Conduct Under Fire
Page 67
46 By late November 1941: Rockwell, “Narrative,” p. 1.
46 On November 27: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 1:615.
46 “An aggressive move”: Morris, Corregidor, pp. 49-50.
46 The Philippines: Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, p. 525.
46 “state of readiness”: Rockwell, “Narrative,” p. 3.
46 The windows of: Thomas Hirst Hayes to Thomas Hayes, Jr., July 26, 1944, entry in Diary, p. 17, courtesy Keeney L. Hayes.
46 “three-day readiness”: Rockwell, “Narrative,” p. 3
47 “AIR RAID ON”: Edwin P. Hoyt, The Lonely Ships (New York : David McKay, 1975), p. 141.
47 “Japan started”: Grover and Grover, Captives in Shanghai, p. 49.
47 Major General Richard K. Sutherland: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 79.
47 At 0530: Jan K. Herman, Battle Station Sick Bay: Navy Medicine in World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1997), p. 37.
47 “Japan attacks America”: Clark Lee, They Call It Pacific (New York: Viking Press, 1943), p. 33.
47 The Japanese had attacked: Melville Jacoby, “War Hits Manila,” in Reporting World War II, vol. 1, American Journalism 1938-1944 (New York: Library of America, 1995), p. 253; “Philippine Epic,” Life 12, no. 15 (April 13, 1942), p. 27; Ian Sayer and Douglas Botting, “America’s Secret Army: The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps,” Congressional Record, January 30, 1996.
47 Shopkeepers piled: Lee, Pacific, pp. 5-37.
47 At Nielson Field: Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 80-84.
47 But Brereton couldn’t: Perret, Old Soldiers, p. 250.
48 Then at 1225: John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945 (New York: Random House, 1970), pp. 1:292-93.
48 “The sight which met us”: Quoted in Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 169.
48 Air raid sirens: Allison Ind, Bataan: The Judgment Seat (New York: Macmillan, 1944), p. 99.
48 A second wave: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 170. 48 Forty miles to: Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 85-87; Ind, Bataan, pp. 101-04.
49 In little more: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 88.
49 The strength of: Frank O. Hough, Verle E. Ludwig, and Henry I. Shaw, Jr., Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal: History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II (Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps), p. 1:163.
49 “Damn it have”: Ferguson, Diary, December 8, 1942, entry.
49 Few in the Philippines: Dear and Foot, Oxford Companion, p. 872.
49 Eighteen warships: John Keegan, Encyclopedia of World War II (Middlesex, England: Hamlyn, 1977), p. 198.
49 It was “a date which will”: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, “Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Japan,” December 8, 1941. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library and Museum, www.ourdocuments.gov.
49 “So far,” the president: Russell D. Buhite and David W. Levy, eds., FDR’s Fireside Chats (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), p. 199.
Chapter 3: Red Sunset
50 “Today, December 8”: Robert J. C. Butow, Tojo and the Coming of the War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1962), p. 407.
50 Young women in Kazuko’s: Ohashi Kazuko, author interview, July 13, 2002, Takarazuka, Japan.
50 Taiheiyō Sensō: Frank Gibney, ed., Sensō: The Japanese Remember the Pacific War: Letters to the Editor of “Asahi Shimbun,” trans. Beth Cary (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), p. 123.
50 Kazuko’s father: Miyazaki Shunya, author interview, July 13, 2002, Takarazuka, Japan.
50 “Truly it is time”: Quoted in Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore F. Cook, Japan at War: An Oral History (New York: New Press, 1992), p. 69.
51 Japanese novelist Dazai Osamu: Quoted in Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 242.
51 In 1941 U.S. steel: Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), p. 195.
51 But twenty years: Belote and Belote, Corregidor, p. 32.
51 “The Philippine situation”: Overy, Why the Allies, p. 202.
51 At the beginning: Spector, Eagle Against Sun, pp. 45-46.
51 The twin-engine Mitsubishi: Schom, Eagle and Rising Sun, p. 214.
51 a superior 47mm antitank gun: Constant Irwin, interview, August 7, 1942, Louis Morton Papers, Box 2, pp. 6-8, MHI.
51 50mm grenade launcher: Mike Yaklich, “Japanese Ordnance Material of World War II,” at www.wlhoward.com/japan.htm, p. 16.
51 portable 70mm gun: John Hersey, Men on Bataan (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942), pp. 296-99.
