71. Robert V. Funston [Report] in “Reports on Meeting of Committee to Investigate the Kenny Method of Treatment, Sunday and Monday, November 22 and 23, 1942, Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Dr. R.K. Ghormley, 1943, MHS-K; “Doctor Favors New Paralysis Treatment” Washington Post August 24 1942; Robert V. Funsten “The Influence of the Sister Kenny Publicity on the Treatment of Poliomyelitis” Virginia Medical Monthly (October 1945) 72: 403–406. Robert Vivian Funsten (1892–1949) was the chair of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery at the University of Virginia (1932–1949); with Carmelita Calderwood he wrote Orthopedic Nursing (St Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1943).
72. Ghormley et al. “Evaluation of the Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 467.
73. Ghormley et al. “Evaluation of the Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 468.
74. See Key in Miller “Sister Kenny vs. The Medical Old Guard,” 41. Key was said to be quoting an “Australian critic”; Funsten “The Influence of the Sister Kenny Publicity,” 404. See a reference to a “Cynical Taunt by an Australian Medico Many Years Ago,” Albert Deutsch “The Truth About Sister Kenny” American Mercury (November 1944) 59: 610.
75. Ghormley et al. “Evaluation of the Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 466–468.
76. Ghormley et al. “Evaluation of the Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 467–469.
77. Ghormley et al. “Evaluation of the Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 469. This point was reiterated in the media; see “Doctors Criticize Kenny Publicity” New York Times June 15 1944.
78. Ghormley et al. “Evaluation of the Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 468–469.
79. Deutsch “The Truth About Sister Kenny,” 613. Polio historian Tony Gould claimed that the AMA report was “retribution” by the specialists; Gould Summer Plague, 105.
80. Albert Deutsch “Why Not a Scientific Test Of Kenny Polio Treatment?” PM June 20 1944.
81. “Paralysis Method Held Overpraised” New York Times August 11 1944; “Sister Kenny Treatment Hit by 7 Doctors” Chicago Daily Tribune June 16 1944.
82. Basil O’Connor to Peter J.A. Cusack, June 23 1944 [notice] National Foundation News (June 1944) 3: 1.
83. “O’Connor on Western Trip” National Foundation News (June 1944) 3: 1.
84. Editorial “Muscle Spasm in Poliomyelitis” JAMA (May 6 1944) 125: 35.
85. Fishbein “Facts About the Kenny Treatment” Hygeia (July 1944) 22: 573.
86. Thomas Parran to Miss Elizabeth Kenny [telegram], July 18 1944, Government—Misc., 1942–1951, MHS-K. Telegram in capital letters in original.
87. Howard Smith to Dear Sister Kenny, August 1 1944, Smith, Howard R., 1944, MHS-K.
88. Ibid.
89. See Michelle E. Osborn “Visscher, Maurice Bolks” American National Biography Online (February 2000), http://www.anb.org/articles/13/13-02004.html, accessed 1/16/2009. See also “$322,450 Grant to U. of M. Will Spur Kenny Program” Minneapolis Star-Journal June 21 1944; “New $320,000 Polio Grant Received by U” Minneapolis Daily Times June 21 1944.
90. Maurice B. Visscher to Dear Dr. Moldaver, June 5 1944, Minnesota Poliomyelitis Research Committee, Box 1, UMN-ASC.
91. A. B. Baker “The Central Nervous System in Poliomyelitis and Polio[-]encephalitis” Journal-Lancet (July 1944) 64: 224–233; Arthur I. Watkins “Electromyographic Studies in Poliomyelitis” Journal-Lancet (July 1944) 64: 233–236; Berry Campbell “The Physiology of the Spinal Cord with Relation to Poliomyelitis” Journal-Lancet (July 1944) 64: 236–239; Harland G. Wood “Metabolism of Nervous Tissue in Poliomyelitis” Journal-Lancet (July 1944) 64: 240–242; Ernest Gellhorn “The Effect of Muscle Pain on the Central Nervous System at the Spinal and Cortical Levels” Journal-Lancet (July 1944) 64: 243–245.
