18 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 27.
19 Appian, The Civil Wars, 4.23–4, quoted in Treggiari, op. cit., p. 431.
20 Everitt, op. cit., p. 88.
21 Barrett, op. cit., p. 14.
Chapter 7: Fugitive
1 Velleius Paterculus, The Roman History, II.75.2, trans. Frederick W. Shipley (Loeb, 1924), pp. 210–11.
2 Ibid., II.71.2, p. 204.
3 Goldsworthy, op. cit., p. 515.
4 Kleiner and Matheson, op. cit., p. 116.
5 See Milnor, op. cit., p. 30.
6 Huzar, op. cit., p. 119.
7 Treggiari, op. cit., p. 227.
8 Wyke, Maria, The Roman Mistress: Ancient and Modern Representations (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002), p. 215.
9 Everitt, op. cit., p. 90.
10 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 34.1.
11 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 271.
12 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.74.2, p. 208.
13 Everitt, op. cit., p. 130.
14 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.75.3, p. 211.
15 Ibid.
16 Tacitus, Annals, III.33, trans. by Michael Grant (Penguin, 1956), p. 136.
17 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 6.
Chapter 8: ‘The Whimsicality of Fate’
1 See Fraschetti, op. cit., pp. 5–6.
2 Petronius, Satyricon, 93: see Dalby, op. cit., p. 266; Sallust, The Conspiracy of Catiline, 9: see Dalby, op. cit., p. 11.
3 Seneca, Epistles, 55.
4 For the influence and role of Scribonia, see Barrett, op. cit., pp. 19–21.
5 Seneca, Epistles, 70.
6 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 48.15.3.
7 Bartman, Elizabeth, Portraits of Livia (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 3.
8 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 48.44.
9 Everitt, op. cit., p. 37.
10 See Rawson, Beryl, Marriage, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991), p. 59.
11 Tacitus, op. cit., I.10, p. 39.
12 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 62; trans. by Robert Graves (Penguin, 1957), p. 84.
13 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.75. 1, p. 210.
14 Horace, Odes, 3.14.
15 Treggiari, op. cit., pp. 135–6.
Chapter 9: ‘An Eagle Flew By’
1 Pliny, Natural History, 15.137.
2 Suetonius, op. cit., Galba, 1, p. 243.
3 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 48.52.3.
4 Barrett, op. cit., p. 29.
5 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 48.43.4.
6 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 92, p. 99.
7 Ibid., Tiberius, 14.1, p. 117.
8 Dixon, op. cit., p. 174.
9 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 14.1, p. 118.
10 Clark, Gillian, Women in the Ancient World (Greece and Rome New Surveys in the Classics No. 21, Oxford University Press, Oxford), p. 13.
11 Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 181.
12 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 48.34.3.
13 Winkes, ed., op. cit., p. 112.
14 Williams, Craig Arthur, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999), p. 74.
15 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 48.34.3.
16 See Harlow, Mary and Laurence, Ray, Growing Up and Growing Old in Ancient Rome (Routledge, London, 2001), p. 73.
17 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 70, p. 89.
18 Bauman, Richard A., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome (Routledge, London, 1992), p. 95.
19 Ibid., p. 96.
20 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 48.44.3.
21 Martial, Epigrams, 6.29. See Gardner, Jane F. and Wiedemann, Thomas, The Roman Household: A Sourcebook (Routledge, London, 1991), p. 106.
22 Martial, Epigrams, 6.28; ibid., p. 105.
23 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 62, p. 84.
Chapter 10: The Price of Comfort
1 See Treggiari, op. cit., p. 85.
2 Everitt, op. cit., p. 14.
3 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 6, p. 53.
4 On Eutropius 1, quoted in Cameron, Averil and Garnsey, Peter, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 13 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998), p. 153.
5 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 2, p. 52.
6 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.3.
7 Plutarch, The Life of Julius Caesar, 68.1.
8 Everitt, op. cit., p. 63.
9 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.32; Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 101.
10 Severy, op. cit., p. 141.
11 Grant, op. cit., p. 69.
12 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 79.2, p. 94.
13 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.46.1, p. 257.
Chapter 11: ‘No Magic Chant will make you a Mother’
1 Vitruvius, On Architecture, VIII 6.10–11.
2 Tacitus, Annals, 1.10.
3 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 48.52.4–53.1.