51 By contrast, the armament: Robert A. Clement, “Some of My Life Experiences,” p. 15, Personal Papers Collection, MCHC.
52 the 1903 Springfield: Yaklich, “Ordnance Material,” p. 11.
52 “lacked even obsolete”: Jonathan M. Wainwright, General Wainwright’s Story, ed. Robert Considine (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1945), p. 26.
52 Infantrymen were: Spector, Eagle Against Sun, p. 73; Donald Knox, Death March: The Survivors of Bataan (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), p. 29.
52 Shoddy American-issue: Jose, Philippine Army, p. 205.
52 For the defense of northern Luzon: Schom, Eagle and Rising Sun, p. 219.
52 45th and 57th Infantry: Knox, Death March, p. 30.
52 The 31st Infantry: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 135.
52 But their reputation was: Gavin Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific (New York: William Morrow, 1994), p. 268.
52 Conditioned by: ibid., p. 152.
52 Fred had seen: Ferdinand V. Berley, interview by Jan K. Herman, pp. 10-11.
53 Japanese battleships: Ienaga, Pacific War, p. 146.
53 Prewar medical mobilization: Mary Ellen Condon-Rall, “U.S. Army Medical Preparations and the Outbreak of War: The Philippines, 1941-6 May 1942,” Journal of Military History 56 (January 1992), p. 41.
53 Once Rainbow 5: Wibb E. Cooper, “Medical Department Activities in the Philippines from 1941-6 May 1942,” p. 47, RG 389, Box 2176, NARA.
53 Twenty surgical teams: James O. Gillespie, “Malaria and the Defense of Bataan,” in Leonard D. Heaton, John Boyd Coates, Jr., Ebbe Curtis Hoff, and Phebe M. Hoff, Preventive Medicine in World War II, vol. 6, Communicable Diseases: Malaria (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, 1963), p. 500.
54 Filipino Medical Corps: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 49.
54 Rizal Station: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 120.
54 Captain Robert G. Davis: Cooper’s paraphrase of Davis in Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 50.
54 Trenches and air raid: James W. Keene, “First Separate Marine Battalion, Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Cavite, Philippine Islands,” p. 7, Personal Papers Collection, MCHC.
54 But the location of: Condon-Rall, “Army Medical Preparations,” p. 45.
54 Estado Mayor: Thomas Hirst Hayes to Thomas Hayes, Jr., August 12, 1944, entry in Diary.
54 another desirable target: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 51.
54 Nonetheless patients and staff: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 12, 1944, entry in Diary. 54 one of five: Condon-Rall and Cowdrey, The Medical Department, p. 21.
55 At 0300 on: Davis, Diary, p. 1.
55 The submarine tender Canopus : “All Hands Book Supplement,” Ships’ History Section, Navy Department, June 1960, p. 58.
55 Women employees: Rockwell, “Narrative,” p. 4.
55 George Ferguson was assigned: Ferguson, Diary, p.17.
55 The duty radioman: Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 16; author interview with Ted Williams, March 8, 2002.
55 The same finding: Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 3, The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931-April 1942 (Edison, N.J.: Castle Books, 2001), p. 171.
55 At 1235: William Hogaboom, “Action Report, Bataan,” Marine Corps Gazette, April 1946, p. 25.
56 They were oddly beautiful:
See A.V.H. Hartendorp, The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines (Manila, Philippines: Bookmark, 1967), p. 1:63; George Burlage, interview by Ronald Marcello, November 18, 1970, p. 18, #63, UNTOHC; W. L. White, They Were Expendable (Cleveland, Ohio: World, 1944), p. 14.
56 The paint locker: John Toland, But Not in Shame (New York: Random House, 1961), p. 69.
56 Waves of Japanese bombers: Gwinn U. Porter, “Antiaircraft Defense of Corregidor,” monograph, School of Combined Arms, p. 14, Louis Morton Papers, Box, 15, MHI.
56 But Japanese fighters: U.S. War Department, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, reprinted by Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), pp. 56-57.
56 Out at Battery C: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 163. See also “Battery A—lst Separate Marine Battalion,” p. 3, Personal Papers Collection, MCHC.
57 A bomb rattled: “Pigboat Doc” by Wheeler Lipes, in Herman, Battle Station Sick Bay, pp. 46-47; Hoyt, Lonely Ships, pp. 153-55; Winslow, Fleet the Gods Forgot, pp. 86-88; “USS Bittern—War damage received, and report of abandoning of,” from Comanding Officer to Secretary of the Navy, December 13, 1941, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC.
