Delphi Complete Works of Procopius

by Procopius of Caesarea

  [16] And in those days neither were the farmers obliged to provide transportation nor did the soldiers find themselves in want of any of the necessities; but Justinian abolished these too, practically all of them. So now-a-days, when a Roman army proceeds against the enemy, none of the needful measures can possibly be taken.

  [17] Τὰ μὲν οὖν σπουδαιότατα τῇ πολιτείᾳ ἐπεφέρετο τῇδε. οὐδὲν δὲ χεῖρον καί τινος αὐτοῦ τῶν γελοίων ἐπιμνησθῆναι.

  [17] Now the most important affairs of the State were going on badly in this fashion. And there is no harm in mentioning also one of Justinian’s absurdities.

  [18] τῶν ἐν Καισαρείᾳ ῥητόρων Εὐάγγελός τις ἦν οὐκ ἄσημος ἀνὴρ, ὅσπερ ἐπιφόρου οἱ τοῦ τῆς τύχης πνεύματος γενομένου χρημάτων τε ἄλλων καὶ χώρας πολλῆς κύριος γέγονεν.

  [18] There was among the orators of Caesarea a certain Evangelus, a man of no little distinction, who, since the breeze of fortune had blown favourably for him, had become owner of other property and especially of much land.

  [19] ὕστερον δὲ καὶ κώμην ἐπιθαλασσίαν τινὰ, Πορφυρεῶνα ὄνομα, τριῶν χρυσίου κεντηναρίων ἐπρίατο. ταῦτα μαθὼν Ἰουστινιανὸς βασιλεὺς ἀφείλετο αὐτῷ τὸ χωρίον εὐθὺς ὀλίγην αὐτῷ τινα τοῦ τιμήματος προέμενος μοῖραν, καὶ τοῦτο ἀποφθεγξάμενος, ὡς Εὐαγγέλῳ ῥήτορι ὄντι οὐ μήποτε εὐπρεπὲς εἴη κώμης τοιαύτης κυρίῳ εἶναι.

  [19] And later on he even purchased a village on the seashore, Porphyreon by name, paying three centenaria of gold. Learning of this, the Emperor Justinian immediately took the place away from him, giving him some small portion of its value, with the remark that it would never comport with the dignity of Evangelus, an orator, to be the owner of such a town.

  [20] ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων, ἀμηγέπη αὐτῶν ἐπιμνησθέντες, παυσόμεθα λέγειν.

  [20] But I shall say nothing more about these matters, now that I have, after a fashion, made mention of them.

  [21] Τῶν δὲ πρός τε Ἰουστινιανοῦ καὶ Θεοδώρας ἐπὶ τῇ πολιτείᾳ νεοχμωθέντων καὶ ταῦτά ἐστι. πάλαι μὲν ἡ σύγκλητος βουλὴ παρὰ βασιλέα ἰοῦσα τρόπῳ τοιῷδε προσκυνεῖν εἴθιστο. πατρίκιος μέν τις ἀνὴρ παρὰ μαζὸν αὐτοῦ προσεκύνει τὸν δεξιόν.

  [21] And among the innovations of Justinian and Theodora in the administration of the Government there is also the following. In ancient times the Senate, as it came into the Emperor’s presence, was accustomed to do obeisance in the following manner. Any man of patrician rank saluted him on the right breast.

  [22] βασιλεὺς δὲ αὐτοῦ καταφιλήσας τῆς κεφαλῆς ἐξίει, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ἅπαντες γόνυ κλίναντες βασιλεῖ τὸ δεξιὸν ἀπηλλάσσοντο.

  [22] And the Emperor would kiss him on the head and then dismiss him; but all the rest first bent the right knee to the Emperor and then withdrew.

