Book Read Free

Black Detroit

Page 39

by Herb Boyd

Focus: Hope, 206

  Fonda, Jane, 223–224

  Forbes, on poverty in Detroit, 322

  Ford, Coit, 99

  Ford, Gerald, 245

  Ford, Geraldine Bledsoe, 212

  Ford, Henry, 69–70, 76–77, 92–94, 107–109, 118, 130–131

  Ford Foundation, 334

  Ford Motor Company

  black workers hired by, 107–109

  financial crisis of 1927 and, 117

  first black board member of, 233

  Ford Hunger March, 100

  founding of, 69–70

  during Great Depression, 130–131, 133

  Foreman family, 160

  For Malcolm (Randall), 236

  Forman, James, 220–224

  Forsith, William, 22

  Fortune, T. Thomas, 74

  Fortune Records, 167

  Foster (general), 48

  France, Detroit ruled by (1760), 18

  Franklin, Aretha, 186–187, 250, 269, 285, 308

  Franklin, Clarence LaVaughn (C. L.), 166–167, 186–187, 193, 195, 249–250

  Frazier, E. Franklin, 155

  Freedmen’s Bureau, 81

  Freedom Now Party, 195–196

  Freedom Summer 1964, 162

  Freeman, Lorenzo, 210

  French, Caroline, 30

  French, George, 50

  “From Now On” (Gibbs), 339–340

  Frost, Karolyn Smardz, 28

  Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, 29

  Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 37, 38, 52

  Fuller, Chaka, 213

  Fuller, Curtis, 172

  Fuqua, Gwen Gordy, 297

  Furshee, Durwood, 229

  Gabriel, Larry, 298

  Gaines, George, 255

  gangs, drugs and, 254–256

  Garfield, James, 81

  Garnet, Henry Highland, 52

  Garrett, Joyce Finley, 284–285

  Garvey, Marcus, 101–102, 105

  Garza, Michael, 296

  Gaye, Marvin, 225–226

  General Motors, 159–161, 232, 248–249, 251, 266

  Georgakas, Dan, 190, 215, 252

  German American population, in 1850s, 44–46

  “Get a Job” (Silhouettes), 181

  Gibbs, Michele, 339–340

  Gies, Edward, 78–79

  Gilbert, Dan, 333, 334, 342

  Gilded Age, 57–70

  automobile industry, 69–70

  music, 58–65

  newspapers and publications, 65–67

  overview, 57–58

  theater and dance, 67–68

  visual arts, 68

  Gilmore, Horace, 259–260

  Girardin, Ray, 204

  Golightly, Cornelius, 299

  Golightly Educational Center, 299

  Goodell, Lemuel, 29

  Goodman, Andrew, 162

  Goodman, Ernest, 162

  Gordy, Berry, Jr., 175, 179–183, 225–226, 273

  “Got a Job” (Gordy, Robinson), 181

  Gotham Hotel, 187

  Grable, Arnetta, 300–301

  Grable, Larry, 300–301

  Graham, Doris, 165

  Graham Paige, 118

  Granger, Lester, 131

  Granholm, Jennifer, 309, 325

  Grant, U. S., 72

  Graystone International Jazz Museum, 273

  Great Britain, Detroit ruled by (1760), 18

  Great Depression, 127–137

  labor and collective bargaining, 128–134

  Nation of Islam founded during, 134–137

  overview, 128–129

  “Relief” (Hughes), 127

  Greater Work Foundation, 294–295

  “Greatings to Toussaint L’Ouverture” (Handy), 61

  Great Migration, 91–103

  economic issues of, 92–97, 102–103

  Lambert and, 36

  overview, 1–5, 82

  Vine on, 111

  World War I and, 97–103

  Green, Malice, 275–277

  Green Pastures, 96

  Gregory, Karl, 199–200

  Gribbs, Roman, 226

  Griffin, Rufus, 202

  Griot Galaxy, 258

  Grisby, Snow, 131

  Groovesville Productions, 239

  Group on Advanced Leadership (GOAL), 195

  Guy, Harry P., 60

  Guyton, Louise G., 294–295

  Guyton, Tyree, 295

  Hackley, Edwin Henry, 64

  Hackley, Emma Azalia Smith, 64–65, 68, 85

  Hackley Choral Society, 64

  Hall, Helen, 206

  Hamer, Fannie Lou, 221

  Hamilton, Henry, 19

  Hamlin, Michael, 218–224, 267–268

  Hampton, Gladys, 170

  Hampton, Lionel, 170–171

  Handy, W. C., 60–61

  Hankerson, Barry, 256

  Harmonie Park Playhouse, 266–267

  Harper’s Ferry raid, 41

  Harris, Bill, 272

  Harris, Marjorie, 274

  Harrison, Wendell, 240

  Harrison, William Henry, 23, 26, 36

  Hartford Memorial Baptist Church, 299

  The Hate That Hate Produced (documentary), 190

  Hawkins, La-Van, 305–306

  Hayden, Robert, 62, 237

  Hayes, Roland, 64

  Haynes, George Edmund, 94–95

  Hays, Arthur Garfield, 111–116

  Haywood, Harry, 99–100, 129

  HBO Films, 295

  Heady, Doug, 229

  Hearns, Tommy “Hit Man,” 256

  Heart, Edward, 51–52

  The Heidelberg Project (Guyton), 295–296

