Faustus: The Life and Times of a Renaissance Magician
Page 39
5. P.F., 1592:3.
6. Scheible, 1845–49.
7. Goethe, 2001, 1.3.1335–6, 1338.
8. See Beckers, 1984.
9. Bächtold-Stäubli and Hoffmann-Krayer, 1927–42.
10. Dürrius (1676, published in 1726), see Tille, 1900:234; Bächtold-Stäubli and Hoffmann-Krayer, 1927–42.
11. Dismissed by Kiesewetter, 1893. Bächtold-Stäubli and Hoffmann-Krayer, 1927-42; authoritative in Butler, 1948:132, and 1949:164, Russell, 1986:61, Empson, 1987, Füssel and Kreutzer, 1988:188, and Baron, 1992:125.
12. Burdach, 1912; Durrani, 1977.
13. See Bächtold-Stäubli and Hoffmann-Krayer, 1927–42.
14. Achitophel is the Vulgate Bible form of Ahithophel or now more commonly Ahitophel. Bächtold-Stäubli and Hoffmann-Krayer, 1927–42.
15. Oehlke, 1913:198-9, recapitulated by Radday, 1997:133–148.
Chapter 9
1. Marlowe, 1616, 11.1.32; Goethe, 1949, 1.4.1715.
2. Quotations from P.F., 1592:6.
3. P.F., 1592:7.
4. Mat. 26:27–8; also Mark 14:23–4 and Luke 22:20; John 5:54.
5. Nibelungenlied 5.2054; Bächtold-Stäubli and Hoffmann-Krayer, 1927-42, I:1430–42; Hsia 1988:8–9.
6. Scheible, 1845–49; Thorndike, 1915:123; Kieckhefer, 1989:162; Ruickbie, 2004:22–5.
7. Nider, Formicarius, quoted in Bailey, 2003:40, with corrections.
8. Kramer and Sprenger, 1996:76.
9. Trithemius, 1515:5; Francesco Maria Guazzo (1608 [1988:17]) quoted it with approval in support of his own argument a hundred years later.
10. Agrippa, 1651:226.
11. Quoted in Kors and Peters, 1991:238.
12. Quotations from de Voragine, 1941:312.
13. Quotations from Palmer and More, 1936:60–75.
14. Quoted in Hsia, 1988:133.
15. Baron, 1992:56–7.
16. P.F., 1592:6–7.
Chapter 10
1. The Fürstlich Württembergisches Dienerbuch, seventeenth century, links the two names, but the visit to Maulbronn rests on local tradition as told to me by Tobias Küenzlen, Ephorus of Maulbronn, field-trip, 1 March 2005. Mahal, 1980:197, is convinced that Faustus did visit the monastery.
2. The entry in Fürstlich Württembergisches Dienerbuch was copied into an eighteenth century manuscript Maulbronner Äbteverzeichnis, Stuttgart, Hauptstaatsarchiv, A 502 (Kloster Maulbronn), Bü 24.
3. This story was told, possibly for the first time, in 1849 by the Romantic poet Justinus Kerner (1786–1862), an old boy of the Maulbronn school.
4. Mahal, 1980:36, 196–8; Anstett-Janßen, 1999:43; field-trip, 1 March 2005.
5. Trithemius, 1507 [1536:313].
6. Kramer and Sprenger, 1996:2.
7. Ripley in Ashmole, 1652:107-193; Paracelsus quoted in Jacobi, 1988:84.
8. See British Library MS Harley 6453 for examples.
9. Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Ashmole 1487, II:26, fol. 182–196.
10. Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson D. 893, fol. 103.
11. Dresden N 110, Nuremberg 80061, fol. 156-160v, Munich Cgm 598.
12. Nuremberg 33733, fol. 43–47v, c.1455–1457.
13. Nuremberg 33740, fol. 8v–10v, fol. 13v–14v, c.1556–1564.
14. Nuremberg 198353, fol. 123v–124r, mid-fifteenth century.
15. Nuremberg 198353, fol. 8–55v, mid-fifteenth century.
16. Wolfenbüttel MS Extrav. 286.1, 1505–7.
17. Dated 1471, but first published 1591.
18. Quoted in Ashmole, 1652.
19. Martinón-Torres, et al., 2003.
20. Quoted in Roberts, 1994:45.
21. ‘Mary the Prophetess’ is the only woman recorded in the history of alchemy and was an allegory.
