Livia, Empress of Rome

by Matthew Dennison

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  Notes

  Chapter 1: ‘Superbissima’

  1 Flower, Harriet I., Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996), pp. 37–40.

  2 Ibid., p. 37.

  3 Suetonius, quoted in Grant, Michael, The Twelve Caesars (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996), p. 105.

  4 Kleiner, Diana E. E. and Matheson, Susan B., I, Claudia: Women in Ancient Rome (University of Texas Press, Austin, 1996), p. 119.

  5 Milnor, Kristina, Gender, Domesticity and the Age of Augustus: Inventing Private Life (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005), pp. 103–4.

  6 See Flower, op. cit., p. 203.

  7 Beard, Mary, Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town (Profile, London, 2008), pp. 102–3.

  8 Martial, Epigrams, 12.57, quoted in Dalby, Andrew, Empire of Pleasures: Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World (Routledge, London, 2000), p. 222.

  9 Cassius Dio, Roman History, 39.9.2.

  10 Goldsworthy, Adrian, Caesar (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 2006), p. 34.

  11 Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Augustus, 94.5.

  12 Ibid., Nero, 6.1.

  13 Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986), p. 19.

  14 Treggiari, Susan, Roman Marriage: Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991), p. 398.

  15 Rawson, Beryl and Weaver, Paul, eds, The Roman Family in Italy: Status, Sentiment, Space (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999), p. 199.

  16 For example, the death of Gaius Octavius. See Everitt, Anthony, The First Emperor: Caesar Augustus and the Triumph of Rome (John Murray, London, 2006), p. 16.

  17 Rawson and Weaver, eds, op. cit, p. 199; Rawson, Beryl, ed., The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives (Routledge, London, 1992), p. 216.

  18 Aulus Gellius, The Attic Nights, 12.1.1–5, quoted in Dixon, Suzanne, The Roman Mother (Croom Helm, London, 1988), p. 106.

  19 Balsdon, J. P. V. D, Roman Women: Their History and Habits (The Bodley Head, London, 1962), p. 201.

  20 Rawson, ed., The Family in Ancient Rome, p. 214.

  Chapter 2: In the Beginning…were the Claudii

  1 Cramer, Rev. J. A., A Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Italy (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1826), p. 122.

  2 Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, p. 46.

  3 Barrett, Anthony A., Livia, First Lady of Imperial Rome (Yale University Press, London, 2002), p. 8.

  4 Goldsworthy, op. cit., p. 42.

  5 Ibid., p. 33.

  6 See Ferrero, Guglielmo, The Women of the Caesars (1911, repr. in trans. Loring and Mussey, New York, 1925), p. 22.

  7 Treggiari, op. cit., p. 92.

  8 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 198.

  9 Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, p. 4.

  10 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius 1.

  11 Barrett, op. cit., p. 5.

  12 Bourgeaud, Philippe, Mother of the Gods: From Cybele to the Virgin Mary (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2004), p. 61.

  13 Ovid, Fasti, IV, 291ff., quoted in Staples, Ariadne, From Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion (Routledge, London, 1997), p. 117.

  14 See Goldsworthy, op. cit., p. 257.

  15 Ferrero, op. cit., p. 42.

  16 Barrett, op. cit., p. 7.

  17 Syme, op. cit., p. 199.

  Chapter 3: ‘Innocent of Guilt’

  1 Milnor, op. cit., p. 65.

  2 Platner, Samuel Ball, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1929), p. 175.

  3 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 38.17.6.

  4 Polybius, The Histories, 53.9–54.4, quoted in Severy, Beth, Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire (Routledge, London, 2003), p. 169.

  5 See Pliny the Younger, Letters, 50.

  6 D’Ambra, Eve, Roman Women (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007), p. 78.

  7 Pliny, op. cit., 46.

  8 Brennan, T. Corey, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000), p. 459.

  9 Ryan, F. X., ‘The Lex Scantinia and the Prosecution of Censors and Aediles’, Classical Philology, Vol. 89, No. 2 (April 1994), p. 159.

  10 Richlin, Amy, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, NY, 1992), p. 86.

  11 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 211.

  12 Dixon, op. cit., p. 133.

  13 Vipstanus Messalla, Dialogues, 28, quoted in Dixon, ibid., p. 109.

  14 Ibid., p. 105.

  15 The minimum age for the consulship at this point was forty-one. Since Libo attained the consulship in 15 BC, it is possible to suggest a birth-date for him around 56 BC.

  16 Syme, op. cit., p. 18.

  17 Dixon, op. cit., p. 61.

  18 Tregiarri, op. cit., p. 9.

  19 Rawson, ed., op. cit., p. 45.

  20 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.4.2.

