From the Folks Who Brought You the Weekend
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Congreso Obrero de Filipinas (COF) (Philippines), 166, 186
Congress of African Peoples (1970), 253
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 203, 204–5, 215, 221, 227, 228–29, 233, 237–39, 240
AFL and, 214–15, 216, 217, 221, 237, 240–41
African Americans and, 212, 219, 238
anticommunism and, 237–40
anti-Fascism, 219–20
antiracist, 227
call for fair employment practices, 232–33
civil rights work, 237
Communists and, 213, 217, 219, 222–23, 233, 237
conservative hatred of, 215, 216–17
corporations and, 213–14, 233
early strikes, 203–4
expulsions of unions, 237–39
grassroots labor organizing, 204, 205, 207, 212–13
membership of, 203, 212–13, 214, 215, 220, 221, 239
and NLRB, 207, 215, 222, 228, 238
post-World War II, 230, 231, 232–33, 237–39
pre-World War II, 212–13, 220, 221
radical goals of, 217–20
women and, 212, 228–29, 238
workplace democracy and, 207, 212–13
See also AFL-CIO; individual affiliates
Congress of Italian American Organizations, 257
Congress of South African Trade Unions, 289
Congress on Racial Equality (CORE), 250, 252
Connecticut, 36, 232, 318
Connecticut Union of Telephone Workers (CUTW), 313
conscientious objectors, World War II, 225, 226–27
conspiracy trials, 44, 62, 63, 112, 126, 150
Constitution of the United States
Amendments, 43, 91, 92, 93, 94, 111, 159, 168, 169, 192
creation and ratification of, 37, 42, 43, 52
slavery and, 42, 86, 87, 91, 92
constitutions, early state, 31–32, 36
Continental Airlines, 287
Continental Army, 30, 32–35
Continental Congress, 24, 28–29, 30, 31, 33–34
contract labor, post-Civil War, 98
convict labor, 8, 95, 96, 99
Coolidge, Calvin, 177–78, 179, 181
cooperative production, 63, 64–65
Corales, Juan Saez, 240
corporations, 111, 174, 188, 216, 271–72
antilabor, 199–201, 213–14, 233, 306–7, 308
in Clinton era, 306–7, 309–10
mergers, 141, 280–81, 309
in New Deal, 199–200, 201–2, 215
during Reagan years, 277, 280–82, 283–84, 285, 304, 305
transnationals, 281–82, 310, 332
in twenties, 176–80, 181, 183–84
Cortina, Juan, 77
“cost-of-living adjustment” (COLA), 239, 282, 286, 287
cotton production, 54, 55, 56, 72, 113, 115
Coughlin, Charles, 216
Council of National Defense (WWI), 164
craft unions, 44, 61–62, 64–65, 66, 68, 70, 125, 148
AFL and, 128, 130–31, 145–46, 147, 149, 199, 215
in New Deal, 194, 199, 202
Socialist Party and, 156
in twenties, 183, 184
Crasson, Hannah, 55
Crazy Horse, 114
Creole (ship), 58
Crown Petroleum, 317
Crump, Joe, 305
Cruz, Hermenegildo, 186
Cruz, Pedro de la, 17
Cuba, 138–39, 144, 244
Cuban Americans, 189, 291
Cumbie, J. Tad, 151, 157
Curran, Joe, 238
Custer, George Armstrong, 114
Dacus, Sol, 168
Daifallah, Nagi, 260
Dakotas, 113, 114, 156
Daughters of Bilitis (1955), 236
Daughters of Liberty, 27
Daughters of St. Crispin, 99, 100
Daughters of the American Revolution, 199
Davis, John, 178
Davis, Leon, 259, 296
Dawes Act (1887), 114
De Caux, Len, 202, 207, 217, 222
Dearborn Independent (Ford newspaper), 180–81
Debs, Eugene, 132, 133–34, 136, 151, 156, 157, 163, 172, 173
Decatur, Illinois, 307, 308
Declaration of Independence (1776), 24, 25, 29, 31, 35, 67
Delaware, 50
Democratic Leadership Council, 305
Democratic Party, 43, 73, 77, 78, 84, 90, 95–96, 134, 136, 143, 180, 205, 216, 249
AFL and, 149, 150
AFL-CIO and, 241, 276, 298, 305, 306, 327, 328, 329
business interests and, 178, 305–6
early unions and, 61, 63, 73
