Secrets of Ancient America: Archaeoastronomy and the Legacy of the Phoenicians, Celts, and Other Forgotten Explorers

by Carl Lehrburger

  12. Gallagher and Dexter, Contact with Ancient America, 125–27.

  13. Ida Jane Gallagher, September 21–23, 2008; personal communication with author.

  14. Robert T. Meyer, professor of Celtic Studies, letter, ESOP 15: 44–45, app. A, 1986; Dr. Linus Brunner, letter, ESOP 15: 45–46, app. C, 1986; and Burrell C. Dawson, “Report of the Gadelic Committee,” ESOP 15 (1986): 42.

  15. Leonard, A New World Monument to Mithras, app. A, 7.

  CHAPTER 10. WESTWARD TO A DWELLING PLACE OF A GREAT SPIRIT

  1. For more information, see www.equinox-project.com.

  2. Heizer and Baumhoff, Prehistoric Rock Art.

  3. Roderick Schmidt, personal communications with author.

  4. Farley, In Plain Sight, 163.

  5. Lehrburger, www.NewHistoryOfAmerica.com, see “video link,” Mojave North Serpent animation.

  6. Roderick L. Schmidt, “An Analysis of the Inyo Equinox Display, The Equinox Project, 2001.

  7. Rod Schmidt and Curtis Buff, formally of the Paiute/Shoshone reservation in Lone Pine, California, personal communication with author.

  8. John Bathurst Deane, The Worship of the Serpent, 1833 (see quote by Kircher, 59–60); also Internet Sacred Text Archive, “Chapter II, Serpent-Worship in Africa,” www.sacred-texts.com/etc/wos/wos05.htm#fr_181 (accessed June 15, 2014), 122–23.

  9. Fell, “Ancient Zodiac from Inyo, California,” 1–9; paper also available in “Epigraphy,” Equinox Project, www.equinox-project.com/epigraphy.htm (accessed June 17, 2014).

  10. Clifford P. Baldwin, “Archaeological Exploration and Survey in Southern Inyo County” (unpublished manuscript, Eastern California Museum, Independence, California, 1931).

  11. Fell, “Ancient Zodiac from Inyo, California.”

  12. Fell, Saga America, 108.

  13. Magic Eye®, Magic Eye Inc., producers of the patented Magic Eye 3-D images. www.magiceye.com (accessed June 17, 2014).

  14. Lehrburger, www.NewHistoryOfAmerica.com, see “video link,” Mojave North Serpent animation.

  CHAPTER 11. MOJAVE NORTH II—DID THEY COME ACROSS THE PACIFIC?

  1. Information on Taddei’s research into ancient alchemy and petroglyph decipherment, along with information on products derived from related breakthroughs, is highlighted at www.SpagyricArts.com and www.Tetraskele.com.

  2. Wikipedia, “Indus Valley Civilization,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization (accessed June 17, 2014); Wikipedia, “Lothal,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal (accessed June 17, 2014).

  3. Dorian Taddei, personal communication with author.

  4. MacCana, Celtic Mythology, 29.

  5. Dorian Taddei, personal communication with author.

  6. Armeniapedia, “Gevork Nazaryan,” www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Gevork_Nazaryan (accessed June 17, 2014). See also www.ArmenianHighland.com (accessed June 17, 2014).

  7. The reference to Barry Fell’s interpretation is from Fell, “Ancient Zodiac from Inyo, California,” ESOP Vol. 8/1, 9.

  8. Schmidt, “Epigraphy,” Equinox Project, www.equinox-project.com/epigraphy.htm.

  9. Vincent, “Major ‘Lunar Standstill.”

  10. Malville, Eddy, and Ambruster, “Lunar Standstills at Chimney Rock”; adsabs .harvard.edu/full/1991JHAS...22...43M (accessed June 15, 2014); Joe Knapp, “Hopewell Lunar Astronomy: The Octagon Earthworks,” www.copperas.com/octagon, at “The Octagon Earthworks: A Neolithic Lunar Observatory” site (accessed June 15, 2014); Sofaer, Sinclair, and Doggett, “Lunar Markings on Fajada Butte.” www.solsticeproject.org/lunarmark.htm (accessed June 17, 2014).