57 Inflammable liquid: “History of the USS Peary,” Navy Department, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Division of Naval History, Ships’ Histories Section, p. 1, Asiatic Defense Campaign, DesDiv 59, NRS 237, MR, NHC.
57 Erickson: Fredrik de Coste, “U.S. Navy Doctor Who Survived 37 Soul-Shaking Months in Japan Prisoner of War Camp Relates Experiences,” Star and Herald (Panama), June 10, 1945.
57 Out of fright: Loren E. Stamp, Journey Through Hell (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1993), p. 12.
57 The wounded straggled: James L. Kent, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, May 11, 1972, #127, UNTOHC; Alton C. Halbrook, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, March 21-April 18, 1972, p. 36, #122, UNTOHC.
57 One woman had: White, Expendable, p. 20.
57 Another civilian ran: Williams, Rogues of Bataan II, p. 22.
57 Over at the garage: ibid., p. 23.
57 One headless corpse: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:64.
57 High winds fanned: Morison, Naval Operations, pp. 3:171-74; Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” pp. 7-9.
58 At 1600.: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation , p. 1:65; K. E. Lowman, “Fleet Surgeon’s Activities—U.S. Asiatic Fleet, a Resume, 1941-45,” p. l, BUMED; Thomas Hirst Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics, 4th Regiment, USMC, Medical Personnel, Manila Bay Area, 12-7-41 to 5-6-42,” p. 12, Hospital Corps Archives Memo 268-45, Folder 15-B, BUMED.
58 Durward Allen Laney: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 17; Stamp, Journey, p. 127.
59 “brought up to us”: Thomas Hirst Hayes, notes from December 8-December 10, 1941, written in Bilibid Prison, August 5, 1944, in Diary, BUMED.
59 285 patients passed: Mark Murphy, “You’ll Never Know!” New Yorker, June 12, 1943, p. 46.
59 Some 300 bombs: John Wilkes, “The Commander Submarines, U.S. Asiatic Fleet to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations, April 1, 1942,” p. 7, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC.
59 Five hundred people: Clay Blair, Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975), p. 134.
59 MacArthur’s wife: John Costello, The Pacific War, 1941-1945 (New York: Quill, 1982), p. 160.
59 The naval base: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 69.
59 In the coda: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation , p. 1:2.
59 Hundreds of canines: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 12, 1944, entry in Diary; M. M. Champlin, “Narrative,” p. 19, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC.
59 The smell of: Raymond G. Deewall to Director of Naval Intelligence, July 11, 1944, p. 4, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #2, NHC.
59 Murray and Gordon: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 90.
60 The road to Manila: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 6, 1944, entry in Diary.
60 Bloodied and dirty: Robert W. Kentner, Kentner’s Journal: Bilibid Prison, Manila, P.I., from 12-8-41 to 2-5-45, p. 4, RG 389, Box 2177, NARA.
60 “before too much”: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 12, 1944, entry in Diary.
60 Events were unfolding: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 12, 1944, entry in Diary. See also A. M. Barrett, Casus Belli, p. 17, BUMED.
60 To become some: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 12, 1944, entry in Diary.
60 Davis seemed more: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 21, 1944, entry in Diary.
60 As a result: Davis, Diary, p. 1.
61 There they could treat: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 11; Ferguson, Diary, p.18.
61 In the meantime: Keene, “First Separate Marine Battalion,” p. 7.
61 It was a grisly: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 18.
61 Laney’s remains: ibid., p. 77.
61 “red sunset”: James L. Kent, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, May 11, 1972, pp. 13-14, #127, UNTOHC.
Chapter 4: Invisible Enemies
62 In the densely: Andrew Spielman and Michael D’Antonio, Mosquito: A Natural History of Our Most Persistent and Deadly Foe (New York: Hyperion, 2001), pp. 95-96.
62 Malaria flourished: Fred H. Mowrey, M.D., “Statistics of Malaria,” in John Boyd Coates, Jr., and W. Paul Havens, Jr., eds., Internal Medicine in World War II, vol. 2, Infectious Diseases (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, 1963), pp. 449-50.
62 In the 1930s: Robert J. T. Joy, “Malaria in American Troops in the South and Southwest Pacific in World War II,” Medical History 43 (1999): 193.
63 On the flat: James O. Gillespie, “Malaria and the Defense of Bataan,” in Heaton, Coates, Hoff, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, p. 6:498.
