Scorched Earth
Page 17
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Admiral E. R. Zumwalt Jr., “Report to Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs on the Association between Adverse Health Effects and Exposure to Agent Orange,” May 5, 1990, 36.
16. Ibid., 33.
17. Ibid., 33.
18. Ibid., 33.
19. Ibid., 35.
20. Ibid., 22.
21. Ibid., 50–51.
22. Nhan, “Agent Orange and the Conscience of the USA,” 2008.
23. Sandra C. Taylor, Vietnamese Women at War (University Press of Kansas, 1999), 33.
24. Gerson Smoger, Interview with Thanh Nien News, no date.
25. Huu Ngoc Ngoc, Wandering Through Vietnamese Culture (Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 1995), 6.
CHAPTER 4: SPRAYED AND BETRAYED
1. Fred A. Wilcox, Waiting for an Army to Die: The Tragedy of Agent Orange, (New York: Seven Stories Press 2011), 100.
2. Ibid., 100.
3. Ibid., 101.
4. Ibid., 102.
5. Ibid., 105.
6. Ibid., 105.
7. Ibid., 105.
8. Ibid., 106.
9. Ibid., 106.
10. Courtroom testimony, Fairness Hearings, Brooklyn Federal Court, June 1985.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Wilcox, “Waiting for an Army to Die,” xvi
CHAPTER 5: A LUCKY MAN
No notes.
CHAPTER 6: GENERATIONS
No notes.
CHAPTER 7: JURISPRUDENCE
1. Vietnam Association v. Dow Chemical, United States District Court, Eastern District of New York, March 18, 2004, 23.
2. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Mortality among Vietnam Veterans in Massachusetts, 1972–1983, Report for the Veterans Administration, Washington, DC.
3. Barclay M. Shepard, et al., Proportionate Mortality Study of Army and Marine Corps Veterans of the Vietnam War, Office of Environmental Epidemiology, Veterans Administration, 1987.
4. L. P. H. Anderson et al., Wisconsin Vietnam Veteran Mortality Study, Madison, WI, Division of Health, 1985.
5. A. P. Holmes, West Virginia Vietnam-Era Veterans Mortality Study, Charleston, West Virginia Health Department, no date.
6. M. J. Fett et al., Australian Veterans Health Studies: The Mortality Report (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1984.)
7. Ed Kozel, Agent Orange Primer (No publisher given, 2009), 23.
8. Constantine P. Korkkoris, Amended Class Action Complaint, MDL 381, 48.
9. Michael Palmer, Project MUSE, Scholarly Journal Online, 176.
10. L. W. Dwernychuk, et al., “Dioxin Reservoirs in Southern Vietnam: A Legacy of Agent Orange,” Chemosphere 47 (2002): 117–137.
11. Korkkoris, “Complaint,” 49.
12. Jack B. Weinstein, “Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation: Memorandum, Order, and Judgment.” MDL No. 381, O4-CV-400, 42.
13. Unclassified cable from US ambassador in Vietnam to Secretary of State, Washington, DC, February 16, 2003.
14. Kenn Hermann, “Agent Orange research canceled: ‘A series of lies, deceit and blackmail,’” Political Affairs Magazine, April 2005.
15. Weinstein, “Memorandum,” 43.
16. Ibid., 43–44.
17. Ibid., 45.
18. Fred A. Wilcox, Waiting for an Army to Die: The Tragedy of Agent Orange (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2011), 127.
19. Ibid., 128.
20. Ibid., 128.
21. Ibid.
22. Weinstein, “Memorandum,” 17.
23. Ibid., 192.
24. Gerson Smoger, interview by Thanh Nien News, no date.
25. Wilcox, Uncommon Martyrs, (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1991), 95–96.
26. Weinstein, “Memorandum,” 155.
27. Weinstein, “Memorandum,” 182–4.
28. Ibid., 183.
29. Ibid., 178.
30. Ibid., 178.
31. Ibid., 181–2.
32. “Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss All Claims in Plaintiffs’ Amended Class Action Complaint for Lack of Jurisdiction over the Subject Matter and for Failure to State a Claim upon Which Relief Can Be Granted,” US District of New York, 2005, 6–19.
CHAPTER 8: THE LAST FAMILY
1. Dr. Professor Tran Xuan Thu, “Comments From the Scientists on the Consequences of Chemical Warfare in Vietnam,” Proceedings, The International Conference of Victims of Agent Orange, Hanoi, March 28–29, 2006, 18–19.
2. Fred A. Wilcox, Waiting for an Army to Die: The Tragedy of Agent Orange, (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2011), 53.
3. Ibid., 53.
4. Ibid., 54.
5. Louise Edwards, “Genetic Damage in New Zealand Vietnam War Veterans,” Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, 2006, 15.