  CHAPTER 12. THE GREAT BASIN MELTING POT

  1. Ettinger, Amateur Archaeologist.

  2. Ker Than, “Oldest North American Rock Art May Be 14,800 Years Old,” National Geographic, August 15, 2013, news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/08/130815-lake-winnemucca-petroglyphs-ancient-rock-art-nevada (accessed June 15, 2014); see also Dorn and Whitley, “Chronometric and Relative Age Determination.”

  3. Dorian Taddei quotes are from personal communications with author.

  4. G. Kuppuram, India through the Ages, 527–31, quoted from Sushama Londhe, “Seafaring in Ancient India,” Hindu Wisdom, www.hinduwisdom.info/Seafaring_in_Ancient_India.htm (accessed June 17, 2014).

  5. Prasad, Foreign Trade and Commerce, 131.

  6. G. Kuppuram, India through the Ages: History, Art, Culture and Religion, 527–31, found at Hindu Wisdom, www.hinduwisdom.info/Seafaring_in_Ancient_India.htm.

  7. For the city that could have “launched a thousand ships,” see Crystalinks Metaphysics and Science website, “The Ruins of Gulf of Khambhat and Dwarka,” www.crystalinks.com/khambhat_dwarka.html (accessed June 17, 2014).

  8. Wikipedia, “Marine Archeology in the Gulf of Khambhat,” wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_archaeology_in_the_Gulf_of_Cambay (accessed June 17, 2014).

  9. Ricardo Palleres, “Who Discovered America?” Archaeology Online, www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/who-discovered-america.html (accessed June 15, 2014).

  10. Matlock, India Once Ruled the Americas! The Matlock quote is from the book cover to the Amazon book at www.amazon.com/India-Once-Ruled-Americas-Matlock/dp/0595134688 (accessed June 17, 2014).

  11. Matlock, India Once Ruled the Americas! 8.

  12. Ibid., 11.

  13. Ibid., 10.

  14. Ibid., 18.

  15. Carl Bjork, “Rock-Art 101: An Introduction into the Study of Rock-Art,” Carl Bjork’s Rock-Art Site, home.comcast.net/~carlbjork/Rockart101.htm (accessed June 17, 2014).

  16. Martineau, Rocks Begin to Speak.

  17. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, “Petroglyph Sites,” www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/bishop/archeology.html (accessed June 15, 2014).

  18. Marv Baskin, “Kokopelli: The Ancient Casanova,” Gold Mountain Trading, www.goldmountaintrading.com/kokancas.html (accessed June 13, 2014).

  19. Matlock, India Once Ruled the Americas! See also Robert Schmidt, “Kokopelli a Hindu God?” Blue Corn Comics. www.bluecorncomics.com/kokopell.htm (accessed June 15, 2014).

  20. White, “Interpretation of Rock Art Figure ‘Kokopelli.’”

  21. Keeler, Secrets of the Cuna Earthmother (cited in White, “Interpretation of Rock Art Figure ‘Kokopelli’”).

  22. Information on early Celtic grinding holes on vertical surfaces from the Nether Largie, Scotland, cup-marked stones can be found at Martin McCarthy, “Nether Largie Stone Setting,” Ancient Scotland, www.ancient-scotland.co.uk/site.php?a=121 (accessed June 17, 2014).

  23. Wikipedia, “Geophagy,” wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophagy (accessed June 17, 2014).

  24. See Bednarik, “Cupules,” 61–100.

  25. Examples are found at International Federation of Rock Art Organization (IFRAO), P.O. Box 216, Caulfield South, Vic. 3162, Australia; e-mail: auraweb@ hotmail.com; Neil Collins, ed., “Rock Art: Prehistoric,” Art Encyclopedia, www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric/rock-art.htm; see “Bhimbetka Petroglyphs,” www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric/oldest-art.htm#oldest (accessed June 13, 2014); and “Auditorium Cave & Daraki-Chattan Petroglyphs,” www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric/bhimbetka-petroglyphs.htm.