labor-government cooperation and, 244
Democratic-Republicans, 43, 44–45, 46
Denver, Colorado, 119, 304
Depression, Great, 187–91, 192. See also New Deal
depression of 1873–74, 103–4, 105, 111
depression of 1893–97, 111, 134, 141
deregulation, 275, 277, 280, 281, 305, 309, 329
desegregation, 236, 247–48, 257, 272
detective agencies, 105, 131, 172
Detroit, Michigan, 187, 188, 190, 215, 251, 253, 261, 292
Detroit News, 225
Detroit Packard, 226, 227
developing countries, corporations and, 281–82, 309–10
Devyr, Thomas, 75
Dewey, Thomas, 237
Dies, Martin, 217
direct action, 247–48, 255, 304
disarmament, universal, 233
disenfranchisement, 23, 50, 140
“Dixiecrats,” 216
doctors’ unions, 325
Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement, 261
domestic workers, 14, 15, 181, 266
Dominican Republic, 144, 179, 254, 255
Donahue, Tom, 307, 308
Dotson, Donald, 280
Douai, Frederick, 72
“Double V” campaign, 225, 227
Douglass, Frederick, 56, 74, 80–83, 218
Dow Chemical, 178
draft, military, 33, 90, 163, 221, 225, 233, 236, 245
Dred Scott decision, 79, 84
Drug & Hospital Workers News, 260
Du Bois, W.E.B., 88, 173
“dual unionism,” 156, 184
Dubinsky, David, 241
Dukakis, Michael, 298, 305
“dumping,” 284
Dunsmore, John, 30
DuPont, 178, 239
Dutch West India Company, 10
Duvalier, François “Papa Doc,” 255
Duvalier, Jean Claude “Baby Doc,” 255, 289
East St. Louis, Illinois, 125–26, 165
East Wind (activist group), 257
Eastern Airlines, 287, 299, 303
Edes, Charlestown, 34
eight-hour day campaigns, 125–27, 128, 164
Eisenhower, Dwight D. and Eisenhower administration, 191, 236, 241, 243, 244
El Comité, 254, 259
El Congreso de los Pueblos de Habla Español, 212–13
El Partido del Pueblo Unido, 121
El Salvador, 289, 290, 292
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965), 249
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 86, 87, 88, 90, 91
Empire Zinc, 239
Employee Representation Plan (ERP), 177, 185, 198
encomiendas, 4–5, 18
Engel, George, 126, 127
English, William, 68
environmental activism, 256, 268, 317, 328
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), 268
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 272, 315
Equal Rights Amendment, 232–33
Equi, Marie, 158, 159
Equiano, Olaudah, 11–12
ERPs (Employee Representation Plans), 177, 185, 198
Espionage Act (1917), 162, 163
Ettor, Joseph, 156, 157
Europe, 1–3, 116, 142, 219, 273
Evanich, Mihail
o, 116
Evans, George Henry, 65
Everett, Washington, 160
Evers, Medgar, 249
evolution, social, and “survival of the fittest” (Gilded Age), 111–12
expansionism, U.S., 139–42, 144
Experimental Negotiations Agreement (ENA), 274
Exxon, 293
factories, 45, 65–66, 67–69, 148. See also industrial development
Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC), 225–26, 228, 236
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) (1938), 216, 300
Fall, Albert, 178
Farah Manufacturing, 270, 274
Farley, Harriet, 71
Farm Equipment Workers, 238
Farm Labor Organizing Committee (FLOC), 293
farm workers’ unions, 121, 156, 185, 189–90, 195, 212, 260–61, 262–65. See also agriculture; United Farm Workers
Farmer-Labor party, 167
Farmers’ Alliances, 134, 135
farming. See agriculture
fascism, 216, 218, 219–20, 222, 223, 224
Federación de Maestros (Puerto Rico), 325
Federación Libre de Trabajadores (FLT), 141, 166, 186
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 277
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 252, 253
