Polio Wars
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On history and remembering and forgetting see Pascal Boyer and James V. Wertsch eds. Memory in Mind and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Maria G. Cattell, Jacob J. Climo, and Maria G. Cattell eds. Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives (Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2002); Mark Crinson ed. Urban Memory: History and Amnesia in the Modern City (London: Routledge, 2005); Katharine Hodgkin and Susannah Radstone eds. Contesting Pasts: The Politics of Memory (London: Routledge, 2003); Andreas Kitzmann, Conny Mithander, and John Sundholm eds. Memory Work: The Theory and Practice of Memory (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2005); Norman M. Klein The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory (London: Verso, 1997); Seth Koven “Remembering and Dismemberment: Crippled Children, Wounded Soldiers, and the Great War in Great Britain” American Historical Review (1994) 99: 1167–1202; Selma Leydesdorff, Luisa Passerini, and Paul Thompson eds. Gender and Memory: International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories, Vol. IV (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Susan R. Suleiman Crises of Memory and the Second World War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006); David Thelan ed. Memory and American History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989); Jay Winter Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Barbie Zelizer Remembering To Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera’s Eye (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1998).
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate material found in Figures; page numbers followed by n indicate material found in Notes
Aaron, Harold, 324
Ackerknecht, Erwin, xi
Adams, Frederick, 195
Addiction, braces/crutches as, 174
Africa, polio outbreaks in, 342
African Americans
as celebrity supporters, 360–361
as patients/health care providers, 208–209, 360
Aftereffects Committee (NFIP), 39
Aikens, Tom, 375
Alda, Alan, 421
Alienation (Kenny’s term), xv–xvii, 11, 47, 51, 55, 67, 71–72, 96, 101–102, 104–105, 114–116, 118, 152, 197, 199, 201, 262, 266, 344, 362, 405, 420
“All American Christian Auxiliary,” 215
Allen, Marjory, 405
Alternative treatments, 169–170. See also Berry School; Chiropractic; Naturopathy; Osteopathy
America, at war. See World War I; World War II
American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 17
American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, 17
American Cancer Society, 307, 315
American Congress of Physical Therapy, 15, 103, 120–121, 197, 362
American Heart Association, 307, 315
American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 123
American Journal of Nursing, 88, 119
American Medical Association (AMA)
antitrust suit against, 57, 186, 307
Council of Physical Therapy, 17
exhibition of Kenny’s methods, 99
in polio wars, 197–201
professional legitimacy, principles of, 12–13
use of films, 246–247
view of polio therapy, 85
American Mercury, 210
American Nurses Association (ANA), 87–88
American Orthopedic Association, 17, 109, 115
American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), 41–44, 52
American Physiotherapy Association, 246
Americans with Disability Act, 419
American Veterans Committee, 307
American Weekly, 57, 191, 376
Anderson, Charlotte, 94
Anderson, Gaylord, 426
Angland, Thomas, 386n55
“Angry Angel” series, 407–410
Antisemitism, 191, 215, 218
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 414
Archives of Physical Therapy, 95, 104, 107, 120, 121f, 152
Arden, Felix, 11, 29n70
Argentina fiasco, 110–114
Armour, Norman, 111
Army, use of film/movies, 246
Arrow, Michelle, 421
Asia, polio outbreaks in, 342
Australasian, 9
Australia
American view of, 4
bush nursing in, 4
depicted in And They Shall Walk, 106–107, 209, 247
depicted in Sister Kenny, 251–258
investigators of Kenny’s work, 280
Kenny and federal government of, 15–16, 201, 217
The Kenny Concept film in, 268–269
Kenny in after 1940, 53, 65, 326, 345, 351, 368–372, 375, 377
Kenny in until 1940, 4–12, 21–24, 41–42, 152–153, 213, 370, 375
Kenny’s decline and death in, 379–381
Sister Kenny movie in, 280–281
at war, 12, 21, 84, 125, 126, 155, 250, 270
Australian Massage Association, 7, 40