  Henderson, Cornelius, 120

  Henderson, Erma, 232, 309

  Henderson, Henry, 227

  Henderson, John, 66

  Hendrix, Freman, 306, 308

  Henry, Milton, 190, 195, 199, 208, 210, 268–269

  Henry, Richard, 190

  Herndon, Angelo, 131

  Hibbit, Al, 213

  Hill, Charles, 141, 241

  Hill, George, 298–299

  Hill, Gil, 300–302, 303

  Hill, Robert, 233

  Hines, William, 152

  HIV epidemic, 255

  Hoffa, James R., 199

  Hogsburg, Eric, 110

  Holland, Brian, 167

  Holland, Eddie, 167

  Holland, Jerome “Brud,” 232

  Holley, James, 250, 299

  Holloway, Christopher Columbus “Crush,” 122

  Home Missions Council, 95

  Homestead Grays, 126

  Hood, Denise Page, 267

  Hood, Karen Fort, 309

  Hood, Nicholas, 250

  Hooker, John Lee, 177, 201, 239

  Hooks, James, 313–314

  Hoover, Ellen, 44–46

  Hoover, Herbert, 120

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 236

  Horton, Willie, 188–189

  House of Diggs, 185

  Housewives’ League of Detroit, 132

  housing. see also Black Bottom

  evictions during Great Depression, 128–129

  during Gilded Age, 57

  during Great Migration, 96–97

  growth of suburbia, 188, 271, 291

  open-housing laws, 188, 191

  projects, 4–5, 11, 139–142, 154, 167–168

  Howard, O. O., 81

  Howard University, 89

  Hudson, J. L., Jr., 209

  Hudson Motor Company, 142

  Hughes, Langston, 127, 128

  Hughey, Howard, 307

  Hull, William, 25

  Hunter, Ron, 238

  “I Have a Dream” (Detroit speech; King), 193–194

  Ilitch, Chris, 335

  infant mortality, 321–322

  Ingram, Jim, 205

  Inner City Voice, 216

  Insurrection Act (Georgia), 129

  International Society of Crime Prevention Practitioners, 262

  interracial marriage

  bla
ck opposition to, 223

  between Native Americans and Christians, 16

  Interreligious Foundation for Community Development, 211

  Invisible Man (Ellison), 128–129

  Irish American population, in 1850s, 44–46

  Iron Molders Union, 87–88

  Islam, Nation of Islam’s founding and, 134–137

  I’ve Got a Home in Glory Land (Frost), 28

  Jackson, George, 159

  Jackson, Jesse, 250

  Jackson, J. H., 186

  Jackson, John Spencer, 68

  Jacquet, Illinois, 170

  James, Donald, 335

  janitor classification, of black workers, 143

  Japan

  bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 154

  The Development of Our Own organization, 147

  Jay Treaty, 23

  Jazz Center, 240

  Jazz Development Workshop, 240

  Jefferson, Thomas, 25

  Jeffries, Edward, 140, 141, 153

  Jeffries, Herb, 67

  Jeffries Projects, 4, 11, 167

  Jenkins, Beth Smith, 139–140

  Jenkins, James, 273

  Jenkins, Ray, 240

  Jews

  Detroit race riot of 1943 and, 152–153

  Jewish population (1850), 53–54

  KKK and, 132

  Purple Gang, 123, 124

  Jim Crow laws, Pelhams on, 74

  Joe Louis Arena, 245

  John, Willie, 168

  John C. Lodge Freeway, 168

  Johnson, Alex, 189

  Johnson, Arthur, 203, 269

  Johnson, Brian, 245

  Johnson, Charles S., 165

  Johnson, Harry, 310

  Johnson, Horace, III, 282

  Johnson, James, 213–214

  Johnson, John W., 59

  Johnson, Katie, 59

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 44, 204, 212

  Johnson, Marvin, 179–180

  Jones, Absalom, 36

  Jones, Aiyana, 328–329

  Jones, Claudia, 162

  Jones, Eugene Kinckle, 95, 131

  Jones, Hayes, 191

  Jones, Helen, 222

  Jones, Janet Webster, 317

  Jones, Sisseretta “Black Patti,” 68

  Joplin, Scott, 60

  Josaitis, Eleanor, 206

  Joseph, Peniel, 196

  Jupiter (slave), 21

  Kahn, Albert, 120

  Kai, Nubia, 265–266

  Kapell, Matthew W., 141

  Kathrada, Ahmed, 293–294

  Katzman, David, 79, 84–85

  Keast, William, 215–216

  Keating, Patrick, 285

  Keeper of the Word Foundation, 136

  Keith, Damon, 176–177, 188–189, 203–204, 212, 261, 268, 309

  Kellogg, Paul, 128

  Kennedy, John F., 188

  Kennedy, Robert, 214

  Kenny, William, 22–23

  Kerner Commission, 209

  Killens, John Oliver, 208

  Kilpatrick, Bernard, 304

  Kilpatrick, Carlita, 309

  Kilpatrick, Kwame, 301, 303–310, 311, 325–326

  Kimathi, Menelik, 295

  King, B. B., 187

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 163, 175, 186, 193, 199, 214

