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The Extended Phenotype

Page 49

by Richard Dawkins


  flowers, mimics of, 243–244, 246, 247

  flukes, 210–213, 218, 224, 226–227

  footprints, 206, 234

  fox, 65

  free lunch, no such thing as, 47

  French Revolution, 84

  frequency-dependent selection, 67, 121–123, 136, 155, 240–247

  frogs, 63, 73–74

  fundamentalism, 51, 101–102, 171

  Gaia hypothesis, 234–237

  galls, 218–219

  game theory, 77, 120–132, 155

  Gammarus lacustris, 216–218

  gannet, clutch size, 35

  gavotte of chromosomes, 134–135, 159

  gemmules, 167

  gene manipulation, 160

  gene-pool, as replicator, 108

  genes

  problems of definition, 85–86, 89

  jumping, 159, 165, 170

  as units of selection, 18, 82

  genet, 254

  genetic determinism, 9–14

  genetic engineering, 160

  genetic label, 143–144

  genetic variation, used up by selection, 21

  gens (pl. ‘gentes’), 68

  germ-line, 83, 164, 166–169, 254–255

  giraffe’s neck, 39, 171–172

  God, 51–52, 181

  gold atoms, 84–85

  gorilla, green beard, 154

  gradualism, 103–104

  green-beard effect, 143–155

  and outlaws, 148–149

  group selection, 6, 50–51, 82, 85, 114–115, 134–135, 184

  Gaian, 236

  of mammary glands and uterus, 184

  Panglossian, 50–51

  of parasites, 215

  and signals, 58

  and species selection, 106

  as vehicle selection, 114

  growth and reproduction, 255–258

  Guardian, The (newspaper), 101, 171

  haplodiploidy, 74–76

  heart, evolution of, 258–259

  helpers at the nest, 144, 194

  Hemilepistus reamuri, 150

  heterozygous advantage, 52

  hierarchy, 82, 112–113, 204, 251

  historical constraints, 38

  holism, 113

  homeotic mutants, 203–204

  homosexuality, human, 37–38

  honeybees

  dance, 31, 43

  hygienic behaviour, 25, 230

  swarming democracy, 205

  honorary diploid, 191–192

  hormones, 63, 214–215

  horse evolution, 105, 106

  house blueprint, 175

  hypnosis, 62, 70

  idiotype, 166

  imaginal disc, 259

  immune tolerance, 167

  inclusive fitness, 5, 7, 55, 80, 153

  facetious definition of, 187

  misunderstanding of, 185–186

  individuality, 250, 253–254

  industrial melanism, 92–93, 161

  insect ‘cuckoos’, 70–72

  insects

  democratic, 205–206

  gall, 219

  oceanic, 42

  instructive origin of adaptation, 168, 173–176

  intelligent genes, 188, 190, 192

  interactors, 83, 100

  intra-selection, 169, 172

  intron, 86

  Ityraea gregorii, 243

  Ityraea nigrocincta, 247

  i-culture, 109

  Jack Sprat principle, 239–240

  Japanese macaque, 109

  Jesuits, 13

  jet engine, 38

  journalists, anti-Darwinian, 101–102, 165

  jumping genes, 159, 165, 170

  junk DNA, 157

  just-so story, 36, 42

  juvenile hormone, 215

  katydids, 48, 121

  kin selection, 144, 153, 194

  misunderstandings of, 15, 189, 193

  kin-group selection, 262

  K-selection, 158

  lag load, 35

  Lamarckism, 94, 101, 112, 116, 164–177

  Larus ridibundus, 23–24

  Lasioglossum zephyrum, 150

  learning, 173

  Leucochloridium, 213, 216, 218

  life/dinner principle, 65, 67, 69, 75, 80, 219, 248

  lily pad, 256–258

  Limnaea peregra, 228

  lineages, 100, 193

  Lingula, 100

  linkage disequilibrium, 89

  Linum usitissimum, 247

  lion, copulation stamina, 64

  lipstick, a super-stimulus, 69

  local mate competition, 74

  local optima, 40

  local vs global rules, 204, 206

  lock and key analogy, 173

  longevity/fecundity/fidelity, 84, 87

  lupins, 243–244, 246, 247

  Macaca nemestrina, 150

  Macrotermes, 203

  Magicicada, 64–65

  malevolent environment, 54

  mallard, as host, 216–217

  mammary glands, 184

  manipulation, 55–80

  parasitic, 216–220

  parental, 56–58, 61, 75, 153, 229

  psychological, 64, 69

  resistance to, 55, 60

  Mars, 162

  maternal effects, 228–229

  meiosis, paradox of, 160–161

  meiotic drive, 133, 135–137, 149, 153

  Melampsora lini, 247