92. Editorial J. C. McKinley, Irvine McQuarrie, W. A. O’Brien, and M. B. Visscher “The Present Status of Poliomyelitis Management” Journal-Lancet (July 1944) 64: 249–250.
93. Lloyd [Ziegler] to Dear Chanley [McKinley], July 29 1944, Minnesota Poliomyelitis Research Committee, Box 1, UMN-ASC. See also H. M. Hines to Dear Dr. Visscher, July 31 1944, Minnesota Poliomyelitis Research Committee, Box 1, UMN-ASC; A. C. Icy to Dear Dr. Visscher, July 29 1944, Minnesota Poliomyelitis Research Committee, Box 1, UMN-ASC.
94. Thos. P. Bonner to Dear Madam, July 3 1944, Ray of Light Letters, 1944, MHS-K.
95. Otto E. Emrich to Dear Madame, June 27 1944, Ray of Light Letters, 1944, MHS-K.
96. H. A. Cosler to Dear Sister Kenny, June 23 1944, Ray of Light Letters, 1944, MHS-K.
97. [Reverend] F. E. Farrell [Minneapolis] to Dear Miss Kenny, January 9 1945, Churches, 1943–1946, MHS-K.
98. Harold S. Diehl, “Memorandum of Conference Concerning Future Plans for the Kenny Teaching Program of the Medical School” July 10 1944, Am. 15.8, Folder 16, [accessed in 1992 before recent re-cataloging], UMN-ASC
99. Roland Nicholson “Nurse Has Waged 33-Year Battle To Prove Ideas” Washington Times-Herald August 27 1944; “Medical, Govt. Experts Hosts At Dinner for Nurse Tonight” Washington Times-Herald September 1 1944; Dorothy Williams “D.C. Mission to Kenny Clinic Called ‘Unnecessary Waste’ ” [Washington paper, c. August 1944], Supporting Data, Review Committee, 1944, NAS.
100. “Public Invited to Polio Forum Tomorrow Night at Statler” Washington Times-Herald September 1 1944.
101. “Notables View D.C. Premiere of Kenny Film” Washington Times-Herald October 23 1944.
102. J. E. Hulett, Jr. to Dear Sir [Peter Cusack] June 28 1944, Public Relations, MOD-K. Hulett wanted to do a study of the “sociological aspects” of Kenny’s campaign “to gain professional and lay approval of her ‘conception’ of infantile paralysis.” He assured Cusack that he would not be “making a judgment regarding the scientific validity of the ‘Kenny method.’ ”
103. Howard Smith to Dear Sister Kenny, July 26 1944, Smith, Howard R., 1944, MHS-K.
104. Elizabeth Kenny to the President NFIP [telegram] July 8, 1944, Dr. Wallace H. Cole, 1940–1947, MHS-K; Elizabeth Kenny to My Dear Dr. Cole, July 11 1944, Dr. Wallace H. Cole, 1940–1947, MHS-K.
105. Elizabeth Kenny to Ladies and Gentlemen, [July 1944], Am. 15.8, Folder 23, [accessed in 1992 before recent re-cataloging] UMN-ASC
106. Lewis C. Mills “Sister Kenny Gives Answer to AMA in Dramatic Exhibition” Minneapolis Star-Journal June 20 1944.
107. “Notables View D.C. Premiere of Kenny Film” Washington Times-Herald October [23] 1944.
108. Elizabeth Kenny to Ladies and Gentlemen, [July 1944]; Albert Deutsch “Sister Kenny Again Engaged In Battle With Medicos” PM February 6 1944, 9; “Surgeons ‘Severely Criticize’ Claims Made for Her ‘System”—She Calls Their Statements ‘Most Criminal Thing’ ” New York Times June 16 1944.
