinarians from Earlier Times, Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 126(4) (2001), 106–7.
14.H. Bazin, Vaccination: A History (Paris: John Libbey Eurotext, 2011).
15.M. Bucchi, “The public science of Louis Pasteur: The experiment on anthrax vaccine in the popular press of the time,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences (1997) 181–209.
16.Ibid.
17.N. Chevallier-Jussiau, “Henry Toussaint and Louis Pasteur. Rivalry over a vaccine,” History of Science and Medicine 44(1) (2010), 55–64.
18.L. Pasteur, R. Chamberland, “Summary report of the experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881,” The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 75(1) (2002) 59.
19.P. Debré, Louis Pasteur (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
20.A. Loir, A l’Ombre de Pasteur (Paris: Le Mouvement Sanitaire, 1938).
21.Ibid.
22.A. Ullmann, “Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive ways of thinking about infectious diseases,” Microbe 2(8) (2007) 383.
23.K. C. Carter, “The Koch-Pasteur dispute on establishing the cause of anthrax,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62(1) (1988) 42.
24.A. Ullmann, “Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive ways of thinking about infectious diseases,” Microbe 2(8) (2007) 383.
25.Ibid.
26.R. Koch, Eine Entgegnung auf den von Pasteur in Genf gehaltenen Vortrag (Kassel, Germany: Kassel, 1882).
27.P. Debré, Louis Pasteur (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
28.D. Lippi, E. Gotuzzo, “The greatest steps towards the discovery of Vibrio cholerae,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20(3) (2014) 191–195.
29.R. Koch, “An address on cholera and its bacillus,” British Medical Journal 2(1236) (1884) 453.
30.D. Lippi, E. Gotuzzo, “The greatest steps towards the discovery of Vibrio cholerae,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20(3) (2014) 191–195.
31.S. A. Waksman, The Brilliant and Tragic life of WMW Haffkine, Bacteriologist, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1964).
32.B. J. Hawgood, “Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India,” Journal of Medical Biography 15(1) (2007) 9–19.
33.W. M. Haffkine, “A Lecture on Vaccination Against Cholera: Delivered in the Examination Hall of the Conjoint Board of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of London and Surgeons of England, December 18th, 1895,” British Medical Journal 2(1825) (1895) 1541.
34.W. Haffkine, “A Lecture on Anticholeraic Inoculation: Delivered, by Invitation, at the Laboratories of the Royal Colleges, Victoria Embankment,” British Medical Journal 1(1676) (1893) 278.
35.B. J. Hawgood, “Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India,” Journal of Medical Biography 15(1) (2007) 9–19.
36.E. Hankin, “Remarks on Haffkine’s method of protective inoculation against cholera,” British Medical Journal 2(1654) (1892) 569.
37.B. J. Hawgood, “Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India,” Journal of Medical Biography 15(1) (2007) 9–19.
38.S. A. Waksman, The brilliant and tragic life of WMW Haffkine, bacteriologist, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1964).
39.G. H. Bornside, “Waldemar Haffkine’s cholera vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine priority dispute,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 37(4) (1982) 399.
40.B. J. Hawgood, “Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India,” Journal of Medical Biography 15(1) (2007) 9–19.
41.R. A. Baker, R. A. Bayliss, “William John Ritchie Simpson (1855–1931): Public health and tropical medicine,” Medical History, 31(4) (1987), 450–465.
42.W. M. Haffkine, Protective Inoculation Against Cholera, Protective Inoculation Against Cholera. (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co., 1913).
43.M. Lombard, P. Pastoret, A. Moulin, “A brief history of vaccines and vaccination,” Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties 26(1) (2007) 29–48.
44.J. Théodoridès, “Pasteur and rabies: the British connection,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82(8) (1989) 488.
45.C. Mérieux, “1879–1979. It is now one hundred years since Victor Galtier, a professor of Veterinary School in Lyon, presented a paper on the prophylaxis of rabies to the Academy of Sciences,” Bulletin de l’Academie Nationale de Medecine 163(2) (1979) 125.
46.T. M. Dolan, The Nature and Treatment of Rabies Or Hydrophobia: Being the Report of the Special Commission Appointed by the Medical Press and Circular, with Valuable Additions, (Paris: Baillière, Tindall, and Cox, 1878).
47.P. V. Galtier, “Physiologie Pathologique–Les injections de virus rabique dans le torrent cirulatoire ne provoquent pas l’éclosion de la rage et semblent conférer l’immunitée. La rage peut être transmise par l’ingestion de la matière rabique”. Note de Galtier présenté par M. Bouley,” Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences 93 (1881) 284–285.
48.L. Pasteur, M. M. Chamberland, E. Roux, Sur l’etiologie du charbon, Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences, 91 (1880), 315.
49.P. Debré, Louis Pasteur (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
50.G. L. Geison, “Pasteur’s work on rabies: reexamining the ethical issues,” Hastings Center Report 8(2) (1978) 26–33.
51.G. L. Geison, “Pasteur, Roux, and Rabies: Scientific versus clinical mentalities,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 45(3) (1990) 341.
52.P. Berche, “Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18 1–6.
53.H. D. Dufour, S. B. Carroll, “History: Great myths die hard,” Nature 502(7469) (2013) 32–33.
54.A. Ullmann, “Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive ways of thinking about infectious diseases,” Microbe 2(8) (2007) 383.
55.S. M. Blevins, M. S. Bronze, “Robert Koch and the ‘golden age’ of bacteriology,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14(9) (2010) e744–e751.
56.H. Mollaret, “Contribution to the knowledge of relations between Koch and Pasteur,” NTM Schriftenr. Geschichte Naturwissenschaft, 20(1) (1983), 57–65.
57.“Lives Saved,” ScienceHeroes.com, Lives Saved. Web. February 15, 2018.
58.Ibid.
59.D. Butler, “Close but no Nobel: the scientists who never won,” Nature, http://www.nature.com/news/close-but-no-nobel-the-scientists-who-never-won -1.20781, 2016. Web. February 15, 2018.
Between Hope and Fear Page 40