  King, Rodney, 276

  King, Woodie, Jr., 266, 311–312

  King Solomon Baptist Church, 195, 235

  Klein’s Show Bar, 172

  Knights of Labor, 88

  Knox, Frank, 141–142

  Kraft Foods, 298–299

  Kramer, Marian, 318

  Ku Klux Klan

  Great Depression and, 132

  Great Migration and, 97

  Liuzzo killed by, 198–199

  Sweet trials and, 107, 110

  World War II and, 141

  labor and labor unions. see also United Auto Workers

  in 1990s, 281–283

  AFL-CIO merger, 175

  class issues, 81–82, 87–89

  collective bargaining, 128–134

  Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 155

  cost-of-living wage increases, 161

  Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM), 217–224

  House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and, 161–162

  overview, 9–10

  Randolph and, 105–106

  Trade Union Leadership Council (TULC), 176

  during World War II, 142–147

  Lambert, Molly E., 65–67, 83

  Lambert, William, 33, 35–42, 50–51, 55–56, 65, 83

  Lambert family, “cultured 40” and, 82

  The Last Ride of Wild Bill (Brown), 236

  Lateef, Yusef, 172, 242

  Latting, John, 110

  law firms, integrated, 162

  Lawrence, Lynda, 297

  League of Revolutionary Black Workers (LRBW), 218–224, 252

  League of Struggle for Negro Rights (LSNR), 129

  Lee, Don L. (Haki Madhubuti), 237–238

  Lemon, Chet, 261

  L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 24

  Lenox, Cornelius Leonard, 30

  Leonard, “Sugar Ray,” 256

  Lessenberry, Jack, 301

  Lessnau, Robert, 275

  Levin, Carl, 285

  Lewis, Kirk, 330

  Lewis, Majorie Ramsey, 97

  Lewis, Michael, 208

  Lewis, Violet T., 274

  Lewis Business College, 274

  Liberia, 52

  Lightfoot, Madison, 32–33, 49–50

  Lightfoot, Tabitha, 30

  Light Guard Armory, 76, 99

  Lincoln, Abraham, 40–41, 44, 48, 68

  literary institutions

  in 1980s, 256–257

  cultural heritage, overview, 11–12

  support for, 235–239

  Little, Malcolm. see X, Malcolm

  Little, Wilfred, 137

  Little Caesars Arena, 342

  Liuzzo, Viola, 198–199

  Lockett, Ron, 318–319

  Logan, Sam, 330–331

  Longshoremen’s Union, 88

  Longshorement’s Union, 81

  Long Walk to Freedom (Mandela), 294

  Lord, F. Levi, 101

  Lotus Press, 238

  Louis, Joe “Brown Bomber,” 121, 124–126, 180, 324

  Love, Josephine Harreld, 236

  Loving, Al, 169

  Lucas, William, 228

  Lyceum Journal (Saint Matthew’s Protestant Episcopal Mission), Lambert and, 66

  lynchings

  Great Migration and, 93

  Pelhams on, 74

  Sweet trials and, 107

  at turn of twentieth century, 86

  Lyon, Charles “Little Willie,” 150–151

  Mack, Joe, 110

  Mack Park, 122, 123–124

  Macomb, William, 22

  Madgett, Naomi Long, 238

  Madhubuti, Haki (Don L. Lee), 237–238

  Mahaffey, Maryann, 309

  Maisonville, Alexis, 22

  Mallett, Conrad, Jr., 203

  Mallett, Conrad, Sr., 203

  Mandela, Nelson, 268–269, 293–294

  Mandela, Winnie, 268

  March on Washington Movement, 153–154

  Marks, Carole, 92

  Marshall, Donald, 130

  Marshall, Thurgood, 153

