Sullivan, Deirdre. “Always Go to the Funeral.” http://thisibelieve.org/essay/8/.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics indicate photographs.
AAA (American Anthropological Association), 141–43
Abby (goat), 3, 4
ABC Science (Australia), 119
Acoma Indians, 93–94
Afghanistan, US soldiers in, 30–31
Ahere, Meg, 166
Albert (chimpanzee), 77–78
Alpha (gorilla), 130
Altmann, Jeanne, 65
Amboseli (Kenya): baboon project, 53, 56, 65, 69; dangers, 80; elephant research, 53–54, 56–60, 164; variety of animals, 136
American Anthropological Association (AAA), 141–43
American bison: fascination with, 136–37; grief-related behavior, 137–38; human killed by, 135
American Bison (Lott), 138
American Psychiatric Association, 122–23
American Sign Language, 141–43
Amvrakikos Gulf (Greece), 97–98
Amy (cat), 15, 16–17, 20
Anderson, James R., 83, 84, 128–29
Angel (dog), 26, 26–27
Angell, Tony, 93–96
animal-behavior science: areas for further research, 28–29, 36; cautions against anthropomorphism, 9, 13–14, 29, 76, 138; event analysis and controlled experiments, 59; recognition of differences within species, 8; rethinking hierarchy, 3, 5; short-term positive association, 109–11; social versus sexual monogamy, 90. See also animal studies; emotional lives; scientific methods
“Animal” series (Reaktion Books), 86
animal studies: dog cognition, 24–25; elephants and elephant bones, 58–59; pair-bonding (voles), 73–74; “separation experiments,” 15–16; stress and depression, 48. See also scientific methods
animal suicide. See suicide
Annabel (rabbit), 44–45
Anthony, Lawrence, 140
Anthropology News (AAA newsletter), 142
anthropomorphism, 9, 13–14, 29, 76, 138
ants, 1–2
Ape (Sorenson), 85
apes. See great apes
Archer, John, 49–50, 146, 163
Archie (orangutan), 78–79
art: Hachiko’s statue, 21–22; memoirs of grief as, 7, 145–52; prehistoric creative expression via, 136, 153, 156–58. See also literature; rituals
Asia, bear farms, 115–17
ASPCA, Companion Animal Mourning project, 27
“astrochimps,” 77–78
Attenborough, David, 64
Australopithecus afarensis, 158
automobiles, 22–24
Baboon Metaphysics (Cheney and Seyfarth), 70–71
Baboon Mothers and Infants (Altmann), 65
baboons: Amboseli research on, 53, 56, 65, 69; grief-related behavior, 73, 76, 164; predation data, 71–72; sick infants among, 70–71; stress responses, 72–73, 74
Babs (gorilla), 130–31
Baghdad Zoo (Iraq), 140
Baker, Lucy, 58–59
Bales, Karen, 75
Bana (gorilla), 130
Barash, David, 89–90
Barry, Tyler, 70
Bar-Yosef Mayer, Daniella E., 156
Bea (goat), 3, 4
Bear (dog), 143
bears: bile collection from, 115–17, 124; humans killed by grizzlies, 136; memorialization of, 112, 141; play of dogs and polar bears, 109–10; responsibility for, 124
Bebe (gorilla), 130–31, 132
Becky (gorilla), 132
Bekoff, Marc, 8, 52, 115, 116
Bella (dog), 107; burial site of, 107–9, 165; elephant’s bond with, 62; elephant’s response to death of, 106–7
Berger, Joel, 138–39
Berlin (Germany), Holocaust memorial, 160
Berlin Zoo, Knut at, 112, 141
Bernstein, Carl, 89
Betsy (owl monkey), 75–76
Better to Eat You With, The (Berger), 139
Bib, Faysal, 54
Big Orange (cat), 19
bile farms, 115–17, 124
birds: alleged monogamy, 89–90; attachment to human, 91–92; bonds, 88–89, 90, 92; pair-bonding, 73. See also chickens; crows; ducks; ravens
Birkett, Lucy, 123
Biro, Dora, 82
bison. See American bison
blackbirds, 90
Blombos Cave (South Africa), 156–57
Blondie (goat), 37–38
Blossum (chimpanzee), 128–29
Bobby (gorilla), 130–31, 132
Boesch, Christophe, 83–86
Boesch-Achermann, Hedwige, 83–86
Bond, Melanie, 78–79, 86
Boris (cat), 18
Bosch, Oliver J., 73–74
Bossou (Guinea), chimpanzee illness, 81–83
Botswana, Moremi Game Reserve, 71–72, 164
bottlenose dolphins, 97–100
Bradbury, Ray, 140–41
Bradshaw, Gay, 123
Breath (Mason), 139–40
