21 Juvenal, Satires, 6.457–65: see D’Ambra, op. cit., p. 48.
22 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 263.
23 Clark, op. cit., p. 13.
24 Suetonius, op. cit., Gaius Caligula, 23, p. 160
25 Barrett, op. cit., p. 121.
Chapter 23: ‘Tiberius Closer to Caesar’
1 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.95.1–2, pp. 250–51.
2 Levick, op. cit., p. 30.
3 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.97.2, p. 253.
4 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings, 3.3, trans. by Walker, Henry J. (Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis, 2004), p. 132.
5 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.29.2, p. 182.
6 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.96.1, p. 252.
7 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.31, p. 183.
8 Tacitus, Annals, 4.38, p. 176.
9 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 7.2, p. 113.
10 Ibid., pp. 113–14.
11 Levick, op. cit., p. 153.
12 Tacitus, Annals, 5.1, p. 195.
13 Valerius Maximus, op. cit., 5.3, p. 181.
14 Anonymous, ‘Consolation to Livia’, 349–56: see Purcell, Nicholas, ‘Livia and the Womanhood of Rome’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society (1986), p. 78.
15 Barrett, op. cit., p. 108.
16 Suetonius, op. cit., Claudius, 1.5, p. 182.
17 Ibid., Claudius, 1.4; Tacitus, Annals, 2.82.3, p. 116.
Chapter 24: ‘What More Can I Ask of the Immortal Gods?’
1 Everitt, op. cit., p. 299.
2 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 55.10.4, p. 198.
3 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 58.3, p. 83.
4 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.100.2–3, pp. 258–9.
5 Pliny, Natural History, 7.46.
6 Propertius, Elegies IV.11, trans. A. S. Kline.
7 Severy, op. cit., p. 183.
8 Macrobius, Saturnalia, 2.5.8.
9 Seneca, On Benefits, 6.1–2: see Bauman, op. cit., p. 113.
10 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 55.10.7, p. 199.
11 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 84, p. 96.
12 Ibid., Augustus, 101.2, p. 108.
13 Macrobius, Saturnalia, 2.5.4: see Milnor, op. cit., p. 88.
14 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 65.2, p. 86.
15 Barrett, op. cit., p. 141.
16 See Bauman, op. cit., p. 116.
17 Severy, op. cit., p. 58.
18 Tacitus, Annals, 1.53, p. 63.
19 Bauman, op. cit., p. 112.
20 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 11.4, p. 116.
Chapter 25: ‘Try Not to Guess What Lies in the Future’
1 Everitt, op. cit., p. 235.
2 Ibid., p. 274.
3 Horace, Odes I.9, p. 35.
4 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.25, p. 177.
5 Holland, op. cit., p. 255.
6 Dixon, The Roman Mother, p. 74.
7 Rossini, Orietta, Ara Pacis (Electa, Rome, 2006), p. 36.
8 Ibid.
9 Severy, op. cit., p. 124.
10 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 12, p. 116.
11 Ibid., Tiberius, 13, p. 117.
12 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.91.1, p. 243.
13 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 55.9.4, p. 197.
14 Ibid., 55.11, p. 202.
15 Levick, op. cit., p. 39.
16 Valerius Maximus, op. cit., 5.5.3: see Milnor, op. cit, p. 199.
17 Treggiari, Roman Marriage, p. 344.
18 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 58.2.3.
19 Ibid., 55.16.4, p. 207.
20 Lomas, Kathryn, Roman Italy 338 BC–AD 200: A Sourcebook (Routledge, London, 1996), p. 247.
Chapter 26: ‘Perpetual Security’
1 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.103.1–4, pp. 264–5.
2 Tacitus, Annals, 1.4.
3 Balsdon, op, cit., p. 67.
4 See Everitt, op. cit., p. 309.
5 Suetonius, op. cit., Gaius Caligula, 7, p. 152.
6 Levick, op. cit., p. 46.
7 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 15, p. 118.