109. Edward L. Compere to Dear Miss Kenny, July 10 1944, Edward L. Compere, 1942–1945, MHS-K.
110. Elizabeth Kenny to Dear Dr. Compere, July 12 1944, Edward L. Compere, 1942–1945, MHS-K.
111. Edward L. Compere to Mr. E. E. Burr, February 28 1945, Edward Compere, 1942–1945, MHS-K.
112. Edward L. Compere ed. The 1950 Year Book of Orthopedics and Traumatic Surgery (Chicago: Year Book Publishers, 1951).
113. Charles J. Frankel and Robert V. Funsten “Use of Neostigmine (Prostigmine) in Subacute Poliomyelitis” Southern Medical Journal (June 1946) 39: 482–483; see also Funsten “The Influence of the Sister Kenny Publicity,” 404–405; Charles J. Frankel “The Treatment of Acute and Subacute Anterior Poliomyelitis” Virginia Medical Monthly (September 1944) 71: 451–452.
114. Marvin L Kline to Dear Mr. O’Connor, July 18 1944, [attached with] O. H. Perry Pepper to Dear Doctor Winternitz, November 10 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS; “Yearly Program for Kenny Institute” [proposal enclosed in] Marvin L Kline to Dear Mr. O’Connor, July 18 1944, Public Relations, MOD-K; Marvin L Kline, Henry W. Haverstock, and John F. Pohl to Dear Mr. O’Connor, July 28 1944, Public Relations, MOD-K.
115. Harold S. Diehl to Dear Don [Gudakunst], August 3 1944,
[attached with] O. H. Perry Pepper to Dear Doctor Winternitz, November 10 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS.
116. O’Connor to Diehl, May 18 1943, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K; Diehl to Dear Mrs. Miller, August 19 1944, Morris Fishbein Collection, vol. 77, Folder 8, Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago.
117. “Kenny Methods Placed At Top” Minneapolis Morning Tribune [June 1944], Minnesota Poliomyelitis Research Committee, Box 2, UMN-ASC.
118. Mary Pohl, interview with Naomi Rogers, August 21 2003, Tallahassee, Florida. Pohl’s awareness of gender discrimination in medicine had first been raised, according to his daughter, when he applied to the University of Minnesota’s medical school under his childhood name “Florian Pohl” and was rejected because the medical school thought he was a woman.
119. Gould Summer Plague, 96–98; John F. Pohl “The Kenny Treatment of Anterior Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis): Report of First Cases Treated in America” JAMA (1942) 118: 1428–1433.
120. Kenny to Dear Dr. Diehl, February 16 1942, Dr. Harold S. Diehl, 1941–1944, MHS-K; Kenny to Dear Mr. O’Connor, February 19 1942, Basil O’Connor, 1940–1942, MHS-K.
121. Editorial “The Kenny Treatment for Poliomyelitis” Archives of Physical Therapy (June 1942) 23: 364–367; [Cohn third interview with] John Pohl and Betty Pohl, October 9 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.
122. “Sister Kenny Treatment Hit by 7 Doctors” Chicago Daily Tribune June 16 1944; “Institute Leader Comments” New York Times June 16 1944; “Kenny Methods Placed At Top” Minneapolis Morning Tribune [June 1944] Minnesota Poliomyelitis Research Committee, Box 2, UMN-ASC.
123. Harry S. Sherwood “Kenny Report Awaited By Doctors” Baltimore Evening Sun October 31 1944. See also Harry M. Marks The Progress of Experiment: Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, 1900–1990 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 98–113; George B. Darling “How the National Research Council Streamlined Medical Research for War” in Morris Fishbein ed. Doctors at War (New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1945), 363–398.
124. Since 1940 the NFIP had provided a grant of $70,000 for an indefinite period of time to the NRC for fellowships in virus research and in orthopedic surgery; Annual Report: For the Year Ended May 31 1945 (New York: National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, 1945), 35.
125. O. H. Perry Pepper to Dear Darling, September 1 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS; O. H. Perry Pepper to Dear Mr. Bell, September 11 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS.
126. See Digby E. Baltzell Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971); O. H. Perry Pepper Old Doc (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1957).
127. Lewis H. Weed to My Dear Doctor [Ross] Harrison, August 16 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS; and see George B. Darling to Dear Mr. Kline, September 13 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS.