breathing, conscious versus automatic, 121
British Royal Navy sonar, 122
Brookfield Zoo (Chicago), 130–31
Brown, Jenny, 38
Brutus (chimpanzee), 84–86, 128
buffalo, 136. See also American bison
bunnies. See rabbits
Burghardt, Gordon, 104–5
Burton, Maurice, 6
Bush, Mitchell, 79
Buster (pig), 39
Buzhilova, Alexandra, 153–54
Canada geese, 91–92
Canary Islands, dolphins off coast, 99
canines. See dogs
Cape Cod (MA), dolphin strandings, 101
Caramel (rabbit), 41
Carson (cat), 12; companion of, 12–13; death of, 11, 13; empty spaces left by, 16–17; searching for Willa, 12, 14, 165
Castor (ox), 14–15
Çatalhöyük (Turkey), man-and-lamb burial, 156
cats: author’s, 19–20, 113–14; awareness of imminent death, 29; cross-species grief, 18, 111; grief-related behavior, 11, 13, 14, 17–19, 165; keening, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19; memorials for, 112–14; new companions for, 15, 16–17; rabbit tolerated by, 41; stereotypes, 20; territoriality, 18–19; upset due to companion’s absence, 12–13, 14, 15, 108, 164
cave paintings, 136, 153
CBS Sunday Morning (television show), 62
Center for Great Apes (FL), 78
cetaceans. See dolphins; whales
Charming Quirks of Others, The (McCall Smith), 22
chemicals: hormones, 72–74; ketones released in human death, 29; oleic acid released in ant death, 1–2; ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), 116; ursodiol, 116
Cheney, Dorothy L., 70–71
Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 138
Chicken (Potts), 6, 115
chickens: assumptions about, 3; capacity for grief, 6; rescue, 39; slaughtering, 115; “swimming pool rescue,” 5–6
Chile, dog rescue video, 22–23
chimpanzees: aggressive behavior, 79–80, 126, 129, 165; cognition, 2, 24; goats compared with, 5; grief-related behavior in the wild, 80–86, 126–28, 164; grief-related behavior in zoos, 128–30; humans’ fascination with, 86–87; language learning, 141–43; maternal behavior variability, 36; maternal corpse-carrying behavior, 81–83; self-harm among captive, 123; space flights, 77–78; spiritual moments, 147; tools, 79, 125
China, alleged bear suicide, 115–17
Chippy (chimpanzee), 128–29, 165
Clever Monkeys (film), 64
Colorado, protective horse circle, 33–34
Companion Animal Mourning project (ASPCA), 27
Coren, Stanley, 13, 23
corpse-carrying behavior: chimpanzees, 81–83; dolphins, 98–99; live infant carrying compared with, 83; macaques, 67–69. See also leaving body for viewing
corticotropin-releasing (CRF) factor, 74
corvids. See crows; ravens
Cote d’Ivoire, Tai Forest chimpanzees, 83–86, 127, 128, 164
Cove, The
(film), 120–21
cows, 38
cross-species friendship: examples, 62, 109–12; obituaries of animals and, 141–44
cross-species grief: Dog Chapel, 140; dogs and cats, 18, 111; dogs for humans, 21–22, 25–26, 30–31; elephant for dog, 106–9, 165; elephants for human, 140; goat and pony, 111–12; memorializing, 112–14. See also grief (human)
crows, 93–96
Cuniberti, Betty, 144
Current Biology (journal), 128–29
Daily Mail (UK), 115
Dandelion Wine (Bradbury), 140–41
Daniel (cat), 19
Darkness Visible (Styron), 49
Darwin, Charles, 117
David Graybeard (chimpanzee), 125
Davis, Ruth, 125–26, 127, 133
Dayton, Sue, 143
death: cat’s awareness of imminent, 29; consciousness of living awakened by, 156; corvids’ connection to, 92–96; embodied knowledge of, 14; human meaning-making around, 159–60, 168–69; on mass scale, 160–62; shortly after companion’s death, 17, 26–27, 40. See also corpse-carrying behavior; leaving body for viewing; rituals; suicide
Death in Yellowstone (Whittlesey), 134–35
Debbie (cow), 38
declawing, 12, 46–47
depression: in baboon, 73; in horses, 35; in humans, 48–49, 122–23; in rabbits, 43–44, 47–48; as response to absence, 9, 18, 35, 40; separation experiments and, 15; as stress response, 48, 49–50
Desmond, Jane, 143, 144
Dexter (cat), 19