  meliorizing, 46

  melanism, industrial, 92–93, 161

  memes, 87, 109–112, 168

  Darwin joke, 180

  phenotypic effects, 108, 110

  relationship to gene, 108, 111–112

  mental ability, genetic variation in, 26

  meristem, 256

  milk, why don’t males secrete?, 43–44

  millers and farmers, 239

  mimicry, 40–41, 68–69, 242–246, 247

  selfish DNA, 162

  mistakes, 53–54

  mitochondria, 177

  kiss of death, 224

  as symbionts, 222–223

  model, digger wasp, 124

  modifier genes, 35, 134, 137–139, 231

  Molothrus ater, 70

  monkeys

  Japanese, 109

  mistakes by, 54

  relative-recognition by, 150

  Monomorium santschii, 70–72

  mosquito, yellow-fever, 138, 139

  moths

  flying into candle flames, 36–37

  peppered, 92, 147–148

  wing stripes of, 241

  mud-daubing wasp, 78–80

  Müllerian mimicry, 40–41

  muskrat, as host, 217

  mutation availability, 42–45

  muton, 81, 86

  myopia, 239

  m-culture, 109

  narcotic effect of pheromone, 71

  Nasonia vitripennis, 140–141

  Nature (journal), 156, 158

  Necker Cube, 1, 4, 7, 232, 251

  nematomorph worms, 216

  nervous system

  clonal selection applied to, 169–170

  as computer, 17–18, 129–130

  neuro-economics, 113

  neutral mutations, 19, 32

  ‘nice guys finish last’, 237

  nightingale, song, 63

  nitrous oxide, atmospheric, 235

  Nosema, 215

  Occam’s Razor, 105, 108

  oceanic insects, 42

  Oecanthus, 63

  opines, 218

  opportunity cost, 129

  optimizing, 45

  optimon, 81, 83, 85, 86, 179

  options, closure in evolution, 45

  organism parasites, 226

  organisms, attributes of, 263

  ornament, 31

  orthoselection, 104

  ‘our boys shall not have died in vain’, fallacy, 48

  outlaws, 133–155, 224, 253

  allelic and laterally spreading, 133, 162

 
selfish DNA, 163–164

  oxygen, atmospheric, 235

  Oyarina nigritarsus, 243

  oystercatcher, footprints, 206

  Paley’s watch, 108

  pangenesis, 167

  Pangloss, 50

  Paramecium, 176–177

  parasites, 210–227

  castration by, 213–216, 225

  parental manipulation, 56–58, 61, 75, 153, 229

  parliament of genes, 138–139

  Partula suturalis, 228

  passwords, 162

  peppered moths, 92, 147–148

  perfectionism, 50

  Peter Pan syndrome, 220

  pharmacological manipulation, 71

  pheromones, 73, 79, 152, 203–204, 230

  Phigalia titea, 147

  philandering, 10

  pig-frog, snort, 63

  pigs, wings, 42

  pit-digging, antlions, 20

  pituitary gland, 63

  plasmids, 159, 218–219, 226

  pleiotropy, 33, 34, 136, 145, 152

  pluralism, of Darwin, 19

  Poeciliopsis monacha-occidentalis, 74

  poison analogy, 69

  police dogs, 146

  polymorphism, 122

  Polymorphus marilis, 216–217

  Polymorphus paradoxus, 216–217

  Polyxenus, 31

  power, 75–78, 212–213, 247, 264

  preadaptation, 153

  preening invitation display, 70

  preformationism, 174–176

  primates, teeth, 33

  program, the word, 118

  prokaryotic sociobiology, 178

  proof-reading, DNA, 162–164

  propagule overlap, 221–225

  protozoan parasites, 215, 226

  proviruses, 166

  punctuated equilibria, 101–109

  pygmy, 7

  quail, kin-recognition in, 150

  rabbit, 65, 166–168

  rabies, 220

  radio howling, 25

  ramet, 254

  Rana esculenta, 73–74

  Rana grylio, 63

  rare-enemy effect, 65–67, 69–70, 80, 248

  reading, gene for, 23

  reciprocal altruism, 155

  recognition alleles (green-beard), 145

  recon, 81, 86

  recurrent laryngeal nerve, 39

  red deer, 129

  reductionism, 89, 113–114, 239

  redundancy in sensory systems, 32

  reed warbler, 67–68, 227, 233

  regicide, 71

  replicating absence, 164

  replicator, 4, 82–96

  active, 83

  dead-end, 73, 83, 261

  defined, 83

  germ-line, 73, 83, 255, 261

  passive, 83

  reproduction and growth, 255–258

  research methodology and replicators, 118

  retina installed backwards, 39

  reverse optimality, 48

  reverse transcription, 166

  rhinoceros horns, 41