  [23] βασιλίδα μέντοι προσκυνεῖν οὐδαμῆ εἴθιστο. παρὰ δὲ Ἰουστινιανόν τε καὶ Θεοδώραν τὰς εἰσόδους ποιούμενοι οἵ τε ἄλλοι ἅπαντες καὶ ὅσοι τὸ πατρικίων ἀξίωμα εἶχον ἔπιπτον μὲν εἰς τὸ ἔδαφος εὐθὺς ἐπὶ στόμα, χειρῶν δὲ καὶ ποδῶν ἐς ἄγαν σφίσι τετανυσμένων τῷ χείλει ποδὸς ἑκατέρου ἁψάμενοι ἐξανίσταντο.

  [23] The Empress, however, it was not at all customary to salute. But in the case of Justinian and Theodora, all the other members of the Senate and those as well who held the rank of Patricians, whenever they entered into their presence, would prostrate themselves to the floor, flat on their faces, and holding their hands and feet stretched far out they would touch with their lips one foot of each before rising.

  [24] οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡ Θεοδώρα τὴν ἀξίωσιν ἀνεδύετο ταύτην, ἥ γε καὶ τοὺς πρέσβεις προσίεσθαι Περσῶν τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων βαρβάρων, χρήμασί τε αὐτοὺς δωρεῖσθαι, ὥσπερ ὑπ̓ αὐτῇ κειμένης τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς, οὐδαμῆ ἀπηξίου, πρᾶγμα πώποτε οὐ γεγονὸς ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς χρόνου.

  [24] For even Theodora was not disposed to forego this testimony to her dignity, she who acted as though the Roman Empire lay at her feet, but was by no means averse to receiving even the ambassadors of the Persians and of the other barbarians and to bestowing upon them presents of money, a thing which had never happened since the beginning of time.

  [25] καὶ πάλαι μὲν οἱ τῷ βασιλεῖ ξυγγενόμενοι αὐτόν τε βασιλέα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα βασιλίδα ἐκάλουν, ἀρχόντων τε τῶν λοιπῶν ἕκαστον ὅπη αὐτῷ ἀξιώματος πέρι τὰ παρόντα ἔχοι.

  [25] And while in earlier times those who attended upon the Emperor used simply to call him “Emperor” and his consort “Empress,” and used to address each one of the other magistrates in accordance with his standing at the moment,

  [26] ἢν δέ τις τούτοιν ὁποτέρῳ ἐς λόγους ξυμμίξας βασιλέως ἢ βασιλίδος ἐπιμνησθείη, ἀλλ̓ οὐ δεσπότην τε ἀποκαλοίη καὶ δέσποιναν, ἢ καὶ μὴ δούλους τῶν τινας ἀρχόντων ὀνομάζειν πειρῷτο, τοσοῦτος δὴ ἀμαθής τε καὶ τὴν γλῶτταν ἀκόλαστος ἐδόκει εἶναι, καὶ ἅτε ἡμαρτηκὼς τὰ πικρότατα καὶ ὑβρίσας ἐς οὓς ἥκιστα ἐχρῆν ἐνθένδε ἀπῄει.

  [26] yet if anyone should enter into conversation with either one of these two and should use the words “Emperor” are “Empress” and fail to call them “Master” or “Mistress,” or should undertake to use any other word but “slaves” in referring to any of the magistrates, such a person would be accounted both stupid and too free of tongue, and, as though he had erred most grievously and had treated with gross indignity those whom he should by no means have so treated, would leave the imperial presence.

  [27] Καὶ τὰ πρότερα μὲν ὀλίγοι τε καὶ μόλις ἐν βασιλείοις ἐγίνοντο, ἐξ ὅτου δὲ οὗτοι τὴν βασιλείαν παρέλαβον, ἄρχοντες ὁμοῦ καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ ξύμπαντες ἐν Παλατίῳ ἐνδελεχέστατα διατριβὴν εἶχον.

  [27] And whereas in former times very few persons entered the Palace, and that too with difficulty, yet since the time when these succeeded to the throne, both magistrates and all others together remained constantly in the Palace.

  [28] αἴτιον δὲ ὅτι πάλαι μὲν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς τά τε δίκαια καὶ νόμιμα πράσσειν γνώμῃ αὐτονόμῳ ἐξῆν.