128. George B. Darling to Dear Mr. Kline, September 13 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS.
129. Pepper to Dear Doctor Darling, September 15 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS.
130. Kenny to Gentlemen, September 25 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS.
131. “Itinerary,” Review Committee, 1944, NAS; Diehl to Dear Doctor Darling, September 8 1944, Review Committee, 1944, NAS. The 5 members who traveled to Minnesota were Bard, Darling, Pepper, Piersol, and Winternitz.
132. September Draft, 1–2, 5, 17; “Report of Special Committee,” 2.
133. “Report of Special Committee,” 4, 7. There were 3 small laboratories used for tissue pathology and chemical and hematological analysis, but no space “for any added activity and certainly not for any research.”
134. “Report of Special Committee,” 2–3; see also September Draft, 2.
135. “Report of Special Committee,” 9; September Draft, 9, 19.
136. “Report of Special Committee,” 4–6. The September Draft termed this group “home physicians,” 5.
137. September Draft, 2, 5, 17.
138. “Report of Special Committee,” 11–13, 16; September Draft, 17.
139. “Report of Special Committee,” 16–17.
140. “Report of Special Committee,” 14, 17–18.
141. “Report of Special Committee,” 18–20.
142. Fred Fadell arranged for the Institute’s board to invite Australian Prime Minister John Curtin and President Roosevelt, but both invitations were declined; Fred E. Fadell to Board of Directors, Memo, May 19 1944, Board of Directors undated and 1944–1945, MHS-K; Margaret Webber to Dear Honorable Sir [Prime Minister John Curtain], July 23 1944, Series A461, Item FA 347/1/7, AA-ACT; Marvin L. Kline to President, [1944], FDR-OF- 1930, Infantile Paralysis 1943–1945, Box 2, FDR Papers.
143. “Kenny Film Shown to 700” Minneapolis Star-Journal October 13 1944; “Kenny Drive Group Picked to Direct Pleas to Businesses” Minneapolis Star-Journal November 17 1944; “Speakers Ready for Kenny Drive” Minneapolis Morning Tribune November 5 1944; “Sister Kenny Returns From East as Big Drive Opens” Minneapolis Star-Journal November 15 1944; “Notables View D.C. Premiere of Kenny Film” Washington Times-Herald October 23 1944.
144. Lois Maddox Miller “Sister Kenny Wins Her Fight” Reader’s Digest (1942) 41: 27–28
145. Miller “Sister Kenny Wins Her Fight,” 27–28; see also notes taken by Naomi Rogers during the viewing of The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis, Wilson Collection; “Fighter Ray Robinson Supports Crusade on Infantile Paralysis” New York Amsterdam News January 23 1943; on Lulu Boswell see “Typovision” Chicago Defender November 7 1942. On a group of “colored and white” children at the Institute see “Sister Kenny’s ‘Graduating Class’ ” Atlanta Daily World January 6 1944; “No Color Line Here as Children Are Cured of Polio” Afro-American January 15 1944.
146. “Progress Shown in Treatment On Infantile Paralysis In Tenn.” Atlanta Daily World August 13 1943.
147. “Polio Patient” Chicago Defender September 30 1944; Dr U. G. Dailey “Until The Doctor Comes” Chicago Defender July 22 1944. See also “Sister Kenny’s ‘Graduating Class’ ” Atlanta Daily World January 6 1944.
148. “Fighter Ray Robinson Supports Crusade on Infantile Paralysis” New York Amsterdam News January 23 1943.
149. Kenny with Ostenso And They Shall Walk, 25–28. She wrote that “the aborigines of Australia are not the insensate animals that many ethnologists would make them out to be! They may be dirty, they may be lazy, but they are capable of displaying a heroism on occasion that would put many a white man to shame.”
150. “Polio Committee Advocates Report on Method” Los Angeles Evening Herald October 14 1943; “Skin As A Paralysis Clue” New York Times October 16 1943.