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 179
Federal Express, 326
federal labor bills (more), 243
“federal labor unions” (FLUs), 129, 146, 149, 195, 199
Federal Reserve System (1913), 142
Federal Theatre Project, 201, 217, 218
Federal Trade Commission, 142
Federal Writers Project, 201
Federalist Party, 43, 44, 45
Federated Press, 202
Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians, 196, 234
Federation of Labor, New York State, 183
Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU), 125, 128
Fein, “Dopey Benny,” 184
Fellowship of Reconciliation, 225
Female Anti-Slavery Society, 72
Female Improvement Society, 62
feminism, 180, 255, 259, 266–67
Ferrell, Frank, 124, 135
Fiallo, Federico Cintrón, 266
Field Workers Union Local 30326, 215
Fielden, Samuel, 126, 127
Fierro de Bright, Josefina, 213
“52–40 or Fight,” 231, 232
fightback coalitions, 261
Fiji Trade Unions Congress, 289
Filipinos, 169, 186, 188, 189, 195, 212, 215, 257, 260. See also Philippines
firefighters unions, 288
Firestone, 200
First Amendment, 43, 159
Fischer, Adolph, 126, 127
Fisher Body, strike, 229
Fletcher, Ben, 158
flight attendants (Association of Flight Attendants), 287, 289, 326
Flint, Michigan, General Motors and, 206–7, 208–11, 326
Flores, Juan, 76–77
Florida, 4–5, 17, 19–20, 96, 114, 165, 189
Flynn, Elizabeth “Rebel Girl,” 158, 167
Food, Tobacco, Agricultural and Allied Workers (FTA), 227, 237, 238, 239
Food Workers Industrial Union (FWIU), 194
Ford, Gerald, 274–75
Ford, Henry, 180–81, 216
Ford Motor Company, 178, 186, 190, 200, 222, 229, 240, 261, 284
foreign-language associations, Socialist Party, 151
Forni, Carlo, 20
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 95
“Fort Hood 3,” 258
Fort Mose, Florida colony, 17
Fort Pillow, massacre at, 89, 95
Fort Sumter, 85, 86
Fortune magazine, 332
“Forty-Eighters,” 71
forty-hour week, 193
Foster, William Z., 184
Fourier, Charles, 64
France, 2, 4, 5–6
Franco, Francisco, 219
Frankensteen, Richard, 222, 231
Franklin, Ann Smith, 16
Franklin, Benjamin, 15–16
Franklin, James, 16
Fraser, Douglas, 275
fraternal orders, 70, 71
Free Soil coalition/party, 53–54, 77, 78, 98
free speech campaigns, 158, 159
Free Trade Union Committee, 237
Free Trade Union Institute (FTUI), 273, 289
Freedmen’s Bureau, 95
“Freedom Farm” (Hamer), 249
Freedom Riders, 248, 249
Freedom Summer (1964), 248, 249
Freeport-McMoRan Corporation, 310
French Revolution (1789–99), 44
Frente Auténtico de Trabajo (FAT) (Mexico), 293, 299, 311
Frey, John, 217
Frick, Henry Clay, 131–32
Friends of the Earth, 268
Fruehauf Trailer, 269
Fugitive Slave Act, 77
Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill (Atlanta), 119
Fur and Leather Workers, 184, 238
Gabriel (slave), 46–47, 58
Gage, Thomas, 28, 29
Galloway, John, 140
Gannett, 326
Garcia, Calixto, 145
Garibaldi-American Fraternity Society, 213
Garrison, William Lloyd, 73
Garvey, Marcus, 167
Gary, Elbert, 141
Garza, Eliza, 116
Gay and Lesbian Labor Activist Network, 302
gay and lesbian rights and organizations, 236, 238, 259, 267–68, 302, 314
Gay Liberation Front, 259
Gay Nurses Alliance, 267
Gay Teachers Association (1974), 267
Gay Teachers Coalition (1975), 267
Gay Youth, 259
Gazette (black Cleveland paper), 124
General Allotment Act (“Dawes Act”) (1887), 114
General Colored Association (Boston), 50–51
General Confederation of Trade Unions, 290
General Electric Corporation (G.E.), 178, 227, 238, 293, 332