  26. Gillette and Hylkema, “Pecking Away the Bias”; Carl Bjork, “PCN’s California Coast Range,” Carl Bjork’s Rock-Art Site, “Rock Art 101,” home.comcast.net/~carlbjork/Rockart101.htm (accessed June 17, 2014).

  27. For PCNs in the San Francisco area, see “Pecked Curvilinear Nucleated (PCN) Petroglyphs–San Francisco Bay Area—California,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3HQjBlA7a0 (accessed June 17, 2014). For an overview of the present state of research on cupules, see San Diego Archaeological Center, “Cupules,” www.sandiegoarchaeology.org/Laylander/Issues/funct.cupule.htm (accessed June 17, 2014); and Donna Gillette and Linda Hylkema, “Pecking Away the Bias: Incorporating California Rock Art into Mainstream Archaeology,” Society for California Archaeology, Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, Vol. 21, 2009, www.scahome.org/publications/proceedings/Proceedings.21G
illette.pdf.

  28. Dorian Taddei, personal communication with author.

  CHAPTER 13. MIDWEST RELICS, MOUNDS, AND CONTROVERSIES

  1. Ancient American magazine, ISSN 1077-1646, published by Wayne N. May, PO Box 370, Colfax WI 54730; phone: 715-962-3299.

  2. Wikipedia, “Hopewell Tradition,” wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_tradition (accessed June 17, 2014).

  3. New England Antiquities Research Association (NEARA). Refer to chapter 4 for background on NEARA. See also www.neara.org (accessed June 17, 2014); Ancient Earthworks Society, Madison, WI, www.ancientearthworks.org/home-2 (accessed June 17, 2014).

  4. Miller, “Mayan Temple Found in Illinois?”

  5. Thomas S. Garlinghouse, “Revisiting the Mound-Builder Controversy,” Roebuck Classes, roebuckclasses.com/201/conquest/moundbuildercontroversy.htm (accessed June 13, 2014).

  6. Powell, On Limitations.

  7. DeBuys, Seeing Things Whole, 106.

  8. Thomas, “Report on the Mound Explorations,” 1894. The Thomas quote is from page XLVII.

  9. Thomas, Problem of the Ohio Mounds, 1889.

  10. Jay Stuart Wakefield and Reinoud de Jonge, “Michigan Copper in the Mediterranean (Isle Royale and Keweenaw Peninsula, ca. 2400BC–1200BC),” Ancient American, Vol. 18 Issue 84; also published on the Rocks and Row web-site at www.rocksandrows.com/copper-trade-1.php.

  11. Rydholm, “Where Did All the Copper Go? The Untold Story,” 2–8, Ancient American, Issue Number 78.

  12. Wikipedia, “Copper Mining in Michigan,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Copper_mining_in_Michigan.

  13. For information and a photo, as seen from the air, of the bird effigies of the Capoli Bluff Mound Group north of Effigy Mounds National Monument, see National Park Service, “Effigy Mounds: History and Culture,” www.nps.gov/efmo/historyculture/index.htm (accessed June 17, 2014).

  14. Fred Rydholm, “Where did all the Copper Go? see also Wakefield and de Jonge, Rocks and Rows.

  15. Wakefield, “Michigan Copper In the Mediterranean (Isle Royale and Keweenaw Peninsula, ca. 2400BC-1200BC), jayswakefield@yaho.com, Ancient American magazine, Issue Number 84; see also Wakefield and de Jonge, Rocks and Rows, figs. 3 and 6.

  16. Thomas S. Garlinghouse, “Revisiting the Mound-Builder Controversy,” Roebuck Classes, roebuckclasses.com/201/conquest/moundbuildercontroversy.htm (accessed June 13, 2014).

  17. Mann, 1491, 301.

  18. See Reverbnation, “Serpent Mound/Photos,” www.reverbnation.com/page_object/page_object_photos/artist_508108 (accessed June 17, 2014).

  19. Mound Builders, “30 Ancient Serpent Mounds in North America,” mound-builder.blogspot.com/p/30-serpent-mounds-in-north-america.html (accessed June 17, 2014).