22. Quoted in Holmyard, 1957:245.
23. Quoted in Shumaker, 1979:163.
24. The terms used in alchemy were not standardised and showed great variation in usage. Ripley quotations here and in the following from 1471:129–40, 144-50, 173–9, 181–5, 286, 381.
25. Quoted in Brann, 1981:101. The original inscription was lost when Trithemius’s resting place was relocated in 1720 to the Nothelferkapelle des Neumünsters.
26. Geber, 1928:110, and Rulandus, 1612:167.
27. Pachter, 1951:114, 116, 305, 314.
28. As suggested by Shumaker, 1979:174.
29. Quoted in Ashmole, 1652:94.
Chapter 11
1. Reproduced in Hofmann, 1940: title page.
2. Quoted in Rady, 1990:20.
3. Quoted in Rady, 1990:20.
4. P.F., 1592:66–7.
5. Quoted in Butler, 1948:134.
6. Tille, 1900:1057-8.
7. Georg III, 1520..
8. P.F., 1592:22-3.
9. See Tille, 1900:6, Palmer and More, 1965:88–9, Bates 1969:3, Baron, 1978:44 and Mahal, 1980: 365
10. P.F., 1592:52-3.
11. Quoted in Lea, 1957, I:419.
12. P.F., 1592:40–1.
13. P.F., 1592:53.
14. P.F., 1592:53.
15. P.F., 1592:53–4.
16. P.F., 1592:54.
Chapter 12
1. Scheible, 1845–49, II:853–4.
2. Quoted in Grafton, 1999:53.
3. Schoener, 2007:174.
4. Mackay, 1841, ch. 5, n.p.
5. Thomas, 1971:288. I checked the main British libraries for the years 1518–1525 and found no holdings on this subject.
6. Quoted in Grafton, 1999:55.
7. Niccoli, 1990:167.
8. Quoted in Mackenney, 1993:27.
9. Miller, 2003:8, 9.
10. Letters of Luther to John Ruhel, 4 May 1525, and Nicholas Amsdorf, 30 May 1525, in Smith, 1911:162, 164–5.
11. Luther, 1957, 46:47–55.
12. P.F., 1592:60.
13. Quoted in Roos, 1972:54.
14. See Tlusty, 2001:113; Aries and Duby, 1989:428
15. P.F., 1592:57–8.
16. Quoted in Grafton, 1999:52.
17. Quoted in Sillig, 1992:5.
18. Sillig, 1992: 3–7, 11, 63, 78.
19. Sillig, 1992: 3. Sillig says that this view is ‘refuted on all sides’, but not by whom nor why.
20. P.F., 1592:45.
21. P.F., 1592:9, 29.
22. See Sillig, 1992:24–6.
23. Quoted in Sillig, 1992:40.
24. Quotations from Sillig, 1992:29.
25. Quotations from Sillig, 1992:31, 39.
26. Quotations from Sillig, 1992:31–2.
Chapter 13
1. Cellini, 1910:XXXIV.
2. Quoted in Manlius, 1563:44.
3. Quoted in Manlius, 1563:44.
4. Quoted in Yates, 2001:135.
5. Göttingen Cod. MS philos. 63.
6. The harquebus (arquebus) was a portable firearm usually supported on a tripod or forked rest.
7. Quoted in Oman, 1937:184.
8. Ben Joshua ben Meir, 1836.
9. Leipzig 935, fol. 15r.
10. Quoted in Rady, 1990:51.