General Motors Corporation (G.M.), 174, 178, 198, 203, 205, 219, 224, 231–32, 239, 293
in Clinton era, 319, 324, 326
Lordstown, Ohio, strike, 270
in New Deal, 198, 199, 200
during Reagan years, 281, 284, 291, 298
UAW Flint strike (1937), 206–7, 208–11
General Tire and Rubber, 203
George III, King, 29, 31
Georgia, 10, 33, 50, 94, 96, 102, 190
Germany, 71, 151, 161, 162, 178, 216, 219, 222, 223, 230
Geronimo, 114
“Ghost Dance,” 114
“G.I. Bill of Rights,” 230
Gifford, Kathie Lee, 316
Gilbert, Dudley Pierrepont, 217
Gilded Age, 110–37
class and income disparities, 111–12, 118–19, 120
immigrants, 116–17, 119, 121, 123–24, 130, 133
social-evolution ideas of, 111–12, 120
Girdler, Tom, 214
Giuliani, Rudy, 312
Glaziers and Glassworkers Union, 287
globalization, WTO and, 328
gold rush, California, 76
Goldberg, Arthur, 244
Goldblatt, Louis, 226
Golden, John, 146
Gompers, Samuel, 134, 136, 138, 141, 160, 166, 311, 330
AFL exclusiveness and, 130, 146, 147, 150
AFL presidency, 128, 130, 133, 134, 136, 156, 183, 308
Mexican labor and, 172, 173
World War I and, 161, 164
Goodrich, 203
Goodyear, 203–4, 207
Gore, Al, 329
Gotbaum, Victor, 267
Goulart, João, 244
Gould, Jay, 110–11, 120, 125–26
Gowen, Franklin, 105
Grace, J. Peter, 244
Grange, David, 167
Granson, Milla, 58
Grant, Ulysses S., 94, 95
&nbs
p; grape boycott, 260, 329
Gray, Samuel, 27
Great Britain, 1, 2, 4, 5–7, 10, 24, 25–31, 35, 86
Great Northern Railroad, 132–33
Great Railroad Strike, 105–8, 112
Great Shoemakers Strike (1860), 69
Great Southern Lumber Company, 168
Great War, 160–65
Greece, 234
Green, Samuel, 175
Green, William, 183, 189, 199, 202, 240–41
“Green Corn Rebellion,” 163
Green Giant, 299
Green Party, 329
Greensboro, North Carolina, 248
Grenada, 289
Greyhound, 286, 287
Guam, 139
Guatemala, 293, 302
Gulf & Western Corporation (G&W), 298
Hagerty, Father Thomas, 157
Haiti, 47, 139, 144, 179, 254–55, 289
Hale, Ruth, 180
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 248–49, 250
Hampton, Fred, 253, 258
Hanover Succession (ship), 22
Harburg, Yip, 191
“hardhat rampage” (1970), 272
Harding, Warren, 177–78
Harlem, New York, 250, 251
Harlem Fightback, 261
Harper & Row, 269
Harper’s Ferry raid, 79
Harriot, Thomas, 2
Harrison, George, 242
Hartford Courant, 111
Hartranft, John P., 106
Harvard Union of Clerical and Technical Workers, 301
Hatters Union, 148, 156
Havemeyer, William, 105
Hawaii, 139, 141, 166, 186, 226, 236, 257, 314
Hay, Harry, 236
Hay, John, 120, 139
Hayes, Max, 156, 163
Hayes, Rutherford, 106, 108
Haywood, William “Big Bill,” 157, 158, 159, 160, 167, 172–73
Head Start program, 249
health and safety issues, labor and, 268
Hearst syndicate, 179
Hellier, Thomas, 17
Hernández, J.A., 151
Herndon, Angelo, 190
Herrera, Juan José, 121, 135
Heywood, Allan, 237
Hickman, Peter, 74
Highlander Folk High School, 252
Hill, Herbert, 242
Hill, Joe, 158, 159
Hillman, Bessie, 242
Hillman, Sidney, 204, 205, 221–22, 228, 242
Hillquit, Morris, 151, 160
Hispanics. See Latinos
Hispaniola, 1, 9, 17, 46
Hispanos Unidos Gay Liberados, 259
Hobby, Jonathan, 33
Hoffa, James, Jr., 312, 326
Hoffa, Jimmy, 223, 243
Holland, 2
Homestead Act (1862), 98
Homestead strike, 131–32, 136
homosexuality. See gay and lesbian rights and organizations
Honduras, 179, 240
Honeywell, 293
Hoover, Herbert, 178, 181, 188, 191
Hoover, J. Edgar, 167
Hopedale Community (Massachusetts), 64
Hormel, 216, 286
Horne, Jack, 283
Hospital and Health Care Workers Local 1199, 259–60, 296, 313