  [28] And the reason was that in the old days the magistrates were permitted to do what was just and lawful according to their own judgment.

  [29] οἵ τε οὖν ἄρχοντες διοικούμενοι τὰ εἰωθότα ἐν τοῖς καταγωγίοις τοῖς αὑτῶν ἔμενον, οἵ τε ἀρχόμενοι βίαιον οὐδὲν οὔτε ὁρῶντες οὔτε ἀκούοντες βασιλέα, ὡς τὸ εἰκὸς, ὀλίγα ἠνώχλουν.

  [29] Hence the magistrates, being
occupied with their own administrative business, used to remain in their own lodgings, and the subjects of the Emperor, since they neither saw nor heard of any act of violence, bothered him, as was to be expected, very little.

  [30] οὗτοι δὲ ἅπαντα ἐπὶ πονηρῷ τῶν κατηκόων ἐφ̓ ἑαυτοὺς ἐς ἀεὶ ἕλκοντες ἅπαντας σφίσι δουλοπρεπέστατα προσεδρεύειν ἠνάγκαζον: ἦν δὲ ἰδεῖν εἰς ἡμέραν σχεδόν τι ἑκάστην τὰ μὲν δικαστήρια πάντα ἐκ τοῦ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἀνδρῶν ἔρημα, ἐν δὲ τῇ βασιλέως αὐλῇ ὄχλον τε καὶ ὕβριν καὶ ὠθισμὸν μέγαν καὶ δουλοπρέπειαν ἐς ἀεὶ ξύμπασαν.

  [30] But these rulers, always drawing all matters into their own hands to the ruin of their subjects, compelled everybody to dance attendance upon them in most servile fashion; and it was possible to see, practically every day, all the law-courts, on the one hand, for the most part empty, but at the Emperor’s Court, on the contrary, one would find crowds and insolence and mighty pushing and all the time nothing but servility.

  [31] οἵ τε αὐτοῖν ἐπιτήδειοι δοκοῦντες εἶναι τήν τε ἡμέραν διηνεκῶς πᾶσαν καὶ τῆς νυκτὸς ἐς ἀεὶ πολλήν τινα μοῖραν ἐνταῦθα ἑστῶτες ἄυπνοί τε καὶ ἀπόσιτοι παρὰ καιροὺς τοὺς εἰωθότας γινόμενοι διεφθείροντο, ἐς τοῦτό τε αὐτοῖς τὴν δοκοῦσαν εὐδαιμονίαν ἀποκεκρίσθαι ξυνέπεσε.

  [31] And those who were supposed to be intimate with the royal pair, standing there continuously the entire day and regularly during the greater portion of the night, being without sleep and without food at the usual hours, were done to death, and this was all that their seeming good fortune amounted to.

  [32] τούτων μέντοι ἀφειμένοι πάντων διεμάχοντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ὅπη ποτὲ Ῥωμαίων τὰ χρήματα εἴη.

  [32] And when at length they were set free from all this, the poor fellows would quarrel with each other over the question of what had become of the money of the Romans.

  [33] οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἰσχυρίζοντο ἐν βαρβάροις ἅπαντα εἶναι, οἱ δὲ βασιλέα ἔφασκον ἐν οἰκίσκοις πολλοῖς καθείρξαντα ἔχειν.

  [33] For whereas some maintained that it was all in the possession of the barbarians, others said that the Emperor kept it shut up in a large number of special rooms.

  [34] ὁπηνίκα οὖν ἢ ἄνθρωπος ὢν ὁ Ἰουστινιανὸς ἀπέλθῃ τοῦ βίου, ἢ ἅτε τῶν δαιμόνων ἄρχων ἀπολύσῃ τὸν βίον, ὅσοι τηνικάδε περιόντες τύχωσι, τἀληθὲς εἴσονται.

  [34] So when Justinian either, if he is a man, departs this life, or, as being the Lord of the evil spirits, lays his life aside, all who have the fortune to have survived to that time will know the truth.

