Polio Wars
Page 88
Platt, Philip, 305, 309
Pohl, John Florian
at AMA meeting, 99
on AMA report, 217–218
cerebral palsy and, 374
Cohn and, 413
courses for physicians, 94
disassociation from NFIP, 306
early skepticism of, 95–96
gender discrimination awareness, 233n118
JAMA articles and, 54, 58, 322
as Kenny ally/supporter, 20, 56, 100, 107, 197, 374, 409
The Kenny Concept and, 121f
Kenny’s praise of, 23
NRC visit and, 204–207
orthopedic committee visit and, 103, 104
physical therapists’ assessment of Kenny and, 46, 48–50
Sister Kenny film and, 252, 255, 276
statistics on Kenny’s patients, 267, 273
study of Institute patients, 212
technical film use, 247
as textbook co-author, 87, 109, 115, 116–121, 166, 271
Pokorny, František, 355, 357
Polio
cause/spread of, xii, xv, xvii, 40, 313
clinical symptoms/pathology relationship, xiv
infection fears, 5, 20, 91, 161, 178n74
link to WWII, 149–150
misdiagnosis of, xvii, 5, 86, 98–99, 186
new concepts of, x–xi, 36–38, 39–40, 91, 100–101, 108, 118, 123, 260–261, 306, 342, 351, 376–377
as new disease, xii–xiv
outbreaks of (early 20th c.), xii, 5
race politics in, 209
virological science and, xvii, 39, 102, 246, 313, 317, 342, 349, 352, 365–366, 373, 376, 379
Polio and Its Problems (Berg), 242n280, 321, 386n67
Polio epidemics
in early 20th century, 43, 51, 150, 277
in 1930s, xv, 16, 42, 86, 169, 355
in 1940s and 1950s, 46, 53, 58–59, 101, 110–111, 161, 165, 185, 188, 190, 201, 211, 223, 245, 266, 274, 307, 319, 326–327, 344, 352–358, 369, 377–378, 412–413, 419
Polio films, 44, 88, 166, 202, 211, 218, 224–225, 246. See also The Kenny Concept
Polio Hall of Fame (NFIP), 402, 412, 413
Poliomyelitis A Systemic Disease (Kenny), 377
The Polio Paradox (Bruno), 420
Polio philanthropy, ix, 14–16, 39, 110–111, 156, 186–187, 193. See also Birthday Ball Commission; Georgia Warm Springs Foundation (GWSF); Kenny Foundation (KF); National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP)
Polio Pioneers, 402
Polio sera, 127n13
Polio survivors
adult, 156–158, 160–161, 165, 421, 422–423
African American, 208–209
disability politics and, 15, 150, 156–158, 167–168, 173, 380
reemergence of, 419–420
Roosevelt and, 107, 154–155, 407
Polio therapy/treatment. See also Immobilization therapy; Iron lung
alternative options, 169–170
comparing results of, 61–62
conservative turn in, xiv
in Europe, 342–344
home care, promotion of, 346–347
hydrotherapy, xiii–xiv, 97, 343, 355
immobilization, xiii, xiv, 5, 173
Kenny’s efforts to transform, xix
muscle testing, xiii, 48, 50–51, 54, 72, 86, 89, 123, 152, 319, 344, 378, 418, 424
NFIP funded therapies/studies, 15, 39–40
NFIP’s experience with, 16, 39, 159
observations to assess, 7, 45, 86, 159
orthopedic surgery, xiii, 45, 62, 97, 100, 119
pain in, 161–163, 168–169, 343–344, 420
“physiological rest,” 5
power relations in, 17, 91, 112
public say in, 158, 165
racist policies in, 209
research/clinical practice vacuum, 40
rest/enforced straightening concepts, xii–xiii
Polio vaccines
discovery of, xx
Kenny’s fascination with, 306, 379
Kenny’s legacy linked to, 407, 416
O’Connor on, 373
Sabin/Salk rivalry, 402, 417
Salk experiments with, 373
testing in 1930s of, 6, 15, 313
testing in 1950s of, 402–403, 408
Polio wars
AMA reports and, 197–201
cerebral palsy treatment in, 213–214
Kenny Foundation campaign in, 218–226
March of Dimes in, 192–196
National Research Council and, 204–208
NFIP funding and, 186–188
“organized opposition” in, 215–218
“Pennies for Kenny” campaign and, 208–213