8 Valerius Maximus, op. cit., p. 132.
9 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 60.2.1.
10 Barrett, op. cit., p. 127.
11 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 55.10A.5, p. 202.
12 Tacitus, Annals, 1.3.
13 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 70.
14 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.102.2, p. 263.
15 Severy, op. cit., p. 188.
16 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 55.10A.5, p. 200.
17 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.102.3, p. 263.
18 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 11.4, p. 116.
19 Ibid., Claudius, 3.2, p. 183.
20 Ibid., Augustus, 65.2, p. 86.
21 Tacitus, Annals, 1.3, p. 33.
22 Ibid.
23 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 21, p. 121.
24 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 55.13.2, p. 203.
Chapter 27: Purer than Parian Marble?
1 Pollini, John, ‘The Augustus from Prima Porta and the Transformation of the Polykleiton Heroic Ideal: The Rhetoric Art’, in Moon, Warren G., Polykleitos, the Doryphorus and Tradition (University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin, 1995), p. 268.
2 Horace, Odes, 1.19.5: see ibid.
3 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 71, p. 90.
4 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 58.2.5.
5 Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, 5.12.21: see Pollini, op. cit., p. 268.
6 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.102.3, p. 263.
7 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 57.2.7.
8 Valerius Maximus, op. cit, 4.3.3, p. 132.
9 Wood, op. cit., p. 181.
10 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 15, p. 119.
11 Everitt, op. cit., p. 314.
12 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 55.32.1, p. 220.
13 Tacitus, Annals, 1.6, p. 35.
Chapter 28: ‘Blood-Red Comets’
1 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.29.1, p. 244.
2 Ibid., 56.29.3, p. 244.
3 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 21.5, p. 122.
4 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.26.2, p. 242.
5 Bartman, op. cit., p. 88. 6
6 Ovid, Letters from the Black Sea, 2.8, trans. A. S. Kline.
7 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 20, p. 120. 9
8 Horace, Odes, 4.5, p. 227.
9 Ibid., Tiberius, 17, p. 119.
10 Dalby, Empire of Pleasures, p. 193.
11 Levick, op. cit., p. 63.
12 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 97, p. 104.
13 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.30, p. 245.
14 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.123.2, p. 312.
Chapter 29: Augusta
1 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 26, p. 124.
2 Barrett, op. cit., p. 149.
3 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.42, p. 255.
4 Suetonius, op. cit., Claudius, 4.2, p. 184.
5 Ibid.
6 Tacitus, Annals, 1.14.3, p. 41.
7 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 26, p. 124.
8 Tacitus, Annals, 4.38.2, p. 176.
9 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.46.2, p. 258.
10 Ibid., 56.47.1, p. 258.
11 Suetonius, op. cit., Augustus, 99.2, p. 106.
12 Ibid., Augustus, 101.3, p. 108.
13 Tacitus, Annals, 1.14.3, p. 41.
Chapter 30: ‘His Mother Livia Vexed Him’
1 Royal Collection, RCIN65160.
2 Seager, op. cit., p. 121.
3 Barrett, op. cit., p. 162.
4 Ibid., p. 211.
5 See Platt, David, Imperial Cult in Roman Gytheum (http://traumwerk.stansford.edu:3455/93/Home)
6 Severy, op. cit., p. 222.
7 Ibid., p. 220.
8 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 57.9.1.
9 Seager, op. cit., p. 122.
10 Tacitus, Annals, 4.37, p. 175.
11 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 50, p. 134.
12 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 57.12.3.
13 Hawley, Richard and Levick, Barbara, eds, Women in Antiquity: New Assessments (Rou
tledge, London, 1995), p. 186.
14 Ibid.
15 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (99. 109).
16 Kleiner and Matheson, eds, op. cit., p. 184.
17 Ibid.
18 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.46, p. 257.
19 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.75.3, p. 211.
20 Tacitus, Annals, 1.72.5, p. 73.
21 Bauman, op. cit., p. 133.
22 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 59.1, p. 138.