11. Pachter, 1951:104–5.
12. P.F., 1592:36.
13. P.F., 1592:36.
14. P.F., 1592:36.
15. Quotations from P.F., 1592:36.
16. P.F., 1592:36.
17. Marlowe, 1616, iii.2.97–8.
18. P.F., 1592:37.
19. Quoted in Seward, 1974:149.
20. Cellini, 1910:XXXIV.
21. Other reasons and dates have been given, but this is not the place to go into them.
Chapter 14
1. Quoted in Mackenney, 1993:120.
2. Waite, 1911:112.
3. Agrippa, 1651:561.
4. Nauert, 1965:216.
5. E.g., Blume, 1914, and Mahal, c.1980:39.
6. Agrippa, 1651: 561.
7. Quoted in Rudwin, 1989:69.
8. Quoted in Seward, 1974:34.
9. P.F., 1592:34.
10. Agrippa, 1651:564.
11. Agrippa, 1651:563.
12. Agrippa, 1651:566.
13. Nauert, 1965:94–6.
14. Leib, 1528; Schottenloher, 1913:92–3.
15. Leib, 1528; Schottenloher, 1913:92–3.
16. The Order has been known by several names and is now officially styled the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta.
17. Letter from Fr. Bernardinus to Fr. Georg Schilling, 2 May, 1526 (Malta, 412, fol. 183r).
18. Quoted in Baron, 1978:47, 100, n. 14; Valeria Leonardi, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, personal communication, 17 January 2006.
19. Destinacije.com, accessed 13 January 2006.
20. See Stopar, 1992.
21. The red surcoat emblazoned with a white cross was worn over armour by a knight of St John only in war as established by Alexander IV in 1259.
22. Ingolstadt Ratsprotokolle, 1523/94, fol. 70v und 1527/30, fol 49v. I have followed Mahal’s, 1980:140, interpretation based on Middle High German.
23. Begardi, 1539:17a.
24. Mahal, 1980:139, 368; field-trip, 27–28 February 2005.
25. Quoted in Telepnef, 1991:24.
26. There are no records of Faustus having studied here, as confirmed by Dr Wolfgang Smolka, Archiv der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, personal communication, 24 January 2008.
Chapter 15
1. Quotations from Wilson, 2000:381.
2. Quotations from Pachter, 1951:175, 176.
3. Melanchthon, 1594, pt IV.
4. P.F., 1592:49, 50.
5. P.F., 1592:50.
6. Kramer and Sprenger, 1996: 80, 126.
7. P.F. 1592:51.
8. P.F. 1592:51.
9. P.F. 1592:51.
10. Quoted in Poeschel, 1988.
11. P.F. 1592:52.
12. Baron, 1992:103–4.
Chapter 16
1. Manlius, 1563:44.
2. Lercheimer, 1597: 42.
3. Lercheimer, 1597: 42.
4. Lercheimer, 1597: 43.
5. Schwab, 1836-7:n.p.
6. Walz, 1927:361; Mahal, 1980:368; Cordula Krause, personal communication, 1 May 2006; Kristin Pietzner, Wittenberg-Information, personal communication, 4 December 2006.