in popular culture, 191–192
popular press in, 199
populist movement in, 201–204
public outrage and, 188–191
research expansion and, 226
University of Minnesota and, 196–197
Pollock, Lewis, 317
Pooler, James, 215
Populist movement
emergence of, 218
polio wars and, 187–188, 201–204
Populist science, 303
Poster child, 202, 219, 224, 308, 366, 403, 425
Post-Polio Syndrome (PPS), xx, 419–421, 423
Posture and Pain (Kendall and Kendall), 418
Potter, Robert, 57–58
“The Present Status of Poliomyelitis Management” (Visscher et al), 200–201
Progressive Citizens of America, 307
Prostigmine (neostigmine), 122
Psychosomatic Medicine, 164
Public Health Service. See United States Public Health Service
Pye, Aubrey
background of, 29n69
as Kenny ally, 11, 12, 381
Queen Mary’s Hospital (England), 9–10, 213, 346, 351, 352
Queensland government, as force for medical progress, 6
Queensland lottery, 25n18
Queensland Royal Commission (Report of)
commissioners, 9, 27n46, 268, 421
compared to Minneapolis physicians, 23, 46
on Jungeblut’s work, 313
Kenny’s prognoses in, 27n47
on Mills’ defense of Kenny, 27n49
Quigley, Walter, 57–58
Race politics, 208–209
Race-segregated institutions, 360
Ransohoff, Nicholas, 122, 142n268, 318
Ray-Bell Films, 206, 259
Reader’s Digest, 64–66, 72–73, 102–103, 106, 110, 122, 163–164, 187, 209, 210, 247
Red Book, 115–120, 355, 357. See also The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis (Pohl and Kenny)
Red Feather campaign, 305
Rehabilitation, assumptions of, xii, 15, 42–44, 120, 149–152, 158, 169–170, 172–173
Renoir, Jean, 251
Republicans/Republican Party
and African American Minnesotans, 209
fundraising appeals to, 210
NFIP and, 302, 417
support of Kenny, 22, 196, 214, 221, 223, 270, 302, 311–315, 325–326, 380
Research funding
models of, 304
as unbalanced, 305
Research populism, 304–305
Reynolds, Arthur, 22, 221
Riley, Glenda, 416
Rivers, Thomas, 14, 39, 324, 412–413
RKO Studios, 154, 194, 223, 228n30, 248–253, 255f, 256–258, 272, 275–276
Robinson, Jackie, 361
Robinson, Ray, 209
Rockefeller, John D., 321, 323
Rockefeller Foundation, 305, 312
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 14, 101, 306, 373, 412
Roebling, Mary, 223
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 106, 154, 306, 308, 323, 363, 371, 375
Roosevelt, Franklin
death of, 216–217
declaration of war, 84
O’Connor and, 16
polio survi
vors and, 154
in True Comics, 150
Warm Springs and, xiii–xiv
on work of NFIP, 213
Rosner, Emil, 53
Ross, Helen, 59
Rountree, Martha, 365
Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, 343
Royal North Shore Hospital, 11
Royal Society of Medicine, 265, 267
Rudikoff, Sonya, 415
Rusk, Howard, 172, 182n157
Russell, Rosalind
acting career, 248, 250–251, 283n31, 428n30
funding of Kenny film, 259
on Kenny’s legacy, 382, 407
role in Sister Kenny, 154, 249, 251, 255f, 257–258, 272, 276
support of Kenny, 224, 248–249, 252, 320, 363, 372, 380
Russell, W. Ritchie, 317
Sabath, Arnold, 217
Sabin, Albert, 308, 402, 417
Sadistic health professionals, 168, 180n129
Salk, Jonas, 323, 349, 369, 373, 417
Salk vaccine, 402, 408, 417
Salter, Larry, 71
Sanchis-Olmos, Vincente, 352
San Fernando Sun, 320
Sare, Helen, 357
Sarnoff, Jacob, 246
Saturday Evening Post, 57, 85, 96, 126, 186
Saunders, W. B., 62
Savage, Joseph, 320
Sayre, Ruth Buxton, 370
Scheele, Leonard, 315
Schenck, Joseph, 222
Schenck, Nicholas, 222
Schumm, Herman Charles, 105, 198
Schwartz, Plato, 102–103, 108, 116, 123
Science, 122, 304, 324