  20. See the references to the Avebury Serpent at Mound Builders, “The Great Serpent Mound and the Mound Builders of Adams County, Ohio,” mound-builder.blogspot.com/2012/07/visit-to-adams-county-ohio-mounds-and.html (accessed June 17, 2014).

  21. Mertz, Mystic Symbol.

  22. Ibid., 147.

  23. Ibid., 148.

  24. David Allen Deal, Fred Rydholm, Rudolph Etzenhouser, and Wayne May, “The Mystic Symbol Demystified,” The Mystic Symbol, 169–70.

  25. Mertz, Mystic Symbol, 172.

  26. Ibid., 206.

  27. Talmage, “Michigan Relics.”

  28. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Historical Museum, “Digging Up Controversy, The Michigan Relics,” noted in “Archaeological Hoaxes,” http://mel.org/index.php?P=FullRecord&ID=2235.

  29. Letter from James Homans to James Talmage, March 28, 1916, Soper and Savage Collection, Church Archives (cited by Stamps, “Tools Leave Marks,” footnote 53).

  30. Stamps, “Tools Leave Marks.”

  31. Ibid., 234.

  32. Burrows Cave references are found in Joseph, Lost Treasure of Juba; see also May and Joseph, “Egyptian Mortuary Statuette”; Fisher, “Egyptian Looking Medallions,” 3; and the Egyptians in America website: sites.google.com/site/ancientegyptiansinamerica/home (accessed June 17, 2014).

  CHAPTER 14. HEBREWS, ROMANS, AND EARLY CHRISTIANS

  1. 2 Chronicles, 20:35–37.

  2. 1 Kings 22:48–49

  3. Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, book 8, section 7, (2) from Perseus Digital Library, Tufts Univesity, edited by William Whiston. www.perseus.tufts.edu.

  4. Fell, Saga America, 168; Thompson, American Discovery, 179.

  5. Farley, In Plain Sight, chap. 11, “The Coincidence of the Coins”; also found at: www.gloriafarley.com/chap11.htm; Jeremiah F. Epstein, “Pre-Columbian Old World Coins in America: An Examination of the Evidence,” Current Anthropology 21, no. 1. Feb. 1980; J. Huston McCullough, “The Bat Creek Inscription: Cherokee or Hebrew?” Tennessee Anthropologist, Fall 1988.

  6. Gordon, Before Columbus.

  7. Thomas, “Report on the Mound Explorations,” 714.

  8. Mainfort and Kwas, “Bat Creek Stone,” 1–19.

  9. Ibid.

  10. Lepper et al. “Civilizations Lost and Found.”

  11. Wikipedia, “Newark Holy Stones,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Holy_Stones (accessed June 17, 2014).

  12. McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 271–73.

  13. Gary Vey, ed. “New Discovery Supports Belief That Ark of The Covenant Is in Yemen,” Viewzone, www.viewzone.com/proto-canaanite22.html (accessed June 17, 2014).

  14. Gary Vey, ed., “First Tongue: An Ancient Global Language,” Viewzone, www.viewzone.com/expo2002.html (accessed June 17, 2014).

  15. Ibid.

  16. Deal, Discovery of Ancient America.

  17. Underwood, “Los Lunas Inscription,” 237.

  18. Deal, Discovery of Ancient America, 8.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Ibid., 12.

  21. Feder, Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology, 161–62.

  22. McGlone, “Zodiacs in the West.” Published in Western Epigraphy, Vol. 1, no. 2, December 1983.

  23. Deal, Discovery of Ancient America, 18, 23.

  24. Ibid., Hidden Mountain star chart detail, 19.

  25. Gordon, “Diffusion of Near East Culture,” 30–31, 69–81.

  26. Covey, Calalus, 17.

  27. Ibid.

  28. Ibid., 37.

  29. Ibid., 42.

  30. Ibid., 43.

  31. Isaiah 27:1.

  32. Covey, Calalus, 45.

  33. Ibid., 185.

  34. Grimes, “Calalus, a Roman Era City in Arizona,” 8–13.

  35. Fowler was quoted in the Arizona Daily Star, March 17, 1926. For other notable Calalus skepticism, see Williams, Fantastic Archaeology; and Jason Colavito, “1996: Geologist Confirms Tucson Artifacts Fake, Caliche Formed in Just ‘Hours,’ Jason Colavito: Author, Editor, & Skeptical Xenoarchaeologist, www.jasoncolavito.com (accessed June 17, 2014).

