The Chaos of Empire
Page 58
19Wagner, The Great Fear of 1857, 133–9.
20Clare Anderson, The Indian Uprising of 1857–8, 57–8; William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857 (London, 2009), 156–7.
21Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, 27–58.
22Faisal Devji, The Impossible Indian: Gandhi and the Temptations of Violence (London, 2012), 16–40.
23Sebastian Pender, ‘The Commemoration and Memorialisation of 1857’ (Cambridge University PhD Thesis, 2015), 47; Khan, The Causes of the Indian Revolt, 117.
24Khan, The Causes of the Indian Revolt, 14, 44; Wagner, The Great Fear of 1857, 21, 110.
25Michael H. Fisher, ‘The Imperial Coronation of 1819: Awadh, the British and the Mughals’, Modern Asian Studies, xix (1985), 239–77.
26Iqbal Husain, ‘The Rebel Administration of Delhi’, Social Scientist, xxvi (1998), 25–38; Rizvi and Bhargava (eds.), Freedom Struggle in Uttar Pradesh, i, 139.
27Eric Stokes, The Peasant Armed: The Indian Revolt of 1857 (Oxford, 1986), 87.
28George Malleson, The Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London, 1891), 17; Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri, ‘The Profile of a Saintly Rebel: Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah’, Social Scientist, xxvi (1998), 41.
29Francis Robinson, ‘Strategies of Authority in Muslim South Asia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, Modern Asian Studies, xlvii (2013); Ayesha Jalal, Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia (2009), 120–22; Jafri, ‘The Profile of a Saintly Rebel’; Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri, ‘Indigenous Discourse and Modern Historiography of 1857. The Case Study of Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah’, in Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (ed.), Rethinking 1857 (New Delhi, 2007); Gautum Bhadra, ‘Four Rebels of 1857’, in Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies IV (New Delhi, 1985), 270; Farooqui, Sindias and the Raj.
30Tapti Roy, ‘Rereading the Text. Rebel Writings in 1857–8’, in Bhattacharya (ed.), Rethinking 1857.
31George Dodd, The History of the Indian Revolt and of the Expeditions to Persia, China, and Japan, 1856–7–8 (London, 1859), 155; Stokes, The Peasant Armed, 48.
32Dodd, The History of the Indian Revolt, 153; Rizvi and Bhargava (eds.), Freedom Struggle in Uttar Pradesh, 293; Manmathanath Ghose, The Life of Grish Chunder Ghose (Calcutta, 1911), 200; Basudeb Chattopadhyay, ‘Panic Sunday in Calcutta. 14 June 1857’, in Bhattacharya (ed.), Rethinking 1857, 170–8.
33Stokes, The Peasant Armed, 31.
34Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, 350-8; Samuel Smiles, Self-Help; with Illustrations of Character and Conduct (London, 1859), 164; Stokes, The Peasant Armed, 93–6; Hodson, Twelve Years of a Soldier’s Life in India, 243, 296.
35Collins, Violence, 83–134.
36Hall, Macaulay and Son, 326; Don Randall, ‘Autumn 1857: The Making of the Indian “Mutiny”’, Victorian Literature and Culture, xxxi (2003), 3–17.
37Rosie Llewellyn-Jones, The Great Uprising in India, 1857–58 (Woodbridge, 2007), 241–4, 130.
38Kaye, A History of the Sepoy War In India, ii, 268–9. James Neill papers, IOR Mss Eur Photo 422/1–15.
39Miles Taylor, ‘Queen Victoria and India, 1837–61’, Victorian Studies, xlvi (2004), 264–74.
40‘Address of the Talookdars of Oudh’, Parliamentary Papers, 1862 (2985–I), 256–8.
41Francis G. Hutchins, The Illusion of Permanence: British Imperialism in India (Princeton, NJ, 1967).
9. The Making of Modern India
1Edward B. Eastwick, A Handbook for India (London, 1859), 317.
2Daniel Headrick, The Tentacles of Progress. Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940 (Oxford, 1988), 70.
3Bartle Frere, ‘Proceedings at Official Opening of Bhore Ghaut Incline’, 21 April 1863, Parliamentary Papers 1863 (3168), 26.
4Ian J. Kerr, ‘Berkley, James John (1819–1862)’, The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004) B. Ll. James, ‘Clark, George Thomas (1809–1898)’, The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004) Joan Couniham, ‘Mrs Ella Armitage, John Horace Round, G.T. Clark and Early Norman Castles’, Anglo-Norman Studies VIII (London, 1986), 74–87.
5John Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (Cambridge, 2011), 180–217.
6Thomas Carlyle, Latter-Day Pamphlets (London, 1850), 226.
7Morris, A Deceptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District, 304.
8Henry Montgomery, Report on Rajahmundry District, IOR P/280/48, 2090–2192 & P/280/49, 2193–2296.