7. Lercheimer, 1597: 42.
8. Lercheimer, 1597:85.
9. Lercheimer, 1597:85. Luther once recounted a similar case, see Lea, 1957, I:420.
10. Lercheimer, 1597:85.
11. Grässe, 1868:391–2.
12. See P.F., 1592:69–70, for example.
13. Grässe, 1868:391–2.
14. P.F., 1592:67.
15. P.F., 1592:67–8.
16. P.F., 1592:68–9.
17. Nuremberg, 1532, fol. 12r.
18. Neubert, 1932:16.
19. P.F., 1592:9.
20. Manlius, 1563:44.
21. Dr Hirschmann, Director of Nuremberg City Archive, in Mahal, 1980:147.
22. Scheible, 1845–49, V:1142f.
23. Quoted and trans. in Scot, 1584:217–225.
24. Minucci to Wilhem von Bayern, 25 March, 1583, in Tille, 1900:56.
25. Agrippa to von Wied, Mechelen, January 1531, in Agrippa, 1651.
26. Blume, 1914; Mahal, 1980:204–5.
27. Wierus, 1568:142.
28. Wierus, 1568:143; not ‘Babenberg’ as in Mahal, 1980:204.
29. Wierus, 1568:143.
30. E.g., Butler, 1948:121–2.
31. Von Hutten, 1540.
32. British Library, Add. 15217, fol. 34v, 38. 33. Camerarius, 1536:5.
Chapter 17
1. Quoted in Arthur, 1999:15.
2. Quoted in Arthur, 1999:17.
3. Quoted in Arthur, 1999:18.
4. Quoted in Arthur, 1999:61.
5. Quoted in Arthur, 1999:29–33.
6. Quoted in Arthur, 1999:40.
7. Nauert, 1965:113–4.
8. Prasser, c.1650 [1921:322].
9. Again this is a local theory based on the age of the former building. See Medding, 1980.
10. Quoted in Arthur, 1999:165.
11. Prasser, c.1650 [1921:322].
12. Quoted in Arthur, 1999:178.
Chapter 18
1. Gast, 1548:280–1.
2. Gast, 1548:280–1.
3. Gast, 1548:280–1.
4. Agrippa, 1651: 490–1.
5. Von Zimmern, 1881, III:529.
6. Blume, 1914, identified this place as Lüyheim by Saarburg, but there is no Lüyheim today, whilst Mahal, 1980: 209-10, called it Luxeuil. I have since discovered that Karl August Barack, the editor of the Zimmerische Chronik (1881), had earlier identified it as Lixheim.
7. Mahal, 1980:210; Wollasch, 1984:45–61.
8. Gast, 1548:281.
9. P.F., 1592:38.
10. P.F., 1592:39.
11. P.F., 1592:39.
12. Quoted in Ginzburg, 1990:172.
13. Gesner, 1577, fol. 1 a.
14. Gast, 1548:281.
15. Camerarius, 1536:4. Haruspices (‘aurispicium’) were Roman priests trained to divine from the entrails of sacrifices.
16. Camerarius, 1568, fol. 161r–162v.
17. Ellinger, 1889:318–9; Arthur, 1999:125.
18. Camerarius, 1536:4, quoting Homer, Iliad, II.197.
19. Camerarius, 1536:4, quoting Virgil, Aeneid, VI.788–800.
20. Wolfenbüttel MS, ch. 59.
21. P.F., 1592:73.
22. P.F., 1592:73.
23. Luther, Lauterbach Extract, 1537.
24. Wierus, 1568:143.
Chapter 19
1. P.F., 1592:54.
2. Quoted in Durrani, 2004: 78.
3. P.F., 1592:10.
4. Quoted in Schindler, 2002:186.
5. Quoted in Roper, 1989:105.
6. See Harrington, 1995.
7. PF., 1592:73.
8. PF., 1592:74.
9. P.F., 1592:74.
10. P.F., 1592:75.
11. Scheible, 1845–49, II:793.
12. Weber, 1990.
13. See the discussion in Thomas, 1971:227–31, Monter, 1976:29, and Yates, 2003:83–4.
14. Quotations from Burr, 1891:45–6.
15. Luther, 1998:n.p.
16. Wierus, 1568:142.
17. Gesner, 1577, fol. 1r.
18. Von Zimmern, 1881, III:529.
19. Gast, 1548:281.
20. Manlius, 1563:43.
21. Wierus, 1568:144.
22. Camerarius, 1591: 314.
23. Exempla insignia [etc.], Wolfenbüttel 1169, fol. 114v.
24. Quotations from Von Zimmern, 1881, III:529.
25. Jenny, 1959, passim.
26. Lercheimer, 1597:42.
27. As well as Tille, 1900, see Bechstein, 1930:113-4, and Durrani, 2004:382–3.
28. Jebens, 2001:44–7.
29. Mahal, n.d., 13; Geiges, 1981:36–38. Nicolai’s book is now in the Stubenhausmuseum, Staufen.
30. Geiges, 1981:16, 21; Mahal, 1990:12; Jebens, 2001:47.
31. Information provided by the current owners and field-trip, 23 February 2005.
32. P.F., 1592:81.
33. P.F., 1592:80.
34. Quotations from P.F., 1592:81.
35. P.F., 1592:81.
36. Von Zimmern, 1881, III:529.
37. Guazzo, 1608 (1988:112).
38. Guazzo, 1608 (1988:111).
Select Bibliography
Works Attributed to Faustus
See also Engel, 1884, and Henning, 1966.