Science News Letter, 123
Scientific Films Association, 270
Scientific innovation, gendered understanding of, xi–xii, xvii–xix, 55, 250, 256, 405
Second International Polio Conference, 372–374
Seddon, Herbert, 317–318, 378, 405
Sera, types of, 127n13
Serum treatment of polio, 86, 313, 355, 376
Sheppard, Harry, 320
Shipstead, Henrick, 22, 34n133
Shriners’ Hospitals for Crippled Children, 18, 43, 45–46
Shryock, Richard, 305
“The Significance of Muscle Spasm” (Schwartz and Bouman), 123
Sister Kenny. See Kenny, Elizabeth
Sister Kenny (movie)
in Australia, 280–281
“deformed” children in, 257
featured cast of, 285n62
film rights, 248
gender relations in, 253
Kenny portrayal in, xviii, 253–255
Kenny’s response to, 278–281
love interest in, 252
making of, 250–251
medical right/wrong dichotomy in, 254
message assessment of, 272–276
portrayal of scientific discovery in, 256
premiere/promotion of, 258, 272–276
proposal for/pre-production of, 247–250
public response to, 277–278
scripts for, 251–259
still from, 255f
as “true story,” 257–258
“Sister Kenny and the Foundation” (Deutsch), 319
Sister Kenny Day, 210, 220, 422
“Sister Kenny: Saint or Charlatan?” (radio show), 421
Sister Kenny: The Woman Who Challenged the Doctors (Cohn), 415–416
“Sister Kenny vs. Infantile Paralysis” (Miller), 64–66
“Sister Kenny vs. The Medical Old Guard” (Miller), 210
“Sister Kenny Wins Her Fight” (Miller), 103
“Sister” term/title, ix, xvii, 6, 17, 218, 225, 375
Smith, Kate, 224
Smith, William Forgan, 3, 16
Snite, Fred, Jr., 149
Socialized medicine, fears of, 310
Social Security Act, 150
Sock Polio
campaign, 218–226
container/cans, ix–x, 219, 219f
Solandt, Donald, 100
Soldiers/veterans, as physical therapy patients, 6, 42, 149–150, 156, 172
Southern Medical Journal, 107
Spasm
drugs to treat, 121–122, 214, 343
as Kenny’s term, xv, xvi, 10–11, 55, 65–67, 70–72, 96–97, 99–102, 108, 115–117, 198, 211, 317–319, 344, 378, 409
measurement of, 102–103, 143n268, 178n82
not Kenny’s term, 414
occurrence of, 59, 317
Spence, James, 344
Spinal taps, use of, xvii
Stanford, Brian, 266, 269
Steindler, Arthur, 68, 107–108
Sterne, Elizabeth, 370
Stevens, Marvin (Mal), 151, 307, 321, 322, 376
Stevenson, Jesse, xii, xiv, 88
Stewart, Lucy Lily. See Kenny, Mary Stewart
Stimson, Julia, 88
Stimson, Philip
at Jersey City meeting, 321
as Kenny convert, 96–97
Life article of, 278–279
McSweeney and, 343
on patient participation, 164
on Sister Kenny (movie), 274
study of Kenny’s methods, 101, 103
Stoesser, Alfred, 206–207
The Story of Louis Pasteur (movie), 19, 248
The Story of the Kenny Method (NFIP pamphlet), 193–195
Sullivan, Ed, 275, 364
Survivors. See Polio survivors
Sydney Sun, 9
Sylvia stretcher, 6
Talbott, Harold, 220
Technical film. See The Kenny Concept (film); Nursing Care of Poliomyelitis (film)
Teece, Lennox, 9
Telethons, 364
Television, 364–365, 373
Textbooks, on polio therapy, 62–67
Thelander, Charles, 9, 268, 421
Therapeutic change
history of, xi, 145
Kenny’s claims to, 19
medical progress and, 85
And They Shall Walk (Kenny and Ostenso), 87, 106–107, 213, 253
Thompson, Dorothy, 154, 363
Tibbett, Laurence, 126
Time, 89–90, 106, 124, 173, 276
Toomey, John, 98, 166, 167
Toomeyville j. Gazette, 419
Toowoomba Chronicle, 281
Trained Nurse and Hospital Review, 88
Treatment of Infantile Paralysis (Lovett), 261
Treatment of Infantile Paralysis in the Acute Stage (Kenny), x, 62–63
Trial by Fury: The Polio Vaccine Controversy (Klein), 417
True Comics, 149–150
Truman, Harry S.
