Haunted by Atrocity
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Soviet Union, 145, 148
Spanish-American War, 56, 83–89, 95–96, 109
Speer, Lonnie, 159
Stalag XVII-B, 170
Stanton, Edwin: appoints Butler, 10
Hoffman complains to, 13
policy of retaliation, 27
role in Wirz trial, 32–35
praised by former prisoner, 40
accused of conspiring against prisoners, 41, 67–69, 122–23
report on prisoner mortality, 47
“Star-Spangled Banner,” 87
“Starved in Prison,” 23
Stephens, Alexander, 46–48, 99
Stevens, Thaddeus, 37–38
Stevenson, Randolph, 36
Stewart, Edgar, 128
Stibbs, John, 108
Stuart, J. E. B., 106
Sumner, Charles, 26–27
Taft, William, 88
Talmadge, Herman, 165
Tebault, C. H., 96
“They Have Left Us Here to Die” (anonymous), 19
Thomasville, Ga., 77–78, 99
Thompson, Holland, 94–95
Thompson, Lawrence, 133
Thompson, William, 169–70
Thompson, William Fletcher, 127
“Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!” 23
Tucker, John, 172
Turner, Dick, 59
Tuscaloosa (Confederate prison site), 11
Tyler (Confederate prison site), 42
Udall, Stewart, 165–66
Union: burdened by parolees, 7–8
concern for African American POWs, 9–10
creation of prison system, 12–14
prisons of compared to Confederacy’s, 14
POW treatment by, 15–16, 19–20, 27
policy of retaliation, 26–27
United Confederate Veterans (UCV), 72, 96—97, 101, 114–15
United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC): supporters of divisive southern memory, 97–108
Wirz monument campaign, 101–8
led by Rutherford, 115–17
1937 Elmira monument, 117
fading influence of, 117, 138–39
efforts to repair Wirz monument, 138–39
annual Wirz memorial services, 153–55
opposition to Andersonville National Historic Site, 167–68. See also Monuments (at Union prison sites); Rutherford, Mildred L.; Wirz monument
United States Congress: support for exchange, 6
1864 Returned Prisoners report, 25, 27
1866 report on Reconstruction, 37–38
1869 report on prison controversy, 43–44
creation of Andersonville National Historic Site, 167
funding for National POW museum, 173
United States Sanitary Commission, 25, 126
Vandiver, S. Ernest, 147
Van Lew, Elizabeth, 21
Veasey, Mildred, 168
Vicksburg, 7–9
Vietnam War, 158–59, 167–71, 173, 176, 182
Vowell, Sarah, 162
War of 1812, 134
Warren, Robert Penn, 37
“Waving the bloody shirt,” 45, 52–53, 57–58, 124
Wheeler, Joseph, 88
White, Harry, 90
Whitman, Walt, 14
William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, 115
Wilson, Woodrow, 112
Winans, Sarah, 88
Winder, John: authority over Confederate prisons, 11–12
promotion of to commissary general of prisoners, 12
ineffective management of prison system, 11–12
and Wirz trial, 32–33, 36
postwar symbol of atrocity, 51, 58–60, 85
described by Kantor, 134–35
described by Levitt, 140
Winder, William Henry, 11, 134
Winesburg, Ohio (Anderson), 117
Winslow, Hattie Lou, 128
Wirz (Wirtz), Henry: execution of, 2, 35–37, 165
infamous reputation of, 18–19, 32–37
trial of, 31–37, 48, 54, 108, 124, 129–30, 189n2
and military justice, 35
reputation defended, 35–36, 41, 60–61, 68, 70, 114–17, 126, 130
postwar symbol of atrocity, 43, 51, 57–59, 85, 90, 123, 137, 180
described by Kantor, 134–35
described by Levitt, 139–42
annual memorial services for, 153–56
portrayed in 1996 TNT movie, 161. See also Wirz monument
Wirz monument: United Daughters of the Confederacy campaign for, 101–8
symbol of divisive southern memory, 101–8
controversy over, 103–8, dedication of, 107
vandalism of, 116
controversy over repair of, 138–39
as tourist attraction, 151–56
Women’s Relief Corps (WRC): preservation of Andersonville, 78–80, 171
and beauty of Andersonville site, 88–89
and Anderson-ville gifted to federal government, 88–89, 165
reaction of to Wirz monument, 103, 107–8
and monuments at Andersonville, 112–13. See also Monuments (at Confederate prison sites)
Woolsey, Jane Stuart, 21, 25
Workman, James, 77
World War I, 111, 119–21, 130, 173, 180–81
World War II, 111, 128–37, 157, 170, 173, 175–76, 180–82
World’s Fair (1893), 77
Wyeth, John, 80–81
Young, Mary, 102