Avedon, Herbert, 320
Aycock, William, 199
Baizley, Doris, 423
Baldock, Pearl, 380, 382
Balkema, Toinette, 164
Balme, Harold, 265–266
Barnes, Howard, 272
Barrymore, Ethel, 85
Baruch, Bernard, 121, 141n259, 320–321
Bauwens, Philippe, 265–266, 269–270, 289–290n158
Beard, Gertrude, 42, 43–44, 50
Bed rest
danger of prolonged, 10, 72, 98, 100, 116, 173, 197, 318
recommended, xiv–xv, 5, 12–13, 15, 44–45, 49, 52, 106, 123, 317
rejected by parents, 45, 159
Behlow, Dorothy, 92–93
Belgium
film presentation in, 266–267
Kenny’s work in, 353–354, 357
Bell, James Ford, 195
Bell, Stanley Willis (Bill), 53, 56, 328
Benison, Saul, 412
Bennett, George, xiv, 44, 46, 61
Bennett, Robert, 91, 92, 107, 120–121, 317, 414
Berg, Roland, 225, 318–319, 321, 377
Berry, Milton, Jr., 171–172
Berry, Milton H., 170–171
Berry School for Paralysis and Spastic Correction, 170–172
“Best science” funding models, 304
The Best Years of Our Lives (movie), 172
Betts, Sonja, 320, 325
Billig, Harvey, 347, 363
Bingham, Robert, 97–98, 275, 350, 408
Birthday Ball Commission, 6, 15, 73, 312
Black polio survivors, 208–209
Bodian, David, 102, 317, 376–378
Bohnengel, Charles, 164–165, 168
Books/textbooks, on polio therapy
by Kenny, x–xi, 7–8, 62–63, 87, 115–120, 121f, 224, 355, 379
orthopedic, 64f, 96, 254, 257, 264, 317
Bosswell, Mavis, 421
Boswell, Lulu, 209
Bouman, Harry, 102, 103, 123
Braces/crutches, as addiction, 174
Brazier, Mary, 123
Brennan, Betty, 380
Bringing Up Baby (movie), 251
Brisbane Courier-Mail, 10, 379, 381
Brisbane General Hospital
depicted in Sister Kenny, 254, 255f
The Kenny Concept shown at, 268
Kenny’s demonstration at, 7, 14, 40
Kenny’s ward at, 11, 46, 53, 345
lottery and, 25n18
patient choice at, 53
Brisbane Sunday Telegraph, 268
Brisbane Telegraph, 280
British Association of Physical Medicine, 265
British Journal of Nursing, 406
British Journal of Physical Medicine, 265
British Medical Journal, 108, 119, 405
Brown, Thomas Stubbs, 280
Brundidge, Harry, 219
Bruno, Richard, 420
Buchthal, Fritz, 317
Bullock, Georgia, 325
Burnet, Francis MacFarlane, 351, 379, 413
Burns, Ethel, 128n33, 350
Bush nursing, in Australia, 4
Calderwood, Carmelita, 88
Calhoun, Ethel, 62, 105, 246, 351
Call Me Lucky (Crosby), ix
Cannon, Walter Bradford, 117–118
Cantor, Eddie, 194
Care During the Recovery Period in Paralytic Poliomyelitis (Kendall and Kendall), 42
Caregivers
Kenny’s emphasis on, 155, 159–160, 346
mothers as primary, 66, 177n60, 214, 225, 347, 366
The Care of Poliomyelitis (Stevenson), 88
Carlson, Earl, 214
Carson, Paul, 121
Carter, Howard, 17
Casey, Richard, 4, 15, 34n133
“Cause and Prevention of Deformities in Poliomyelitis” (Kenny), 377
Celebrities, NFIP fundraising and, 194–195
Celebrity politics, 364–366
Cerebral diplegia, 213–214
Cerebral palsy
Kenny’s work on, 9, 213–214
Sister Kenny responses and, 277–278
“Cerebrospastic” therapies, 214
The Challenge of Polio (Berg), 225
Chicago Daily News, 57
Chicago Defender, 209
Chicago Herald-American, 187, 223, 270
Chicago Nurses Committee, 215
Chicago Tribune, 403
Children, as physical therapy patients, 42–43
Children’s Bureau (federal), 150, 324
Chiropractic, 57, 94, 165, 169, 170, 172, 215, 263, 277, 303
Chown, Bruce, 58–59, 102
Church, Harvey, 188
Chuter, Charles
The Kenny Concept and, 268–269
as Kenny’s political friend, 6
Kenny’s success and, 20–21
lottery and, 25n18
retirement of, 345
Sister Kenny and, 258, 281
Cilento, Raphael
as assessor of Kenny’s treatments, 8, 9
Cohn’s skepticism of, 410
on sponsorship of Kenny, 15–16
view of Kenny, 41–42
Citizen’s Polio Research League, 319–321, 325
Civil rights, Kenny Foundation attention to, 360
Clark, William Stratton, 121
Clarke, Floyd, 95
Clayton, William, 195
Clinical observations, to assess therapies, xvii, 59, 61, 72, 86, 96, 100, 197, 265
Clinical research, as amorphous field, 85
Clinical trials
as gendered project, xii
Kenny method and, xii, 7, 61, 98–99, 119, 408, 422
Kenny’s suspicion of, xix, 264
NFIP sponsorship of, 376, 397n258, 402
to test polio therapies, 15, 39, 45, 86, 159, 380
Cobb, Stanley, 187, 216
Cohn, Victor, 362, 407–410, 415–417, 421, 423
Cold War
celebrity politics in, 364–366
global feminism and, 366–368
Kenny’s network during, 342
Cole, Wallace
article on Kenny’s work, 53–55
early skepticism of, 95–96
funding request of, 20
Institute board and, 197
on patient participation, 163
study of Kenny’s work, 23