63 MacArthur himself: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 1:89-90.
65 Towering monkey pod: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 77.
65 You learned not: Robert E. Haney, Caged Dragons: An American P.O.W. in WWII Japan (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Sabre Press, 1991), p. 24.
65 The climate: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 135.
65 Dewey himself: Dewey, Autobiography, p. 13.
65 On the southern slopes: Karl C. Dod, United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services, the Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1966), pp. 86-87.
65 As far back: Rockwell, “Narrative,” p. 2.
66 The spur on the pincer: John Foreman, The Philippine Islands, 3rd ed. (1905); Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 104.
66 Legend has it: “The Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays, 1937,” booklet compiled “primarily for the information of incoming personnel about to begin a first tour with the Coast Artillery in the Philippine Islands,” based on an article in The New York Times by Robert Aura Smith, July 24, 1932, in the Belote Collection, Box 2, p. 6, MHI. For a different version of this story see Foreman, Philippine Islands.
66 Mariveles was little more: Leutze, Different Kind of Victory, p. 157.
66 But the work: Jose, Philippine Army, pp. 187-88.
66 On December 8: D. Clayton James, The Years of MacArthur, vol. 2, 1941-1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), p. 27.
66 By December 10: Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 161-62.
66 There were 66,000 Filipino: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 215.
67 When G-3: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:28.
67 A troop withdrawal: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 215.
67 Fifteen thousand tons: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 256.
67 The army procured: Stauffer, Army in World War II, p. 9.
67 There were 2,295,000 pounds: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 254.
67 By agreement: Stauffer, Army in World War II, p. 8.
67 Five thousand tons: ibid., p. 9.
67 There were enough field rations: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 255.
67 WPO-3 had:
ibid., pp. 256-67.
67 MacArthur didn’t: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:27; across the international dateline it was December 11.
68 A malaria survey: Persis Putnam to Paul Russell, November 7, 1929, RG 1.1, Series 242I, Box 6, Folder 64, RAC.
68 First applied in 1927: Victor G. Heiser to Frederick F. Russell, January 31, 1930, RG 1.1, Series 242I, Box 6, Folder 66, RAC.
68 Victor Heiser: Heiser to Russell, May 8, 1928, RG 1.1., Series 242I, Box 6, Folder 2, RAC.
68 Russell arrived: Russell to Heiser, February 20, 1932, RG 1.1, Series 242I, Box 6, Folder 67, RAC; Russell to Heiser, September 22, 1931, RG 1.1, Series 242I, Box 6, Folder 66, RAC.
68 Having visited thirty-six provinces: Paul F. Russell, “Memorandum Regarding a New Plan for the Control of Malaria in the Philippines,” p. 2, RG 1.1, Series 242I, Box 6, Folder 67, RAC.
68 plasmochin: Mark Honigsbaum, The Fever Trail: In Search of the Cure for Malaria
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), p. 218.
69 “few foot trails”: Richard C. Mallonée, “Bataan Diary,” vol. 2: “The Defense of Bataan,” p. 1, Richard C. Mallonée Papers, Box 1, MHI.
69 Malaria as well as dysentery: Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, p. 7.
69 “would be extremely difficult”: Walter H. Waterous, “Statement of Experiences and Observations Concerning the Bataan Campaign and Subsequent Imprisonment,” p. 38, Louis Morton Papers, Box 6, MHI.
69 “Costly and time-consuming”: Paul F. Russell, “Appendix A, Third Quarterly Report, Malaria Investigations, Philippines Islands,” RG 5, IHB/D, Box 71, RAC.
69 “no practical control”: Russell to Heiser, April 4, 1932, RG 1.1, Series 242I, Box 6, Folder 67, RAC.
70 By 1936 Fischer was: Honigsbaum, Fever Trail, p. 220.
70 “There lies our disease threat”: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., July 28, 1944, entry in Diary.
70 The disease would peak: John Jacob Bookman, “Medical Notes,” p. 1. Courtesy Richard Bookman.
70 Lieutenant Colonel Curtis Thurston Beecher: Curtis Thurston Beecher, “Experiences in the Fighting on Corregidor,” p. 7. Courtesy Douglas County Historical Society, Roseburg, Ore.
70 Because there were few: Lee, Pacific, p. 190.
70 A barrier net: Malcolm McGregor Champlin, “Narrative,” recorded September 5, 1944, p. 6, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #2, NHC.