151. “Sister Kenny Returns From East as Big Drive Opens” Minneapolis Star-Journal November 15 1944.
152. “Negroes To Join In Kenny Drive” Minneapolis Star-Journal November 10 1944; “Twin City Observer Committee for Kenny Institute” Twin City Observer November 10 1944; [editorial] “The Kenny Campaign” Twin City Observer November 10 1944. See also “Gold That Buys Health, Can Never Be Ill-Spent: Give to the Kenny Campaign” Twin City Observer November 17 1944; “Rev. Moore to Head the Sister Kenny Drive in St. Paul” Twin City Observer November 24 1944; “Sister Kenny Drive Extended” Twin City Observer November 24 1944; “Many Organizations Respond To Kenny Drive for Funds: St. Paul ‘Kenny’ Day Planned” Twin City Observer December 15 1944; “Elizabeth Kenny Mass Meeting At St. James Church” Twin City Observer December 22 1944. On the Twin City Observer as targeting “an older, more genteel readership” among African Americans and its “continued obsession with respectability” see Jennifer Delton “Labor, Politics, and African American Identity in Minneapolis, 1930–1950” Minnesota History (Winter 2001–2002) 57: 430.
153. “Successful ‘Kenny’ Mass Meeting Held at St. James Church in St. Paul” Twin City Observer December 29 1944.
154. “National Kenny Campaign Ready” Minneapolis Morning Tribune November 12 1944; “Hundreds Aid Kenny Drive” Minneapolis Sta
r-Journal November 20 1944; “Kenny Gifts Coming In” Minneapolis Star-Journal November 14 1944; “Kenny Drive Sports Gift Total $4,792” Minneapolis Morning Tribune November 29 1944; “Bowlers Back Sister Kenny” Minneapolis Morning Tribune November 21 1944; “Trade Dinner Will Boost Kenny Fund” Minneapolis Star-Journal November 1 1944.
155. “Jury Lays Gambling in Kline’s Lap” Minneapolis Star-Journal November 3 1944; “National Drive for Kenny Funds Will Open Here” [Minneapolis newspaper] November 10 1944, Minnesota Polio myelitis Research Committee, Box 2, UMN-ASC.
156. “Liquor Dealers Aid Kenny Fund” Minneapolis Morning Tribune November 21 1944.
157. Miller “Sister Kenny vs. The Medical Old Guard,” 38–43. The 5 were General Hospital, Wilmington, New York Orthopedic Dispensary and Hospital, Children’s Hospital of Winnipeg, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Willard Parker Hospital, New York.
158. Miller “Sister Kenny vs. The Medical Old Guard,” 38–43.
159. Deutsch “The Truth About Sister Kenny,” 610–615.
160. Ibid.
161. “Civic Leaders Vote Sister Kenny No. 1 Minnesotan of 1944” Minneapolis Star-Journal December 29 1944; “Audience of 7,100 Greets SJT [Star-Journal and Morning Tribune] Writers and Editors” Minneapolis Morning Tribune January 30 1945.
162. “$350,000 Given in Kenny Fund Drive” Minneapolis Sunday Tribune March 25 1945.
163. “O’Connor in Nationwide Broadcast, Opens 1945 Fund-Raising Appeal” National Foundation News (January 1945) 4: 9; National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis The Miracle of Hickory (New York: NFIP, 1945); Alice E. Sink The Grit Behind the Miracle (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1998); C. Hughes “The Miracle of Hickory” Coronet (February 1945) 17: 3–7.
164. “Report on Poliomyelitis Studies Made at Minneapolis General Hospital: Miland Knapp, John Moe, A. V. Stoesser, and J. S. Michael to Dear Doctor Harrington, October 12 1944” Journal-Lancet (January 1945) 65: 30–31.
165. Kenny to Mr. President, Ladies and Gentleman, January 15 1945, Board of Directors, undated and 1944–1945, MHS-K; and see Kenny to Dear Dr. Harrington, February 19 1945, Dr. F. E. Harrington, 1943–1946, MHS-K.
Polio Wars Page 47