9Arthur Cotton, ‘First Report on the Irrigation of Rajahmundry District’, 22 Aug 1844, Parliamentary Papers, 1850 (127), 3–16.
10Lady Elizabeth Hope, General Sir Arthur Cotton, His Life and Work (London, 1900), vii; Sir Arthur Cotton, Public Works in India (London, 1854), 36.
11Hope, General Sir Arthur Cotton, His Life and Work, 50–5.
12Cotton’s theology drew from the ideas about atonement discussed in Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social And Economic Thought 1785–1865 (Oxford, 1988).
13Arthur Cotton, Second Report on the Irrigation of Rajahmundry District, 17 April 1845, Parliamentary Papers 1850 (127), 39.
14Cotton, Public Works in India, 297.
15Robin James Moore, Sir Charles Wood’s Indian Policy, 1853–66 (Manchester, 1966), 129–32.
16Cotton, Public Works in India, viii.
17Ian Stone, Canal Irrigation in British India. Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy (Cambridge, 1984), 42; Sanjay Sharma, Famine, Philanthropy and the Colonial State: North India in the Early Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2001), 224; Joyce Brown, ‘A Memoir of Colonel Sir Proby Cautley’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, xxxiv (1980), 185–97.
18Account of Roorkee College: Established for the Instruction of Civil Engineers, with a Scheme for Its Enlargement (1851).
19Hope and William Digby, General Sir Arthur Cotton, His Life and Work, 93–110; C. F. Brackenbury, District Gazetteer, Cuddapah (Madras, 1915), 84; For a critique of recent river inter-linking plans see Jayanta Bandyopadhyay, ‘Water Science in India. Hydrological Obscurantism’, Economic and Political Weekly, l (2012), 7–8.
20Kling, Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India, 35; Lakshmi Subramanian, Three Merchants of Bombay (Gurgaon, 2012); Asiya Siddiqi, ‘The Business World of Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy’, Indian Economic & Social History Review, xix (1982), 301–24.
21Daniel Thorner, Investment in Empire: British Railway and Steam Shipping Enterprise in India, 1825–1849 (1977), 30–45.
22Chairman of GIPR to Government of Bombay, 22 August 1846, Maharashtra State Archives, Public Works Department (Railways), i, 334.
23Sir William Patrick Andrew, Indian Railways: as Connected with the Power and Stability of British Empire in the East (London, 1884).
24J. P. Kennedy, Memorandum Relative to Railway Undertakings, 20 April 1853, Parliamentary Papers 1854 (131), 3–5.
25Crawford to Young, 4 Dec 1855, Maharashtra State Archives, Public Works Department (Railways), iv, 339.
26William Faviell to James Berkley, 18 Nov 1858, Maharashtra State Archives, Public Works Department (Railways), xxv, 39.
27Frederick Appleby to William Faviell, 31 October 1858 and ‘Report on serious disturbances’, 26 January 1859, Maharashtra State Archives, Public Works Department (Railway), 1859 no. 206, 45–58 & 252–70.
28Bartle Frere, ‘Proceedings at Official Opening of Bhore Ghaut Incline’, 21 April 1863, Parliamentary Papers 1863 (3168), 24–6.
29John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and Other Writings, ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge, 1989), 70.
30Elizabeth Whitcombe, in Dharma Kumar (ed.), Cambridge Economic History of India, ii (Cambridge, 1983), p.693.
31The Engineer, 19 March 1869,205.
32N. Charlesworth, Peasants and Imperial Rule : Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency, 1850–1935 (Cambridge, 1985), 72; Clive Dewey, Steamboats on the Indus: The Limits of Western Technological Superiority in South Asia (Delhi, 2014).
10. The Legalization of India
1Details of the Prince’s tour are narrated in Report on the Administration of the Bombay Presidency, for the Year 1875–6 (Bombay, 1876), i–xv.
2Rosalind O’Hanlon, Caste, Conflict, and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India (Cambridge, 1985), 189–92; Mahadev Govind Ranade, Rise of the Maratha Power (1900), 1–22.
3Poona. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (Bombay, 1885); ‘East India. Jurisdiction of Natives over European British Subjects’; V. S. Joshi, Vasudeo Balvant Phadke : First Indian Rebel against British Rule (Bombay, 1959).
4Acting Judge, Ratnagiri, to Bombay Government, 19 March 1882, Parliamentary Papers, 1884 [C.3877] [C.3952], 100
5The Times (London), 26 Nov, 1879, 10.
6For the resurgence of anti-imperialism see Bernard Porter, Critics of Empire: British Radicals and the Imperial Challenge (London, 2007); Mira Matikkala, Empire and Imperial Ambition: Liberty, Englishness and Anti-Imperialism in Late Victorian Britain (London, 2010).