Colliers, 119
Committee on Information (NFIP), 54, 57, 63
Committee on Research for the Prevention and Treatment of After-Effects (NFIP), 67
Community Chest campaign, 305
Compere, Edward Lyon, 68–70, 104, 198, 203
Conferences
First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 316–319, 323
Kenny’s last attendance, 372–374
Paul on, 334n88
Second International Polio Conference, 372–374
at Warm Springs, 419
Congressional hearings
on charities, 414
on health insurance, 186
on NSF bill, 301–304, 306–315, 319–320
on opposition to Kenny, 215, 217
on polio, 404, 426
regulatory power of government and, 327
Consumer Reports, 324
“The Contribution of Sister Elizabeth Kenny to the Treatment of Poliomyelitis” (Knapp), 414
Convalescent serum controversy, 86
Coronet, 323
Cosmopolitan, 219
Coulter, John, 17, 119
Council of Physical Therapy, 17
Country Women’s Association (CWA), 370, 422
Crawford, Harold, 7, 258
Creelman, Eileen, 276
Crego, Craig, 45, 61, 86, 98, 100, 169, 198, 199
“Crippled children,” as public image of polio, 156
Crippled Children bureaus/divisions, 43, 150, 307, 319, 324–326, 348, 363
Crippled children’s homes, x, xii, 43, 152, 425
Crosby, Bing
fundraising by, 219, 364
“Sock Polio” campaign and, ix, 218, 219f, 221, 222, 224
Crowther, Bosley, 276
Crutches/braces, as addiction, 174
Curare, 122, 308, 318, 343
Curtis, Dorothy, 353–358
Cusack, Peter, 13–14, 213, 245
Czechoslovakia, Kenny’s work in, 355–357, 367
Daedalus, 423
Darling, George, 205
Davis, Audrey, 415
Dayton, Donald, 319, 350
Deacon, Alfred, 59, 79n117, 102, 153, 164, 214, 318, 321, 350
A Decade of Doing (NFIP), 309
Deformity, Kenny’s definition of, 104, 117, 152–153, 371
De Kruif, Paul, 13, 122
Delano, Jack, 126, 163f
Democrats/Democratic Party
Kenny supporters in California, 320, 325
Kenny supporters in Congress, 215–217
Kenny supporters in Minnesota, 270
Kenny supporters in New Jersey, 223, 315
NFIP supporters, 16, 22, 190, 196, 221, 308–310
Detroit Free Press, 215–217
Deutsch, Albert, 199, 210–211, 319, 323
Diehl, Harold S.
grant application and, 204
negotiations with Kenny, 201
NFIP fundraising and, 113
open-mindedness of, 422
in polio wars, 196–197, 200
Sister Kenny and, 273
Disability politics
adult polio survivors and, 156–158
changes in, 172–174
“crippled children” and, 156
GWSF and, 15
Kenny and, 151–154
patients/parents, role of, 158–161
public’s view and, 157–158
Roosevelt and, 154–156
truth-telling to patients, 167
Warm Springs and, 37
World War II and, 149–150
“The Disabled Can be Independent,” 173
Disabled people, expectations of, 151
Disabled Persons Association of America, 149, 188
Dixon, Owen, 201, 217
Dock, William, 197
Dockweiler, George, 347
Draper, George, 199
Drugs, to treat spasm, 121–122
D.T. Watson Home for Crippled Children, 92–93, 122
Duhig, James, 280, 409
Eisenhower, Dwight, 380
Elitism, government-sponsored research and, 305
Elizabeth Kenny Institute
demonstrations at, 163f
design of/models for, 101, 306
founding of, 87
fundraising campaigns of, 202, 208–211, 270
Kenny’s resignation from, 344–347
in Kline campaign, 196, 270
patients/treatment at, 124, 152, 158–159, 163f, 165–166, 202, 213–214, 249, 260, 267, 280, 318, 343, 369
populist movement and, 187
as proposed research center, 169, 188, 204–208, 216, 220, 306, 309
public acclaim for, 87, 106, 195, 277, 325
as rehabilitation center, 411–412
as training center, 109–110, 112, 116, 124–125, 159, 197, 260, 351–352, 360–361, 380
Elson, Mildred, 42, 43, 50, 406
Enders, John, 342, 349, 373–374, 404, 408–409
Ernst, Margaret Opdahl, 270, 423
Eugenics, acceptance of, 150–151
Europe, polio treatment in, 342–344
An Evaluation of Psychobiologic Factors in the Re-Education Phase of the Kenny Treatment for Infantile Paralysisö (Bohnengel), 164
“Evaluation of the Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 199, 414
“The Evil Sequelae of Complete Bedrest,” 173
Exchange Club, 114, 197, 279
Faber, Harold, 317
“Fact and Fancy in Poliomyelitis” (British Medical Journal), 119
Fadden, Arthur, 381
Fadell, Fred, 206, 234n142
Farquarson, Julia, 409
Farquarson, Mary, 328
Fear, of polio infection, xii, 5, 20, 91, 113, 161
Federal Security Agency, 320–321, 324
Feminism, global, 366–368
Feminist scholars, rediscovery of Kenny, 420–421
Films/movies. See also The Kenny Concept (film); Sister Kenny (movie); The Value of a Life (film)
to demonstrate methods, 245–246