  36. Vunil, “Tucson artifacts,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Vunil/Tucson_artifacts.

  37. Bostwick, Byron Cummings, 134.

  38. Yoseif, Maggid ben, “Cherokee Council House is a Walk into the Jewish Kabbala,” Ancient American Magazine, Vol 14, Number 86, 6, 2011.

  39. Chief Joe Sitting Owl White, “Abraham/Moses Project.” Ancient American Magazine, Vol 14, no. 86, 2011.

  40. Ibid., 2.

  41. William F. Dankenbring, “Who Really Discovered America?” Free Republic, www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/1116677/posts (accessed June 17, 2014).

  42. Kaplan, Mechoulan, and Popkin, Menasseh ben Israel and His World, 76.

  43. Yates, “Mitochondrial DNA of the Cherokee,” 28.

  44. Ibid., 31.

  45. Harratz, “Israeli Researchers: Group of Colorado Indians Have Genetic Jewish Roots,” July 27, 2013, www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/israeli-researchers-group-of-colorado-indians-have-genetic-jewish-roots.premium-1.433227 (accessed June 17, 2014).

  CHAPTER 15. MORE TO LEARN ABOUT ANCIENT AMERICA

  1. Squier, Peru; and Squier, Serpent Symbol. See also Londhe, Tribute to Hinduism; and Tribute to Hi
nduism, “India on Pacific Waves?” Hindu Wisdom, www.hinduwisdom.info/Pacific.htm (accessed June 17, 2014).

  2. B. G. Sidharth, “The Astronomical Link between India and the Mayans,” Cornell University Library, arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0101076.pdf (accessed June 17, 2014).

  3. Thompson, American Discovery, chap, 10, “Hindu Seafarers.”

  4. Wikipedia, “Maize,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize (accessed October 2013).

  5. Carl Johannessen, “Pre-Columbian Maize in China and India,” University of Oregon, Department of Geography, geog.uoregon.edu/carljohannessen/research.html.

  6. Thompson, American Discovery, 184, citing Cyr, Eclectic Epigrapher.

  7. Thompson, American Discovery, 134.

  8. Ibid., 105.

  9. Ibid., 211.

  10. Ibid., 281.

  11. Jeffreys, “Pre-Columbian Maize in Asia,” 399. For a review of the topic of maize diffusion and Jeffrey’s article, see Yuri Kuchinsky, “Maize in Europe and India: A Twisted Tale,” www.andes.missouri.edu/Personal/DMartinez/Diffusion/msg00140.html.

  12. Oviedo, Fernández de, Historia general y natural de las Indias; see also World Digital Library, “About the Natural History of the Indies,” www.wdl.org/en/item/7331 (accessed June 17, 2014).

  13. Vidyavachaspati V. Panoli, trans., Katha Upanishad, 1-I-6, www.advaita.it/library/katha.htm (accessed June 17, 2014).

  14. Thompson, American Discovery, 221.

  15. Ibid., 227–28.

  16. Strassberg, Chinese Bestiary, 3–5.

  17. Mertz, Pale Ink.

  18. Harris, Asiatic Fathers of America; see also the map at: matadornetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/20101113-Map02.jpg (accessed June 17, 2014).

  19. Thompson, Nu Sun.

  20. Thompson, American Discovery, 131–33.

  21. Menzies, 1421.

  22. Mesusan, “Chinese in Pre-Columbian Mexico.”

  23. Thompson, American Discovery, 117.

  24. Chow, Chasing Their Dreams, 40.

  25. Chapman, History of California.

  26. Ibid., 21–30.

  27. Gordon, Before Columbus.

  28. Huyghe, Columbus Was Last, 30; See Estrada, Meggers, and Evans, “Possible Transpacific Contact.”

  29. Thompson, American Discovery, 32.