4 McAuslan and Walcot, eds, op. cit., p. 77.
5 Appian, The Civil Wars, 1.20, quoted in Fraschetti, op. cit., p. 59.
6 The ‘Laudatio Turiae’ is a funerary inscription for a much-loved wife, who has traditionally been associated with the Turia described by Valerius Maximus. It is now widely accepted that the two women are not in fact the same.
7 McAuslan and Walcot, eds, op. cit., p. 77.
8 Plutarch, Life of Sulla, 6.11. See Rawson, ed., op. cit., p. 9.
9 Ibid., p. 230.
10 Ibid., p. 231.
11 Lucretius, On the Nature of the Universe, 4.1227ff., trans. R. E. Latham (Penguin, London, 1951), p. 127.
12 Barrett, op. cit., p. 120.
13 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 31.2, p. 68.
14 Brown, Norman O., ‘XV. Kal. Mart. (February 15), Lupercalia’, New Literary History, Vol. 4, No. 3, Ideology and Literature (Spring, 1973), p. 1 (541).
15 Gardner, Jane F., Roman Myths (British Museum Press, London, 1993), p. 77.
16 Ovid, Fasti, II.425ff., trans. A. J. Boyle and R. D. Woodard (Penguin, London, 2000), p. 39.
17 Parkin, Tim G., Old Age in the Roman World (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2003), p. 253; Dalby, Andrew, Food in the Ancient World from A–Z (Routledge, London, 2003), p. 118.
18 Parkin, op. cit., p. 253.
19 Barrett, op. cit., p. 109.
20 Dalby, Food in the Ancient World, p. 171.
21 Pliny, Natural History, 14.8.
Chapter 12: By The Side of the Goddess
1 Appian, op. cit., II.102.
2 Kleiner, Diana E. E., Cleopatra and Rome (Harvard University Press, Harvard, 2005), p. 99.
3 Goldsworthy, op. cit., p. 496.
4 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 43.27.3.
5 Bartman, op. cit., p. 36.
6 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 52.
7 Hadas, Moses, A History of Rome (G. Bell and Sons, London, 1958), p. 68.
8 Plutarch, Life of Antony, 55.
9 Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, XII.2.30.
10 Milnor, op. cit., p. 39.
11 Plutarch, Life of Antony, 60.
12 Everitt, op. cit., p. 184.
13 Plutarch, Life of Antony, 60.
14 Suetonius, Augustus, 69.2, quoted in Grant, op. cit., p. 69.
15 Kleiner and Matheson, eds, op. cit., p. 37.
16 Bartman, op. cit., p. 37.
17 Ibid., p. 36.
18 Kleiner, Diana E. E., and Matheson, Susan B., I, Claudia II: Women in Roman Art and Society (University of Texas Press, Austin, 2000), p. 32.
19 See Jones, Prudence J., Cleopatra (Haus Publishing, London, 2006), p. 40.
20 Kleiner and Matheson, eds, I, Claudia, p. 38.
21 Horace, Odes, I.38, op. cit., p. 87.
22 Kleiner, op. cit, p. 84.
23 See Milnor, op. cit., p. 82.
24 Clark, op. cit., p. 30.
25 See Jones, op. cit., p. 18.
26 Wyke, op. cit., p. 218.
27 Jones, op. cit., p. 96.
28 Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 219.
Chapter 13: Sacrosanct
1 See Severy, op. cit., p. 40.
&nbs
p; 2 Ibid.
3 Pliny, Natural History, 34.14.
4 Bartman, op. cit., p. 62.
5 Kleiner and Matheson, eds, op. cit., p. 36.
6 Pomeroy, op. cit., p. 149.
7 Kleiner and Matheson, eds, op. cit., p. 36.
8 The Achievements of the Divine Augustus, 8.5, trans. Brunt, P. A. and Moore, J. M. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1969).
9 Pliny, Natural History, 34.14.
10 Wood, Susan E., Imperial Women, A Study in Public Images 40 BC–AD 68 (Brill, Leiden/Boston/Cologne, 1999), p. 32.
11 Kleiner, op. cit., p. 242.
12 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 49.38.1.
13 Wood, op. cit., p. 28.
14 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 258.
15 Wood, op. cit., p. 97.
Chapter 14: ‘A Charming View with Minimal Expense’
1 Virgil, Georgics, IV.127–9, trans. Cecil Day Lewis (Jonathan Cape, London, 1940), p. 81.
2 Ibid., line 134.
3 Barrett, op. cit., p. 29.
4 Seneca, Letters, 55.
5 Pliny, Natural History, 35.37.116–17, quoted in Galinsky, Karl, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005), p. 274.