  Martin, David, 291

  Martin, Louis, 133

  Mason, Patrick, 207

  Mast, Bob, 220

  Mausi, Shahida, 109

  Mazey, Emil, 134

  McCain, John, 324

  McCarthy, Albert, 62

  McCree, Wade, Jr., 188, 212

  McDonald, Brian, 259

  McFall, Benjamin, 193

  McGee, Charles, 241–242

  McGhee v. Sipes, 155–156

  McKee, Alexander, 22

  McKensyites, 36–37

  McKinney, Harold, 240, 257–258

  McNamara, Ed, 304

  McPhail, Sharon, 27
9, 301

  McRae, Norman, 17, 19–20, 284

  Medvecky, Nick, 216, 223

  Meier, August, 133–134

  Mercy Hospital, 84

  Merrill Hall, 67

  Message to the Blackman in America (Elijah Muhammad), 135

  “Message to the Grass Roots” (Malcolm X), 195

  Metro Foodland, 313–314

  Metro Times (Detroit)

  on Bell, 249

  inception of, 248

  Michigan Baptist Association, 51

  Michigan Central Railroad Company, 73, 94

  Michigan Chronicle

  on Fuqua, 297

  Ingram and, 205

  Kramer honored by, 318

  Logan and, 331

  New Detroit and, 210

  ownership, 133

  Parks and, 269

  Quinn family and, 271

  on Rhea, 335

  on Sojourner Truth riot, 141

  on Young, 285

  Michigan Civil Rights Act of 1885, 79

  Michigan statehood (1837), 32

  Michigan State Music Teachers’ Association, 75

  Michigan Territory, 25, 26

  Middleton, Stephen, 20

  Miles, Tiya, 18

  military. see also World War II era

  African Americans in, during 1800s, 25–26

  Vietnam War, 214, 223

  World War I and, 97–103

  of World War II, 147–150

  Millender, Robert, 148

  Miller, Chazz, 312–313

  Million Dollars Worth of Nerve (Coleman), 83

  Milner, Ron, 168–169, 256

  Mirel, Jeffrey, 200

  Miriani, Louis, 188

  Missouri Compromise of 1820, 38

  Mitchell, Billy, 171

  Mitchell, Cornelius, 49–50

  Monette (slave), 21

  Monroe, William C., 33, 36–42, 50–53

  Montgomery Bus Boycott, 163, 186

  Moore, Charles Victor, 61, 240

  moore, jessica Care, 339

  Moore, Tom, 339

  Moorish Science Temple, 135

  Morse, Leonard, 110

  Moten, Emmett, 245, 251, 257

  Moton, Leroy, 198–199

  Motor City Music Foundation 2000, 297–298

  Motown, 175, 179–183, 225–226, 233–234, 296–298

  Muhammad, Burnsteen Sharrieff, 136

  Muhammad, Elijah (Poole), 102, 134–137, 148–150, 164

  Muhammad, W. Fard, 102, 135–137

  Mumford High School, 299–300

  Murphy, Frank, 116, 117, 118

  Murphy, Sheila, 247, 267, 268

  Murray, Norris, 110

  music. see also individual names of musicians

  in 1980s, 257–258, 264

  in 1990s, 272–273

  financial support for, 239–243

  Gilded Age, 58–65

  Graystone International Jazz Museum, 273

  jazz of early 1950s, 170–173

  Motown, 175, 179–183

  overview, 10–11

  Musicians United to Save Indigenous Culture (MUSIC), 257–258

  “My Ragtime Baby” (Stone), 60–61

  The Mystery (abolitionist publication), 40

  NAACP

  Anthony and, 286

  Johnson and, 269

  legal challenges by, 74, 175

  Sweet trials and, 110, 115–116

  Walker and, 122

  Wilkins and, 199

 

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