Didion, Joan, 146
Dinah (rabbit), 45
Dog Chapel (VT), 140
dogs: anticipation of owner’s arrival, 21–22, 28; companions separated before death, 108; cross-species grief, 111; dog-to-dog attention, 25; domestication and human bond, 20, 24–25; elephant’s bond with, 62; grief-related behavior, 25–27, 30–31, 165; love and loyalty among, 22–24; love and loyalty for humans, 21–22, 25–26; memorials for, 113–14; obituary, 143; perception, 120; polar bears playing with, 109–10; variability in behaviors, 29–30
dolphins: alleged suicide, 120, 121–22; corpse-carrying behavior, 98–99; mother’s response to dead newborn, 97–98, 164; strandings, 101, 121–22; whales playing with, 99–100; yearly slaughter, 120–21
domestication, 20, 24–25, 156–57
Dosa, David, 29
double-anticipation hunting, 85
Douglas-Hamilton, Iain, 52–54, 56, 164
drugs, 27, 35
ducks, 39–40, 165
DuMond Conservancy (Miami), 75–76
Dunne, John, 146
Dusty (cat), 18–19
Egyptian tombs, 156
Eleanor (elephant), 54–56, 164
Elephant Memories (Moss), 57
elephants: bones caressed by, 56–59, 95; cognition and emotional attachments, 2; goats compared with, 5; grief for human, 140; grief of females, 52, 54–56, 62–63; interactions and relationships among, 53–54, 56; near-burial of carcass by, 59–60; post-traumatic stress syndrome, 123; solitary existence forced on, 60–61; specific versus generalized grief and, 164
Elephant Sanctuary (Hohenwald, TN), 107; caregivers’ attention, 60; companion dog’s death, 106–9; elephants’ relationships and response to death, 61–63
elevated-maze test, 73–74
emotional lives (animal): broader perspective on, 166–67; curiosity versus, 79; definitions and hypotheses, 8–10, 163–65, 167; fear studied in, 138–39; older animal’s response to younger ones and, 15–18, 35, 39, 91–92; personality differences, 132; social history of, 38–39; theory of mind and, 85; unknown in prehistory, 158–59; upset caused by absence of companion, 12, 13, 14, 15, 107–8, 164; variations in parent-child ties, 35–36. See also animal-behavior science; cross-species grief; grief; help strategies; joy; love; mother-child ties; sibling ties
Engh, Anne L., 72–73, 76, 83
England, dolphin strandings off coast, 121–22
Enyo, Eisaburo, 21–22
EPCs (extra-pair copulations), 90
Ephron, Nora, 89–90
equines. See horses and ponies
ethical treatment: animal study concerns, 74; changing attitudes toward, 77, 86–87; compassionate awareness, 123–24, 167; farm animal issues, 115–16; “good death,” 113; increased oversight, 119; understanding key to, 130; videotaping and, 103. See also help strategies; rescue organizations and sanctuaries
Ethiopia, monkeys at Guassa, 68–70
Evans, Karen, 100–101
Evans, Sian, 76
evolutionary theory: emergence, 117–18; grief in context of, 49–51; monogamy not based in, 89–90; null hypothesis, 65–70
extra-pair copulations (EPCs), 90
extremophiles, 135
farm animals: lack of research on, 38; sanctuaries for, 39–40. See also bile farms; chickens; ducks; goats; horses and ponies; oxen; pigs
Farm Sanctuary (organization), 39–40, 167
Fashing, Peter, 68–70
felines. See cats
feral cats, 19–20, 113–14
Fernandes, Diane, 130–31
Fiesta (chicken), 39
Fifi (chimpanzee), 125
Flame (chimpanzee), 80–81
Flint (chimpanzee), 80–81, 83, 122, 143, 164
Flipper (film), 120, 121
Flo (chimpanzee), 80–81, 125, 143, 164
Florida: Center for Great Apes, 78; DuMond Conservancy, 75–76; Miami Seaquarium, 121
Flowe, Karen and Ron, 11–13, 14–17
Fly Away Home (film), 91
foie gras production, 39
forced-swim test, 73–74
Formicola, Vincenzo, 153–54
4BarW Ranch (Gloucester County, VA), 3, 4
Fouts, Roger, 141–42
France: Chauvet Cave paintings, 136, 153; Neandertal burial site, 158
Franklin Park Zoo (Boston), 130–31
friendship. See cross-species friendship
Fritz (cat), 18
Galbari, Nuala, 42, 112–13
Gardner, Beatrix and Allen, 141