6 Vitruvius, On Architecture, VII.9.3.
7 Treggiari, op. cit., p. 54.
8 Laras, Ann, Gardens of Italy (Frances Lincoln, London, 2005), p. 12.
9 Ling, Roger, Roman Painting (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991), p. 150.
10 Laras, op. cit., p. 11.
11 Ibid., p. 12.
12 Pliny, Natural History, 15.39.
13 Barrett, op. cit., p. 113.
14 Ibid., p. 181.
Chapter 15: ‘A Man and His Family…’
1 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.35.5.
2 Levick, Barbara, Tiberius the Politician (Thames and Hudson, London, 1976), p. 15.
3 Bartman, op. cit., p. 108.
4 Milnor, op. cit., pp. 103–4.
5 Barrett, op. cit., pp. 326–8.
6 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 72–3, pp. 91–2.
7 Iacopi, Irene, trans. Jeremy Scott, The House of Augustus Wall Paintings (Electa, Rome, 2008), p. 11.
8 Osgood, Josiah, Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996), p. 86.
9 Ibid.
10 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.81.3, p. 223.
11 See Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, pp. 248–9.
12 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 74, p. 92.
13 Grant, op. cit., p. 67.
14 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 71.
15 Syme, op. cit., p. 144.
16 Tacitus, Annals, 1.10.5.
17 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.9, p. 229.
18 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 7.1, p. 113.
19 Barrett, op. cit., p. 32.
20 Wood, op. cit., p. 35.
21 Syme, op. cit., p. 347.
22 Levick, op. cit., p. 15; Velleius Paterculus, II.94.2.
23 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 63.
24 See Milnor, op. cit., p. 83.
25 See Grant, op. cit., p. 68.
26 Hemelrijk, op. cit., p. 28.
Chapter 16: ‘They Compelled Him…’
1 Everitt, op. cit., p. 231.
2 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 53.31, p. 153.
3 Propertius, Elegies, III.18, trans. A. S. Kline.
4 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 53.33.3, p. 154.
5 Ibid.
6 Suetonius, op. cit, Augustus, 69.1; Barrett, op. cit., p. 21.
7 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 53.4, pp. 128–9.
8 Ibid., 53.11.2, p. 134
9 The Achievements of the Divine Augustus, 34.
10 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.93.1, p. 247.
11 Severy, op. cit., p. 68.
12 Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, p. 227.
13 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 51.21.8.
14 Seneca, Consolation to Marcia, 2, trans. John Davie (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007), p. 55.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid., pp. 55–6.
17 Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, p. 53.
18 Propertius, Elegies, III.18.
19 Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, p. 52.
20 Syme, op. cit., pp. 314–15.
Chapter 17: ‘Born of His Sacred Blood’
1 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 53.22.2; 53.25.1, pp. 145–7.
2 Holland, Richard, Augustus (Sutton, Stroud, 2004), p. 242.
3 Barrett, op. cit., pp. 34–5.
4 Flower, op. cit., p. 241.
5 Everitt, op. cit., p. 227.
6 Milnor, op. cit., p. 89.
7 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 8, p. 114.
8 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 53.26.1, p. 149.
9 Virgil, Aeneid, 6.791–2.
10 Tacitus, Annals, 4.52.4, trans. Michael Grant (Penguin, London, 1956, repr. 1996), p. 183; see Bauman, op. cit, p. 112.
11 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.93.1–2, p. 247.
12 Catullus, 72.3–4.
13 Bauman, op. cit, p. 243 (footnote); Nepos, op. cit., NA 119.2–120.3.
14 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 72.
15 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 53.28, p. 150.
16 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.89.4, pp. 238–9.
17 Ibid., II.89.1, p. 238.
18 Severy, op. cit., p. 114.
Chapter 18: ‘Her Sacred Office’
1 D’Ambra, op. cit., p. 155.
2 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.46.1, p. 257.
3 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.130.5, p. 328.
4 Schultz, Celia E., Women’s Religious Activity in the Roman Republic (University of North Carolina Press, 2006), p. 27.
5 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 249.
6 Kleiner and Matheson, eds, op. cit., p. 32.
7 Syme, Ronald, History in Ovid (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978), p. 23.
8 Kleiner and Matheson, eds, op. cit., p. 60.
9 D’Ambra, op. cit., p. 170.
10 See Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, p. 11.
11 See Everitt, op. cit., p. 252.
12 Iacopi, op. cit., p. 8.
13 Johnson, Patricia J., ‘Ovid’s Livia in Exile’, Classical World, Vol. 90 No. 6 (1997), p. 407; Ovid, Fasti, 5.155–8, see Herbert-Brown, Geraldine, Ovid and the Fasti: An Historical Study (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994).