  The Buildings of Justinian

  BOOK I.

  [1] Οὐκ ἀρετῆς ἐπίδειξιν ποιεῖσθαι ἐθέλων, οὐδὲ λόγου δυνάμει θαρσῶν, οὐδὲ χωρίων ἐπὶ τῇ ἐμπειρίᾳ φιλοτιμούμενος, ἐς τῆσδε τῆς ἱστορίας τὴν γραφὴν ὥρμηκα· ἐπεὶ οὐκ εἶχον οὐδὲν ὑφ᾽ οὗ ἂν παρρησίας ἐς τόδε ἀγοίμην.

  [1] It is not because I wish to make a display of skill, nor through any confidence in my eloquence, nor because I pride myself on my personal knowledge of many lands, that I have set about writing this record; for indeed I had no grounds for venturing so bold an intention.

  [2] ἀλλά μοι πολλάκις ἔννοια γέγονεν ὁπόσων τε καὶ πηλίκων ἀγαθῶν αἴτιον ἱστορία ταῖς πόλεσι γίνεσθαι εἴωθε, παραπέμπουσά τε εἰς τοὺς ἐπιγόνους τῶν προγεγενημένων τὴν μνήμην, καὶ ἀνταγωνιζομένη τῷ χρόνῳ κρυφαῖα ποιεῖσθαι διατεινομένῳ τὰ πράγματα, καὶ τὴν μὲν ἀρετὴν εὐφημίαις ἀεὶ τῶν ἀναλεγομένων αὐτὴν ἐπαίρουσα, τῆς δὲ κακίας ἐπιλαμβανομένη διηνεκές, ταύτῃ τε ἀποκρουομένη τὴν αὐτῆς δύναμιν.

  [2] Yet the thought has many times occurred to me, how many and how great are the benefits which are wont to accrue to states through History, which transmits to future generations the memory of those who have gone before, and resists the steady effort of time to bury events in oblivion; and while it incites to virtue those who from time to time may read it by the praise it bestows, it constantly assails vice by repelling its influence.

  [3] τούτου οὖν δὴ μόνου ἐπιμελητέον ἡμῖν, ὅπως δὴ ἔνδηλα τὰ πεπραγμένα διαφανῶς ἔσται καὶ ὑφ᾽ ὅτου ἐργασθείη τῶν πάντων ἀνθρώπων. ταῦτα δέ, οἶμαι, οὐδὲ γλώσσῃ τραυλιζούσῃ τε καὶ ἰσχνοφώνῳ οὔσῃ ἀμήχανά ἐστι.

  [3] Wherefore our concern must be solely this — that all the deeds of the past shall be clearly set forth, and by what man, whosoever he might be, they were wrought. And this, I believe, is not an impossible task, even for a lisping and thin-voiced tongue.

  [4] χωρὶς δὲ τούτων εὐγνώμονας μὲν ἱστορία ἐς τοὺς εὐεργέτας ἐνδείκνυται γεγονέναι τῶν ἀρχομένων τοὺς εὖ πεπονθότας, ἐν μείζοσι δὲ ]αὐτοῖς ἐκτετικέναι τὰ χαριστήρια, οἵ γε, ἂν οὕτω τύχοι, ἐπὶ καιροῦ μὲν τῆς ἀγαθοεργίας τῶν ἐν σφίσιν ἡγησαμένων ἀπώναντο, ἀθάνατον δὲ αὐτοῖς τῶν εἰς τὸ ἔπειτα ἐσομένων τῇ μνήμῃ τὴν ἀρετὴν διασώζουσι.

  [4] Apart from all this, history shews that subjects who have received benefits have proved themselves grateful toward their benefactors, and that they have repaid them with thank-offerings in generous measure, seeing that, while they have profited, it may be, for the moment only by the beneficence of their rulers, they nevertheless preserve their sovereigns’ virtue imperishable in the memory of those who are to come after them.