6. Ibid., 1.
CHAPTER 9: THE REALM
1. The Militant, July 9, 2007.
2. Transcript of Preliminary Hearing Before The Honorable Jack B. Weinstein, United States District Judge, Vietnamese Class Action Suit, United States District Court, March 18, 2004, 16–19.
3. Ibid., 24.
4. Jack B. Weinstein, Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation: Memorandum, Order, and Judgment, MDL No. 381, O4-CV-400, 44.
5. Wayne Dwernychuk, Interview with Thahn Nien News, August 8, 2009.
6. “Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss All Claims in Plaintiffs’ Amended Class Action Complaint for Lack of Jurisdiction over the Subject Matter and for Failure to State a Claim upon Which Relief Can Be Granted,” US District of New York, 2005, 62.
7. Weinstein, “Memorandum,” 156–165.
CHAPTER 10: FREE FIRE ZONE
1. Tom Mangold and John Penycate, The Tunnels of Chu Chi (New York: Ballantine, 1985.)
2. Ibid.
3. Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin, 1983), 213.
4. Fred A. Wilcox, Waiting for an Army to Die: The Tragedy of Agent Orange (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2011), 172.
5. Ngo D. Anh et al., “Association between Agent Orange and birth defects: Systematic Review and meta-analysis,” International Journal of Epidemiology 35 (2006): 1220–1230.
6. Ibid., 1227.
7. Wilcox, Waiting for an Army to Die, 55.
8. Ibid.
CHAPTER 11: CHEMICAL CHILDREN
1. Cheer Up, Viet and Duc! No date.
CHAPTER 12: EVIDENCE ROOM
1. Barry Weisberg, Ecocide In Indochina, (San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1970), 59.
2. Ibid., 60.
3. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), 29.
4. Thomas Whiteside, The Withering Rain: America’s Herbicidal Folly (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1971), 13–14.
5. Daniel Shea, “Their Deaths Require Justice and the Living Victims Need To be Compensated and We All Must work to End the Insanity of War,” International Conference Of Victims Of Agent Orange/Dioxin, March 28–29, 2006, 62.
6. J. B. Neilands, Harvest of Death (New York: Free Press, 1972), 200.
CHAPTER 13: LETTERS DON’T LIE
1. Arnold Schecter and James Olson, “Cancer risk assessment using blood and dioxin levels and daily dietary TEQ intake in general populations of industrial and non-industrial countries,” Chemosphere 34 (1967): 1569–1577.
2. “More kids are getting brain cancer. Why?” New York: Center for Children’s Health and the Environment, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, no date.
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About the Author
Fred A. Wilcox has been a veteran’s advocate, environmentalist, and scholar on the Vietnam War for the past thirty years. His book Waiting for an Army to Die: The Tragedy of Agent Orange helped break the story of the effects of chemical warfare on US veterans of the Vietnam War when it was first published in 1983. He is the recipient of numerous awards for his scholarship, including the Four Chaplains Humanitarian Award presented to him on two occasions by the Vietnam Veterans of America. He lives in Ithaca, New York, where he is an associate professor of writing at Ithaca College.
About Seven Stories Press
Seven Stories Press is an independent book publisher based in New York City. We publish works of the imagination by such writers as Nelson Algren, Russell Banks, Octavia E. Butler, Ani DiFranco, Assia Djebar, Ariel Dorfman, Coco Fusco, Barry Gifford, Hwang Sok-yong, Lee Stringer, and Kurt Vonnegut, to name a few, together with political titles by voices of conscience, including the Boston Women’s Health Collective, Noam Chomsky, Angela Y. Davis, Human Rights Watch, Derrick Jensen, Ralph Nader, Loretta Napoleoni, Gary Null, Project Censored, Barbara Seaman, Alice Walker, Gary Webb, and Howard Zinn, among many others. Seven Stories Press believes publishers have a special responsibility to defend free speech and human rights, and to celebrate the gifts of the human imagination, wherever we can. For additional information, visit www.sevenstories.com.
Copyright
Copyright © 2011 by Fred A. Wilcox
A Seven Stories Press First Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including mechanical, electric, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Seven Stories Press
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New York, NY 10013
www.sevenstories.com
College professors may order examination copies of Seven Stories Press titles for a free six-month trial period. To order, visit http://www.sevenstories.com/textbook or send a fax on school letterhead to (212) 226-1411.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wilcox, Fred.
Scorched earth : legacies of chemical warfare in Vietnam / Fred A. Wilcox ; photographs by Brendan B. Wilcox. – A Seven Stories Press 1st ed.
p. cm.
eISBN: 978-1-60980-340-7
1. Agent Orange–Health aspects–Vietnam. 2. Agent Orange–Environmental aspects–Vietnam. 3. Chemical warfare–Health aspects–Vietnam. 4. Chemical warfare–Environmental aspects–Vietnam. 5. Vietnam War, 1961-1975–Chemical warfare. I. Title.
RA1242.T44W55 2011
615.9′513709597–dc23
2011023208
v3.1
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