  21 Ibid., 56.3, trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert, The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus (Penguin, 1987), pp. 224–5.

  22 Dixon, op. cit., p. 27.

  23 Ibid., p. 25.

  24 Ibid., p. 120.

  25 Shakespeare, William, Coriolanus, I.III.

  26 Dixon, op. cit., p. 131.

  27 Quoted in Goldsworthy, op. cit., p. 10.

  28 Horace, Odes, 3.6, trans. James Michie (Penguin, London, 1967), p. 155.

  Chapter 4: ‘Virility to her Reasoning Power’

  1 See Middleton, Conyers and Melmoth, William, The Life and Letters of Marcus Tullius Cicero (Moxon, London, 1839), p. 772.

  2 Ibid., p. 771.

  3 Ibid., p. 773.

  4 Ibid., p. 772.

  5 Cicero, Pro Murena, 75.

  6 Ibid., quoted in Yakobson, Alexander, Elections and Electioneering in Rome: A Study in the Political System of the Late Republic (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1999), p. 223.

  7 Catullus, 81.

  8 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 5.

  9 Asconius, Commentaries on Speeches of Cicero, For Milo, 13.

  10 Hemelrijk, Emily, Matrona Docta: Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna (Routledge Classical Monographs, London, 2004), p. 22.

  11 Cicero, Brutus, 211, quoted in Hemelrijk, ibid., p. 76.

  12 Ibid., p. 91.

  13 See Hallett, J., ‘Queens, Princeps and Women of the Augustan Elite: Propertius’s Cornelia Elegy and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti’, in The Age of Augustus (Publications d’Histoire de l’art et d’archéologie de l’université catholique de Louvain XLIV, 1985), ed. Rolf Winkes, p. 80
.

  14 McAuslan, Ian, and Walcot, Peter, eds, Women in Antiquity (Greece and Rome Studies, Volume III, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996), p. 42.

  15 Pomeroy, Sarah B., Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (Robert Hale and Co, London, 1976), p. 172.

  16 Ibid., p. 170.

  17 See Hemelrijk, op. cit., p. 62.

  18 Ibid., p. 62.

  19 Ibid., pp. 60–1.

  20 Ibid., p. 91.

  21 Milnor, op. cit., p. 87.

  22 Broudy, Eric, The Book of Looms: A History of the Handloom from Ancient Times to the Present (Farnsworth Art Museum, Maine, 1993), p. 47.

  23 McAuslan and Walcot, eds, op. cit., p. 41.

  24 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 270.

  Chapter 5: A Young Man of Noble Family…?

  1 Rawson, ed., op. cit., p. 10.

  2 McAuslan and Walcot, eds, op. cit., p. 43.

  3 Ibid., p. 43.

  4 Horace, Odes, 1.12, op. cit., p. 39.

  5 Dixon, op. cit., p. 31.

  6 McAuslan and Walcot, op. cit., p. 44.

  7 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 173.

  8 Treggiari, op. cit., p. 127.

  9 Kleiner and Matheson, op. cit., p. 118.

  10 Severy, op. cit., p. 7.

  11 Horace, Odes 4.4, op. cit., p. 219.

  12 Goldsworthy, op. cit., p. 494.

  13 Barrett, op. cit., p. 10.

  14 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius 4.1.

  15 Fraschetti, Augusto, Roman Women (Chicago University Press, Chicago, 2001), p. 101.

  Chapter 6: ‘Night Would Last for ever’

  1 Ramsey, John T., and Licht, A. Lewis, The Comet of 44 BC and Caesar’s Funeral Games (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997), p. 99.

  2 Virgil, Georgics, I.466–8, quoted in Everitt, op. cit., p. 67.

  3 See Kleiner and Matheson, op. cit., p. 132.

  4 Treggiari, op. cit., p. 148.

  5 Ibid., p. 152.

  6 Ibid., p. 163.

  7 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 183.

  8 Ibid., p. 182.

  9 Catullus, 64.

  10 Beard, op. cit., p. 280.

  11 Treggiari, op. cit., p. 164.

  12 Flower, op. cit., p. 201.

  13 Treggiari, op. cit., p. 166.

  14 Ibid., p. 224.

  15 Everitt, op. cit., p. 87.

  16 Huzar, Eleanor Goltz, Mark Antony (Croom Helm, London, 1986), p. 119.

  17 Matz, David, Famous Firsts in the Ancient Greek and Roman World (McFarland and Co., 1999), p. 40.