1407. Doctor Faustens dreyfacher Höllenzwang, Passau
1469. Dr Johann Faustens Miracul-Kunst- und Wunderbuch oder die schwarze Rabe auch der Dreifache Höllen Zwang genannt, Lyon
1501. D. I. Fausti dreyfacher Hoellen-Zwang, Rome
1501. 2nd ed., 1680. D. Faustus vierfacher Höllen-Zwang, Rome
1501. Tabellae Rabellinae Geister-Commando, Rome
1502. D. Fausts (Original) Geister Commando, Rome
1505. Doctoris Iohannis Fausti magiae naturalis et innatural. Erster Theil. Der Dreyfacher Höllenzwang genannt, Passau
150
5. Doctoris Iohannis Fausti magiae naturalis et innaturalis. Anderer Theil. Sein letztes Testament genannt, Passau
1508. Doctor Faust’s grosser und gewaltiger Höllenzwang, Paris
1509. Doctor Faust’s grosser und gewaltiger Höllenzwang, Prague
1524. Doctor Johannis Fausti Manuel-Höllenzwang, Wittenberg
1527 or 1577. Praxis Magica Faustiana, Passau
1540. Fausti Höllenzwang, Wittenberg
1571. Praxis Magica Fausti, Passau
1575. Schlüssel zu Faust’s dreifachem Höllenzwang, n.p.
1612. Doctoris Joannis Fausti Miracul und Wunderbuch, Passau, Überlingen MS 187
1612. Praxis cabulae nigrae doctoris Johannis Fausti… Magia naturalis et innaturalis oder unerforschlicher Höllenzwang …, Passau
1692. Doctor Faust’s grosser und gewaltiger Meergeist, Amsterdam
Principal Sixteenth Century Sources
Agrippa, Henricus Cornelius, von Nettesheim, 1528. ‘Epistolarum lib. V ep. XXVI’, in Cornelius Agrippa, 1600. Opera. Huic accesserunt Epistolarum ad familiares libri septem, et orationes decem ante hoc seorsim edita, Bering, 239
Begardi, Philipp, 1539. Index Sanitatis. Eyn Schöns vnd vast nützlichs Büchlin, genant Zeyger der gesundtheyt, Sebastianus Wagner, Bl. XVIIa
Bütner, Wolfgang, and Georg Steinhart, 1596. Epitome Historiarum, n.p.
Camerarius, Joachim, 1536. Letter of Joachim Camerarius to Daniel Stibar, 13 August 1536, in Joachim Camerarius, 1568. Libbellus Novus, Rhamba, fol. 161r-162v
Camerarius, Philipp, 1591 [enlarged edition 1602-9]. Operae Horarum Subcisivarum…, Lochner and Hoffman
Gast, Johannes, 1548. ‘De Fausto necromantico’ and ‘Aliud de Fausto exemplum’, in JohannesGast, Sermon Convivales, vol. II, Nicolaus Brylinger
Georg III Schenk von Limpurg, Bishop of Bamberg, 1520. Rechnungsbuch Georg III. Fürstbischofs von Bamberg, 1519–1520, Staatsarchiv, Bamberg, Bestand A 231, Nr. 1741
Gesner, Conrad, 1577. Letter from Conrad Gesner to Johannes Crato von Krafftheim, Zurich, 16 August 1561, in Conrad Gesner, Epistolae Medicinales, Froschauer
Hogel, Zacharias, 17th century. Chronica von Thüringen und der Stadt Erfurth insonderheit vom Jahr 320 bis 1628 (sections on Faustus derived from the lost Reichmann-Wambach Chronicle, c.1580), in Siegfried Szamatólski, 1895
Hondorff, Andreas, 1568. Promptuarium Exemplorum Leipzig