14 Dixon, Suzanne, Reading Roman Women: Sources, Genres and Real Life (Duckworth, London, 2001), p. 112.
15 Bartman, op. cit., p. 92.
16 Strabo, The Geography, 5.3.8: see Milnor, op. cit., p. 56.
17 Shakespeare, Coriolanus, V.III.
18 Wood, op. cit., p. 78.
Chapter 19: ‘If you Come to Any Harm…’
1 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 81, p. 95.
2 Ibid.
3 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 55.16.3, p. 207.
4 See Everitt, op. cit., p. 230.
5 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 53.30, p. 152.
6 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.93.1, p. 247.
7 Seager, Robin, Tiberius (Wiley Blackwell, repr. 2004), p. 16.
8 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.31, p. 183.
9 See Potter, David, Emperors of Rome (Quercus, London, 2007), p. 48.
10 Seager, op. cit., p. 16.
11 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 53.32, p. 153.
12 Flower, op. cit., p. 238.
13 Plutarch, Life of Antony, 87.2.
14 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.6, p. 161.
Chapter 20: Three Cities of Judaea
1 Roller, Duane W., The Building Program of Herod the Great (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1998), p. 30.
2 Knoblet, Jerry, Herod the Great (University Press of America paperback, 2005), p. 152.
3 Barrett, op. cit., p. 37.
4 Strabo, The Geography, 16.2.2.
5 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.9, p. 163; Strabo, op. cit., 16.20.
6 Levick, op. cit., p. 26.
7 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.8–9.2, p. 163.
8 Levick, op. cit., p. 26.
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9 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.122.1, p. 309.
10 Barrett, op. cit., p. 37.
11 Ibid., p. 198.
12 Ibid.
13 Bartman, op. cit., p. 95.
14 Severy, op. cit., p. 112.
15 Ibid., p. 233.
16 Sicker, Martin, Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman-Judaean Relations (Praeger, New York, 2001), p. 96.
17 Richardson, Lawrence, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1992), p. 289.
Chapter 21: ‘The Man Set Apart…’
1 Wood, op. cit., p. 177.
2 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.10, p. 164.
3 Ibid., 51.11, p. 72.
4 Ibid.
5 Pliny, Natural History, 7.46.
6 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.3.2, p. 158.
7 Tacitus, Annals, 4.40, p. 177.
8 Bauman, op. cit., p. 102.
9 Pliny, Natural History, 36.59.2.
10 Kleiner and Matheson, eds, op. cit., p. 37.
11 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54. 18, p. 171.
12 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 76, p. 93.
13 Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, p. 90.
14 Everitt, op. cit., p. 261.
15 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 72, p. 91.
16 Treggiari, Susan, ‘Jobs in the Household of Livia’, Papers of the British School at Rome, 43 (1975), p. 63
17 Ibid., see pp. 48–64.
18 Ibid., p. 52.
19 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.23, p. 175.
20 Barrett, op. cit., p. 52.
Chapter 22: ‘Outstandingly Virtuous’
1 Ovid, Ex Ponto, 3.1.114–18, quoted in Johnson, Patricia, J., ‘Ovid’s Livia in Exile’, Classical World, Vol. 90, No. 6 (1997), p. 415.
2 Propertius, Epistles, II.1, trans. by Slavitt, David R. (University of California Press, Berkeley, 2002).
3 Ibid., I.2, see D’Ambra, op. cit., p. 4.
4 Edmondson, Jonathan and Keith, Alison, Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2008), p. 194.
5 See Balsdon, op. cit., p. 254.
6 The Achievements of the Divine Augustus, 8.5.
7 Milnor, op. cit., p. 140.
8 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 75.
9 See ibid., p. 222.
10 Ibid., p. 215.
11 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.19, p. 172
12 Ibid., 54.16.2, pp. 169–70.
13 Ibid., p. 170.
14 Bartman, op. cit., p. 41.
15 Ibid.
16 Cicero, Philippics, 2.44, quoted in Sebesta, Judith Lynn and Bonfante, Larissa, The World of Roman Costume (University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin, 1994), p. 140.
17 Severy, op. cit., p. 55.
18 Tacitus, Annals, V.1, p. 195.
19 Pliny, Natural History, 9.58.1.
20 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.97.1, p. 253.
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