23 Ibid., Nero, 7, p. 212.
Chapter 31: Above the Law?
1 Tacitus, Annals, 12.69.
2 Barrett, op. cit., p. 183.
3 Ibid., p. 165.
4 Balsdon, op. cit., p. 94.
5 Tacitus, Annals, 2.34, p. 93.
6 Ibid., 4.21, p. 168.
7 Ibid., Annals, 2.34, p. 93.
8 Rawson, ed., op. cit., p. 221.
9 Tacitus, Annals, 2.41, p. 97.
10 Barrett, p. 168.
11 Tacitus, Annals, 2.69, p. 112.
12 Bauman, op. cit., p. 140.
13 Ibid., p. 142.
14 See Barrett, op. cit., p. 169.
15 Griffin, M. T., Journal of Roman Studies (1997), 252; lines 115–20: see Lane Fox, Robin, The Classical World: An Epic History of Greece and Rome (Penguin, London, 2006), p. 486, footnote 5.
16 Tacitus, Annals, 4.3, p. 121.
17 Ibid., 3.64, p. 150.
18 Suetonius, op. cit., Tiberius, 51, p. 134.
19 Tacitus, Annals, 4.56, p. 186.
Epilogue
1 Propertius, Elegies, 3.11.1–2; see Wyke, op. cit., p. 195.
2 See McDonnell, Myles, Roman Manliness: ‘Virtus’ and the Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006).
3 Cicero, Philippics, 4.13.
4 Gurval, Robert Alan, Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War (University of Michigan Press, Michigan, 1998), p. 11.
5 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 58.2.3.
6 Ibid., 57.12.2.
7 Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., II.74.2, p. 209.
8 See Barrett, op. cit., p. 170.
9 Tacitus, Annals, 12.41.2.
Glossary
aedile One of the senatorial magistracies which together made up the ‘cursus honorum’ or sequence of offices followed by Roman politicians. Responsible for public and private buildings, roads, aqueducts and sewers, public lands, public spectacles and police, as well as the distribution of corn and markets, weights and measures.
arca A coffer or large chest, often for keeping money in.
armarium A cupboard, here made of wood, used to house wax portrait masks of ancestors.
atrium The hall, close to the entrance of the Roman house; among the most important rooms of the house.
consul The most senior magistracy of the ‘cursus honorum’. Two consuls were appointed annually, with powers roughly akin to a shared prime ministership.
cubiculum Usually a small room, often a bedroom; cubicula sited close to the atrium may have been used as smaller private meeting rooms with something of the function of the modern-day study.
denarius (pl. denarii) The basic denomination of the Roman currency system, a small silver-coloured coin.
imagines maiorum Romans’ portraits of their ancestors. Sources suggest that these took the form of wax masks, and were worn or carried by actors in funeral processions.
imperium A concept of power which implied sovereignty or command and the official right, among others, of inflicting punishment. It exceeded simple authority.
interrex A provisional office of principal magistrate, rare in the late Republic. Among traditional duties of the ‘interrex’ was overseeing the election of new consuls.
lar or lares A form of Roman household god(s) with special responsibility for protecting the house and household, also associated with deceased ancestors or family members.
novus homo (‘new man’) A man not born into Rome’s ruling class, who became the first member of his family to serve in the Senate.
paterfamilias The male head of family who, possessing
patria potestas (‘the power of the father’), held far-reaching legal powers over descendants through the male line or adoption. In practice, by the late Republic, these powers had been significantly eroded.
patron/client The patron/client relationship was one respectively of protection and dependency and existed between individuals – a wealthy Roman and his freedman, for example – and between influential individuals and communities, for example, a Roman senator and a community outside Rome who, as the senator’s clients, could expect him to advance the community’s needs in Rome. The patron offered support (including financial support and legal assistance) to his client; the client responded with attendance at the morning salutatio and support in public elections.
pontifex maximus The chief priest of the Roman state cult, a lifelong appointment.