  [5] διὰ ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ τῶν ἐπιγινομένων πολλοὶ ἀρετῶσι μὲν τὰς τῶν προγεγενημένων ζηλοῦντες τιμάς, ἐς δὲ τὰς βλασφημίας χαλεπῶς ἔχοντες τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων τὰ πονηρότατα, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, ἀναδύονται. ὅτου δὲ δὴ ἕνεκα ταῦτα ὑπεῖνον αὐτίκα δηλώσω.

  [5] Indeed it is through this very service that many men of later times strive after virtue, by emulating the honours of those who have preceded them, and, because they cannot endure censure, are quite likely to shun the basest practices. And the reason why I have made this preface I shall forthwith disclose.

  [6] Ἐν χρόνῳ τῷ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς γέγονεν, ὃς τὴν πολιτείαν πλημμελῶς κινουμένην παραλαβὼν μεγέθει μὲν αὐτὴν μείζω τε καὶ πολλῷ ἐπιφανεστέραν εἰργάσατο, ἐξελάσας ἐνθένδε τοὺς ἐκ παλαιοῦ βιασαμένους αὐτὴν βαρβάρους, ὥσπερ μοι λεπτολογουμένῳ ἐν τοῖς ὑπὲρ τῶν πολέμων δεδήλωται λόγοις.

  [6] In our own age there has been born the Emperor Justinian, who, taking over the State when it was h
arassed by disorder, has not only made it greater in extent, but also much more illustrious, by expelling from it those barbarians who had from of old pressed hard upon it, as I have made clear in detail in the Books on the Wars.

  [7] καίτοι λέγουσί ποτε Θεμιστοκλέα τὸν Νεοκλέους ἀποσεμνύνεσθαι ὅτι δὴ οὐκ ἀνεπιστημόνως ἔχοι πόλιν μικρὰν ποιῆσαι μεγάλην.

  [7] Indeed they say that Themistocles, the son of Neocles, once boastfully said that he did not lack the ability to make a small state large.

  [8] ὁ δὲ δὴ οὐκ ἀμελέτητός ἐστιν ἐμπορίζεσθαι πολιτείας ἑτέρας· πολλὰς ἀμέλει προσεποίησεν ἤδη τῇ Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῇ ἀλλοτρίας καθ᾽ αὑτὸν οὔσας, πόλεις δὲ ἀναρίθμους δεδημιούργηκεν οὐ πρότερον οὔσας.

  [8] But this Sovereign does not lack the skill to produce completely transformed states — witness the way he has already added to the Roman domain many states which in his own times had belonged to others, and has created countless cities which did not exist before.

  [9] πλανωμένην δὲ εὑρὼν τὴν ἀμφὶ τῷ θεῷ δόξαν τὰ πρότερα ἐς πολλά τε ἀναγκαζομένην ἰέναι, συντρίψας ἁπάσας τὰς ἐπὶ τὰς πλάνας φερούσας ὁδούς, διεπράξατο ἐν τῶν βεβαίῳ τῆς πίστεως ἐπὶ μιᾶς ἑστάναι κρηπῖδος. ] πρὸς δὲ καὶ τοὺς νόμους λαβὼν τῷ τε παμπληθεῖς οὐ δέον γεγονέναι σκοτεινοὺς ὄντας καὶ ξυγχεομένους διαφανῶς τῷ ἀπ᾽ ἐναντίας ἀλλήλοις ἰέναι, καὶ τοῦ μὲν ὄχλου αὐτοὺς τῆς τερθρείας ἀποκαθάρας, τὸ δὲ ἐς ἀλλήλους διχοστατεῖν βεβαιότατα κρατυνόμενος διεσώσατο. καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἐπιβουλεύουσιν αὐτεπάγγελτος τὰς αἰτίας ἀφείς, τοὺς δὲ βίου δεομένους πλούτῳ πεποιημένος κατακορεῖς καὶ τύχην αὐτοῖς τὴν ἐπηρεάζουσαν βιασάμενος, εὐδαίμονι βίῳ τὴν πολιτείαν ξυνῴκισεν.