  robots, 14

  rowing crew, 239

  rust fungus, 247

  r-selection, 158

  Sacculina, 214, 220, 226

  sand grains, 100–101

  satisficing, 45

  Science (journal), 101

  sea anemone, fake, 242–243

  segregation distorter, 133, 135–137

  deleterious effects of, 136–137

  selection, unit of, 81, 82, 89

  selective neurone death, 170

  selecton, 81

  selfish cell, 170

  selfish centriole, 160

  selfish DNA, 83, 155–164, 170, 223, 224

  selfish gene, 85, 180

  selfish mitochondria, 177, 223–224

  selfish nucleotide, 90–92

  selfish organism, 5

  selfish plasmagene, 177

  selfish sperm, 141–143

  self-inspection, 145–147, 149–151

  senescence, 35

  sex chromosomes, driving, 78, 139–141, 143

  sex differences, genetic, 11, 13

  sex ratio

  distorter, 138–139

  and endosymbionts, 222

  fine adjustment of, 52

  in Hymenoptera, 74–80, 135, 152

  lack of genetic variation in, 43

  mixed ESS and, 123

  and model of harmonious cooperation, 242, 246

  and Panglossism, 51

  sexual battle, 60

  shoelaces, gene for tying, 22–23

  shrimp, as host, 216–218

  single locus models, 21

  siphonophore, colonial, 253

  Sir Adrian Boult principle, 59

  slave ants, 72–74

  snail shell

  banding pattern on, 31

  coiling direction of, 228

  as extended phenotype, 210–212, 214, 221–222

  optimal thickness, 210–211

  snails, as hosts, 210–214, 226

  sneeze, 220

  snow on boots myth, 9

  software explanation, 113, 119

  somatic mutation, 166

  spacer DNA, 157

  Spanish fly, 220

  species

  as individual, 100

  as replicator, 100–101

  selection, 87, 101–109

  Sphex ichneumoneus, 43, 48–50, 118, 121–132

  spider web, 198–199

  Spirometra mansanoides, 215

  spite, 72

  split-level evolution, 262

  stable equilibrium, 41, 102–103, 244

  sterile workers, 83, 85

  stick insects (Amer. ‘walking stick’), 97

  stigmergie, 204

  strategy, 118

  conditional, 121, 131

  mixed, 121–122

  strawberry runners, 259–262

  Streptocarpus, 84

  strike, slave ants on, 72–73

  subroutines, 122, 129–132

  Sunday Times, The (newspaper), 101, 165, 171

  supergenes, 241, 244

  supernormal stimulus, 68–69

  survival of the fittest, 179–180

  suture lines, 34, 37

  swallow, and distant extended phenotype, 233–234

  sweat bee, 150

  Swiss Army Knife, 56

  symphylic substances, 71

  tadpoles, 150

  tapeworm, 215

  tautology, 42, 180–183, 193

  team of genes, 239

  teleonomy, 81, 113, 132

  temperature, 98–99

  termites, 144, 200–206

  tetraploid extended genetics, 202–203

  thought experiments, 3–4

  black pigment, 196–197

  chimpanzee green beard, 154

  lily pad, 256–258

  lupin, 244

  strawberry, 259–262

  swallow, 233–234

  time as resource, 128–129

  time lags, 35, 55

  tinkering, 39

  tissue parasites, 226

  tits, 109

  tonic signals, 63

  trade union spirit, 221–222

  trade-off, 210–211

  ‘tragedy of the commons’, 237

  train velocity analogy, 182

  transcription vs translation, 168

  transformations, D’Arcy Thompson’s, 2

  travel bug, 220

  Tribolium, 215, 220

  Trypoxylon politum, 78–80

  unfalsifiability, 35, 42, 74, 172, 180

  uniqueness of the individual, 250

  unit of selection, 81, 82, 89

  use and disuse, 167, 170

  uterus, 184

  vehicle, 82, 112, 133, 134, 153, 170, 196, 257, 260

  defined, 114

  group as, 114–115

  reproduction of, 114

  venereal diseases, 220

  viruses, 220, 226

  Waddington Effect, 44


  ‘war of attrition’, 49

  wasps

  daughterless, 140–141

  digger, 43, 48–50, 118, 121–132

  mud-daubing, 78–80

  Weismannism, 112, 164, 166, 172

  whales, 106–107

  wings

  costly, 42

  evolution in bats and birds, 44–45

  woodlouse, 150

  Wright’s Rule, 104–108

  xenophobia, 19

  Y-chromosome inertness, 35

  yellow-fever mosquito, 138, 139

  Zygiella-x-notata, 198–199

 

 

 


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