praetor A magistracy of the ‘cursus honorum’, senior to the position of aedile, with responsibility for administering justice.
proscripti Those whose names were publicly ‘proscribed’: their lives were forfeit and their property confiscated or sold. Proscription was developed in 82 BC by Sulla as a means of disposing of his enemies, and reintroduced by the second Triumvirate in 43 BC
salutatio A morning meeting, partly akin to the levée; the formal morning greeting of a patron by his clients in the patron’s atrium. The salutatio was also an informal business forum, in which favours were requested and bestowed; clients received from their patrons their sportula (monetary handout).
tablinum A room, close to the atrium, used as an office.
tribune of the plebs An elected office open to plebeians, the only form of plebeian representation in the Senate.
triumvirate Historically a form of transitional government by three powerful men. The so-called First Triumvirate consisted of Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus; the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
virtus A Roman virtue which overlapped with concepts of Romanness itself, encompassing courage, uprightness, excellence and idealized masculinity.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Actium, battle of (31 BC)
adoption
adultery
legislation against
Aemilia
Agricola
Agrippa, Marcus
and Battle of Actium
as consul of Rome
death
favouring of by Augustus as successor
marriage to Julia
rivalry with Marcellus
Agrippa Postumus
Agrippina the Elder
Agrippina the Younger
Alcmaeon of Croton
Alexander Helios
Alexandrian War
Alfidia (Livia’s mother)
Alfidius, Marcus
Altar of Augustan Peace see Ara Pacis Augustae
ancestor masks
animal sacrifice
Antonia Minor
Antonius, Iullus
Antony, Mark
and Cleopatra
commits suicide
relationship with and defeat of by Augustus
member of Second Triumvirate
Antyllus
anulus pronubus
Apollo, Temple of
Appian
Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace)
Areius Diodymus
Aristotle
armaria
Armenia Major
Artaxes
Asconius
Asprenas, Lucius Nonius
Atia (mother of Augustus)
atrium
Atticus, Numerius
Augustus (emperor, formerly Octavian)
adoption of Livia as daughter in will
adoption of Lucius and Gaius as successors
adoption of Tiberius as heir
agreement to Tiberius’s return to Rome
and Feast of the Divine Twelve
appearance and physique
bestowing of sacrosanctity upon Octavia and Livia
birth
campaigns
childhood
courtship and engagement of Livia
and daughter Julia’s sexual misdemeanours and banishment
death
and death of Marcellus
and deaths of Gaius and Lucius Caesar
decision to create a hereditary monarchy
depositio barbae rite of passage
disdain for extravagance and frugality of tastes
divorce from Scribonia
domestic policy and social legislation
early engagements
eastern tour
family background
family eulogies
family life and involvement in education of members
‘Father of the Country’ title conferred by Senate
favouring of Agrippa as successor
favouring of Marcellus as heir
final decade
funeral
grants Livia ‘Augusta’ title
household slaves
houses/palaces of
ill health and ailments suffered
and Julius Caesar
legislation on women’s fidelity and birthrate
longevity of life
and marriage of daughter (Julia) to Agrippa
and marriage of daughter to Tiberius
marriage to and relationship with Livia
see also Livia: Marriage to Augustus
marriage to Scribonia
and moral renewal of Rome
Nero’s opposition to
philandering and affairs
plans formulated for Tiberius’s rule
posthumous deification and appointment of Livia as priestess
Prima Porta statue
receives ‘Augustus’ title and speech to the Senate (27 BC)
recovery from serious illness
relationship with Sextus Pompey
relationship with sister (Octavia)
relationship with and defeat of Antony
relationship with Tiberius
and Res Gestae
rise of political power
and Second Triumvirate
semi-retirement from public duties
stamping out of Isis cult
survives typhoid
and Tiberius’s desertion to Rhodes and pleading for case by Livia
tour of the provinces
transformation of Roman perceptions of Cleopatra and contrasting of Livia with
Livia, Empress of Rome Page 34