7William Wilson Hunter, England’s Work in India (London, 1881), 2, 19, 25; John Strachey and Richard Strachey, The Finances and Public Works of India from 1869 to 1881 (London, 1882), 2.
8Richard I. Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra (Berkeley, CA, 1975), 28–30; Quarterly Journal of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha xciv (July 1879).
9John Bruce Norton, Topics of Jurisprudence: Or Aids to the Office of the Indian Judge (Madras, 1862); Sir James FitzJames Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England (London, 1883), 302.
10‘Sir James Stephen’, The Spectator, lxx (Mar 17,1894), 366.
11Sir James FitzJames Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England (London, 1883), 308. W. W. Hunter, Seven Years of Indian Legislation (1870), 5.
12Leslie Stephen, The Life of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, Bart., K.C.S.I., a Judge of the High Court of Justice (London, 1895), 255.
13Ritu Birla, Stages of Capital: Law, Culture, and Market Governance in Late Colonial India (Durham, NC, 2009), 38–45; Mahabir Prashad Jain, Outlines of Indian Legal History (New Delhi, 1990), 499–555; Radhika Singha, ‘Colonial Law and Infrastructural Power: Reconstructing Community, Locating the Female Subject’, Studies in History, xix (2003) 87–126.
14William Cornish et al., The Oxford History of the Laws of England (Oxford, 2010), xii, Public Law.
15Philippa Levine, ‘Venereal Disease, Prostitution, and the Politics of Empire: The Case of British India’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, iv (1994), 579–602; Radhika Singha, ‘Settle, Mobilize, Verify: Identification Practices in Colonial India’, Studies in History, xvi (2000), 151–98.
16Singha, ‘Settle, Mobilize, Verify’, 151–98; Chandak Sengoopta, Imprint of the Raj: How Fingerprinting Was Born in Colonial India (London, 2003).
17Birla, Stages of Capital, 40–2.
18Syed Mahmud, ‘British Rule in India. Does It Owe Its Origin to Conquest, and Its Maintenance to Physical Force?’, Calcutta Review, lxviii (1879), 1–19.
19John Gallagher, Gordon Johnson and Anil Seal, Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 (Cambridge, 1973), 10; Sarvepalli Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858–1905 (Oxford, 1965).
20Elizabeth Kolsky, Colonial Justice in British India: White Violence and the Rule of Law (Cambridge, 2009), 140–2.
21Wilfred Scawen Blunt, India under Ripon; a Private Diary (London, 1909), 16.
22Quoted in E. M. Forster, ‘Kipling’s Poems’, Journal of Modern Literature, xxx (2007), 24.
23Alan M. Guenther, ‘Syed Mahmood and the Transformation of Muslim Law in British India’, McGill University PhD Thesis, 2004.
24Gregory C. Kozlowski, Muslim Endowments and Society in British India. (Cambridge, 1985), 119; Guenther, ‘Syed Mahmood and the Transformation of Muslim Law in British India’, 172–199, 212.
25Devji, ‘Apologetic Modernity’, 61–76.
26Aligarh Institute Gazette, 31 Oct 1893, reported in IOR L/R/5/70, 465, no. 6.
27Guenther, ‘Syed Mahmood and the Transformation of Muslim Law in British India’, 109–111.
11. The Great Depression
1Richard Temple, ‘On the Physical Causes of Indian Famines’, 18 May 1877, IOR L/E/5/65, 17.
2Lechmere-Oertel Collection, IOR Photo 261(527); see also Jefferson Ellsworth Scott, In Famine Land. Observations and Experiences in India during the Great Drought of 1899–1900 (New York, NY, 1904), 50.
3Chandra Mallampalli, ‘Meet the Abrahams: Colonial Law and a Mixed Race Family from Bellary, South India, 1810–63’, Modern Asian Studies, xlii (2008), 929–970.
4Arthur W. Silver, Manchester Men and Indian Cotton, 1847–1872 (Manchester, 1966), 122, 198.
5John Kelsall, Manual of the Bellary District (Madras, 1872), 238, 330.
6David Arnold, ‘Famine in Peasant Consciousness and Peasant Action: Madras, 1876–8’, Subaltern Studies III (Delhi, 1984), 62–115.
7Army Medical Department Reports, 1877, 1880, 1890, Parliamentary Papers 1878 [c.2169], 1882 [c.3272], 1892 [c.6697].
8‘Appendix to Report of Famine Commission, 1898’, Parliamentary Papers, 1899, [C.9253], 145.
9Arthur Knatchbull Connell, The Economic Revolution of India and the Public Works Policy (London, 1883), 139.
10Richard Temple, Tour Notes, 1876, IOR Mss Eur F86/180, 111.
11Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World (2002), 23–116. Tim Dyson, ‘On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I’, Population Studies, xlv (1991), 5–25; Tim Dyson, ‘On the Demography of South Asian Famines Part II’, Population Studies, xlv (1991), 279–97.
12Blunt, India under Ripon, 52.
13Anil Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1968), 194–245 & 263.
14Quoted in Seal, Emergence of Indian Nationalism, 259.
15Bayly, Recovering Liberties, 121, 196-7.
16Dadabhai Naoraji, Poverty and un-British Rule in India (London, 1901); Manu Goswami, Producing India. From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago, IL, 2004), 224-226.
17Proceedings of the First Indian National Congress, Held at Bombay on the 28th, 29th, and 30th December, 1885 (1905), 27.
18B. B. Kling, The Blue Mutiny: The Indigo Disturbances in Bengal, 1859–1862 (Philadelphia, PA, 1966), 197–218.
19Kalyan Kumar Sen Gupta, ‘The Agrarian League of Pabna, 1873’, Indian Economic & Social History Review, vii (1970), 253–69; Bipasha Raha, ‘Harinath Majumdar and the Bengal Peasantry’, Indian Historical Review, xl (2013), 331–53; Kalyan Kumar Sengupta, Pabna Disturbances and the Politics of Rent, 1873–1885 (New Delhi, 1974), 50.
20Uma Dasgupta, Rise of an Indian Public: Impact of Official Policy, 1870–1880 (Calcutta, 1977).
21Jogesh Chandra Bagal, History of the Indian Association, 1876–1951 (Calcutta, 1953); Raha, ‘Harinath Majumdar and the Bengal Peasantry’, 341.
22Extracts from Reports of Native Papers & Note by Secretary in Famine Department, Famine Department, Maharashtra State Archives (1897), no. 279.
23Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya, 136–8.
24Government Solicitor to Chief Secretary, Government of Bombay, 9 February 1897, Maharashtra State Archives, Revenue (Famine), vol. 122, Maharashtra State Archives; Quarterly Journal of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha xix, 3 (1897), 15; Stanley A. Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India (Berkeley, CA, 1962), 101; Gordon Johnson’s Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism: Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880 to 1915, (Cambridge, 1973), 99.
25Quarterly Journal of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha xix, July & Oct 1896, 1 & 2, 6–10.
26‘Report of the Indian Famine Commission’, Parliamentary Papers 1898 (Cmd 9178), 186.
27Arup Maharatna, ‘Regional Variation in Demographic Consequences of Famines in Late 19th and Early 20th Century India’, Economic and Political Weekly, 29, 23 (June 4, 1994), 1399-1410.
28Henrik Aspengren, ‘Empire: A Question of Hearts? The Social Turn in Colonial Government, Bombay, c.1905–1925’, in Mark Duffield and Vernon Hewitt, Empire, Development and Colonialism (London, 2009), 45–57.
29For a summary of the arguments see K. N. Chaudhuri, ‘India’s International Economy in the Nineteenth Century: An Historical Survey’, Modern Asian Studies, ii (1968), 35–50.
30Dipesh Chakrabarty, Rethinking Working-Class History: Bengal, 1890–1940 (Princeton, NJ, 1989), 17; Maria Misra, Business, Race, and Politics in British India, c.1850–1960 (1999), 41–4.
31Misra, Business, Race, and Politics in British India, c.1850–1960, 26–8.
32Zoë Yalland, Boxwallahs: The British in Cawnpore, 1857–1901 (Norwich, 1994).
33S. M. Edwardes, Memoir of Rao Bahadur Ranchhodlal Chhotalal (Exeter, 1920), 15–23.
34Sunil Khilnani, The Idea of India (London, 1977), 120. Achyut Yagnik, Ahmedabad: From Royal City to Megacity (New Delhi, 2011).
35Annie Wood Besant, How India Wrought for Freedom, the Story of the National Congress Told from Official Records (Madras, 1915), 353–8.
12. Governments within Governments
1N. K. Thingalaya, The Banking Saga. The Story of South Kanara’s Banks (Mangalore, 1999); K. V. Kamath, Corporation Bank. A Corporate Journey (Mangalore, 1997).
2Kamath, Corporation Bank, 5.
3Henry Wood Nevinson, The New Spirit in India (1908), 294; Sidney Webb, ‘Preface’ in Lala Lajpat Rai, The Arya Samaj; an Account of Its Origin, Doctrines, and Activities, with a Biographical Sketch of the Founder (1915), xii.
4Lala Lajpat Rai, ‘The Story of My Life’ in Bal Ram Nanda (ed.), The Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai (2003), v, 320–2.
5Lajpat Rai, The Arya Samaj; an Account of Its Origin, Doctrines, and Activities, with a Biographical Sketch of the Founder, 155–6.