gazelles, 118
Genocide Memorial Center (Rwanda), 160
Gere, Richard, 22
Germany. See Berlin
Giambro, Roseann, 131–32
Gifts of the Crow (Marzluff and Angell), 96
Ginger (dog), 27
Gioia, Joy, 45–47
glucocorticoid (GC) hormone, 72–73
goats, 4; cross-species grief, 111–12; emotional lives, 3, 5; leaving body for viewing, 37–38; need for goatlike companions, 36–37
Goat Song (Kessler), 3, 5
“goat-songs,” Greek tragedies as, 5
Godi (chimpanzee), 126, 127–28
Goldman, Francisco and Aura, 145, 150, 160–61
Goliath (chimpanzee), 125
Gombe (Tanzania): chimpanzees’ grief, 80–81, 164; chimpanzees’ tools, 79, 125; response to chimpanzee’s sudden death, 126–28, 133
Goodall, Jane: on chimpanzees’ grief, 2; on chimpanzees’ spiritual moments, 147; on chimpanzees’ tools, 79, 125; on Flo and Flint, 81, 143; on maternal behavior variability, 36; referenced, 8, 78; on Ruth Davis, 125–26
goose, Canadian, 91–92
gorillas, 130–33
Grace (elephant), 54, 55
Grandin, Temple, 148
Grapelli (chimpanzee), 79–80, 83
Gravem, Trena, 166
Gray and White (cat), 113–14
great apes: childrearing behavior, 74–75; grief-related behavior in zoos (gorillas), 129–33; human connection to (orangutans), 78–79. See also chimpanzees
Great Britain, dolphin strandings off coast, 121–22
Greater Vancouver Zoo (BC), 60–61
Gresham, Joy Davidman, 146–47, 150
grief (animal): anxieties due to changes in routine versus, 13; biological underpinning, 49–51; as born from love, 21, 31, 40, 89, 161–62, 165–66; definitions and hypotheses, 8–10, 163–65, 167; embodied knowledge of, 14; humans as cause, 123–24; null h
ypothesis, 65–70; variability, 2, 6, 7–8, 29–30, 35, 38, 62–63, 166; younger companions to alleviate, 15–18, 35, 39, 91–92. See also cross-species grief; help strategies; vocalizations of grief; and specific animals
grief (human): anticipation, 113, 151–52, 168–69; for cats and dogs, 13, 14, 19, 112–14; for child, 7, 149; for elephant, 62; joking despite, 84; meaning-making around, 159–60; memoirs of, 7, 145–52; for orangutan, 78–79; for sea turtle, 102; sewn beads in double-child burial as prehistoric evidence of, 153–54; wider scale of, 160–62; witnesses to, 26, 27. See also art; rituals
Grief Observed, A (Lewis), 146–47, 148–49, 150
grizzly bears, 136
grooming: baboons, 71; cats, 13; cats by dogs, 18, 111; chimpanzee corpses, 69, 69, 82, 83, 84–85, 128–29; chimpanzees, 9, 68, 72–73, 81; geese, 88–89; gorillas, 132
Guardian (London), 122, 149
Guinea, chimpanzee illness in Bossou, 81–83
Hachiko (dog), 21–22
Haessle, Jean-Marie, 161–62
Haley (cat), 19–20
Ham (chimpanzee), 77, 78, 79, 80, 86
hamster-snake bond, 110
Hare, Brian, 24–25
Harlow, Harry F., 15–16
Harper (mulard duck), 39–40, 165
Hatkoff, Amy, 38–39
Hawaiian Islands: dolphin and whale playing off coast, 100; Turtle Beach, 101–2
Hawkeye (dog), 30–31
Heartburn (film), 89–90
Heidi (dog), 27
Heinrich, Bernd, 89, 91, 92–93
Helling, Janelle, 33–34, 36–38
help strategies: for dog’s grief, 27; drug treatments, 27, 35; for horse depression, 35; for misbehavior, 45; new companions, 15, 16–17, 20, 44, 47, 50; younger animals to engage older ones, 15–18, 35, 39, 91–92. See also leaving body for viewing
Henshilwood, Christopher, 157
“herd mentality,” 34
hippos, 110–11
Histoires Naturelles (Renard), 14–15
Hogg, Charles, 89
Holland, Jennifer, 109–10
Holloman Aerospace Medical Center (NM), 77
Holocaust, 160
Homer, 90–91
Homo sapiens. See human beings
Honey Girl (sea turtle), 102, 103, 105, 164
hormones, 72–74
horses and ponies: awareness of companions’ burial sites, 32–33, 34–35; cross-species grief, 111–12; as goat companions, 36–37; grief-related behavior, 35, 165; leaving body for viewing, 36; protective circle, 33–34
Hoskinson, Connie, 25–27
Hoskinson, George, 25
House Rabbit Society (HRS), 45–47
How Animals Grieve Page 21