Fishbein on, 310
health insurance plan of, 307
Kenny’s comments to, 271
on science foundation grants, 302
Truman, Margaret, 322
“The Truth About Sister Kenny” (Deutsch), 210
Truth-telling to patients, 167
Tulsa Tribune, 188, 190
Tuskegee Institute, 209, 360
Twin City Observer, 209
Uniforms
of American nurses during war, 89
of Kenny technicians, 101
United Artists, 248, 251
United Fund agencies, 305
United Health and Welfare Fund, 305
United States Public Health Service (USPHS), x, 200, 320–321
University of Cincinnati, 308, 431n72
University of Illinois, 201, 273, 319
University of Michigan, 105, 205
University of Minnesota
distrust among groups at, 207, 325, 416–417, 422
Kenny as guest instructor, 89
Kenny’s initial lecture at, 18
Medical School evaluation of Kenny’s work, 23, 56, 193, 267–268
in polio wars, 113, 196–197, 200–201
special polio clinic, 38
sponsor of Kenny courses, 91, 124–125
University of Pennsylvania, 40, 108, 205, 227n1
University of Queensland, 26
8, 409, 423
University of Rochester, 102–103, 125
University of Virginia, 104, 198, 203
Vaccine. See Polio vaccine
Valentine, Alan, 125
The Value of a Life (film), 272
Van Paing, John, 16
Van Riper, Hart, 273–274, 314–315, 320, 322, 323, 345
Variety Clubs of America, 106, 245
Veterans Administration, 42
Vetterova-Pastrnkova, Marianna, 355, 357, 366
Viets, Henry, 70, 72
“Viremia” stage, of polio, 376–378, 404
Visscher, Maurice, 122, 200, 212, 267, 273, 280, 416
Vocational rehabilitation, 172, 411
Voluntarism, American system of, 305–308, 310, 323–324, 411
Von Morpurgo, Henry, 348, 369
Walking, as “Holy Grail of recovery,” 151
Walton, Lancelot, 351, 379
“The Waltons” (TV show), 417
Woman’s Home Companion, 369
War Department, 119
Warm Springs
functionality emphasis of, 43, 49
history of, 14–15, 37, 402
Kenny technique and, 86, 89, 92, 120–121, 155, 226
PPS conference at, 419
Roosevelt and, xiii–xiv, 3, 16, 43, 154–155, 216, 402
as whites-only institution, 208
Warner Brothers, 253
Warren, Earl, 224, 307, 325, 347
Washington Post, 151, 189, 365, 410, 416, 417
Washington Times-Herald, 165, 201, 217, 224, 311
Watkins, Arthur, 123
Weaver, Harry, 331n43, 365
Webber, Charles C., 89, 113
Webber, Margaret, 89, 366, 372
Webber scholarship girls, 89, 92, 93
Wells, Marjorie, 360
Westchester Medical Bulletin, 276
“What’s My Line” (TV show), 377
White, Jean, 156–157
The White Angel (movie), 253
“Why Chapters Cannot Sponsor Research” (NFIP), 225–226
Whyte, William Foote, 162
Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 199
Wilkinson, Herbert, 11, 12, 17, 169, 381
Willard Parker Hospital, 59, 96, 101, 343
Williams, Milton, G., 209
Williams, Rex, 367
Wilson, Daniel, 168
Wilson, John, 421
Wilson, Leonard, 415, 422
Winnipeg Children’s Hospital, 58, 59, 101–102, 214
Winsten, Archer, 274, 275
Wolverton, Charles, 311–312, 313, 315, 426
Women
as allies of Kenny, 21, 195, 223–224, 245, 256, 268, 320, 363, 366–367, 370
as allies of NFIP, 194–195, 218, 223, 225
emerging role of, 366–368
featured in comic books, 189, 191–192
promotion of home care and, 346–347
Women’s clubs, Kenny’s talks to, 21–22, 223, 366
Women’s Weekly (Australian), 8, 429n49
Wonder Women of History (comic book), 189f, 191–192
Woods, Lucy Chase, 151
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 150