70 Clockwise as: E. L. Sackett, handdrawn map of Mariveles, in Earl Le Roy Sackett Special Collections, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming.
70 The Maryanne: Nancy Russell Young, “Reflections on Bob and Jessie Russell,” September 17, 1981 (unpublished), p. 23.
71 Beecher knew: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 12.
71 When lumber came in: Dower, War Without Mercy, pp. 263-64.
71 The marine guard: Ted Williams, interview, March 8, 2002.
71 By late 1941: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 9.
71 Which was a good: Paul F. Russell, “Final Report on the Malaria Investigations of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation in the Philippines Islands, 1921-1934,” p. 14, RAC.
Chapter 5: Exodus
72 The Americans had: Lee, Pacific, p 43.
72 A thousand Japanese: Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 115-16.
72 A mirror tied: Carl Mydans, More Than Meets the Eye (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959), pp. 65-66.
72 A secret radio: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 117.
72 The truth was: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 102.
72 One marine remembered: George Burlage, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, November 18, 1970, p. 13, #63, UNTOHC.
72 Nurses at Sternberg: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 25.
72 “suffered from nervous”: James O. Gillespie, “Recollections of the Pacific War and Japanese Prisoner of War Camps, 1941-1945,” p. 6, RG 389, Box 2177, NARA.
72 “What ward are you”: Ferguson, Diary, p. 18.
72 A statement issued: Stanley W. Smith, Prisoner of the Emperor: An American POW in World War II (Niwot, Colo.: University Press of Colorado, 1991), p. 17.
72 Manila was bombed: Blair, Silent Victory, p. 135.
72 A radio tower: Hoyt, Lonely Ships, p. 163.
73 The two doctors: Ferguson, Diary, pp. 18-19; Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 9; Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 11, lists sixteen dead.
73 Blackouts in Manila: Thomas Hirst Hayes to Thomas Hayes, Jr., August 12, 1944, entry in Diary.
73 That night a marine: Williams, Rogues of Bataan II, pp. 20-21; Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 8; Ferguson, Diary, p. 19.
73 The next day: Carter Berkeley Simpson, Diary, pp. 6-7, BUMED.
73 MacArthur formally: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, pp. 2:165-66; 165n38.
73 The marines and navy: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 203.
74 “Come on, Douglas”: Leutze, Different Kind of Victory, p. 164.
74 Hart outranked MacArthur: ibid., pp. 133-34.
74 MacArthur complained: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:20.
74 Hart complained: ibid., p. 21.
74 But the Far East Air Force: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 146n1.
74 So the two fastest ships: ibid., p. 154.
74 MacArthur ordered tanks: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 92.
74 Hart sent four submarines: Winslow, Fleet the Gods Forgot, p. 112.
74 Torpedoes ran: Leutze, Different Kind of Victory, pp. 241-42.
74 Opposition from: Toland, But Not in Shame, pp. 93-94.
74 To compound the problem: ibid., p. 92.
75 By December 22: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 125.
75 Of them, 34,856 were: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 200.
75 Their only opposition: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 94.
75 Homma would: ibid., p. 144.
75 “The enemy has landed”: Morris, Corregidor, p. 163.
75 The next night: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 139.
75 The area was defended: Jose, Philippine Army, pp. 212-13.
75 Homma’s troops: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:28.
75 The rationale was: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 165.
75 Engineers would dynamite: Dod, Army in World War II, p. 82.
75 Wainwright took: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 112.
76 “the last ditch”: Wainwright, Story, p. 36.
76 “an entirely unjustifiable”: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 193.
76 “Everybody knows”: ibid., p. 194.
76 It was a delaying action: Wainwright, Story, p. 41.
76 The North Luzon engineers: Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 166-69.
76 But a single act: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 124.
76 Homma, however: ibid., p. 130.
77 Simultaneous with: Gillespie, “Malaria,” in Heaton, Coates, Hoff, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, pp. 6:499-500.
77 Its components were: Stauffer, Army in World War II, p. 10.
77 Hospital No. 1 was: Murphy, “You’ll Never Know!”p. 48.
77 There was one: Alfred A. Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 16.
77 A second echelon: Elizabeth M. Norman, We Band of Angels: The Untold Story of American Nurses Trapped on Bataan by the Japanese (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 39.
77 Colonel James O. Gillespie: Cooper, “Medical Department,” pp. 57-59.
77 The medical supply depot: Gillespie in Heaton, Coates, Hoff, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, p. 6:501.
77 The irony is: Condon-Rall, “Medical Preparations,” pp. 35-36.
77 Colonel Carroll escorted: Ashton, Somebody Gives, pp. 26, 53.
77 Floramund Fellmuth: Norman, Band of Angels, p. 24.
77 The eleven navy nurses: ibid., p. 25.
77 Meanwhile the evacuation: Thomas Hirst Hayes to Thomas Hayes, Jr., August 20, 1944, entry in Diary.
78 But back in: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p.19.
78 With the Japanese advancing: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 53.
78 The navy did its best: Lowman, “Fleet Surgeon’s Activities.”
79 One complete battalion: Thomas H. Hayes, “Report of the Medical Activities of the Fourth Regiment U.S. Marines and Attached Troops for the Period 1-1-42 to 5-6-42 on Corregidor, P.I.,” p. 16, BUMED.
79 Major Peter Kempf: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 78.
79 Red Cross warehouses: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:5.
79 Rizal Stadium was: Daws, Prisoners, p. 64.
79 On December 24: Morris, Corregidor, p. 201.
79 “to spare the Metropolitan area”: Philippines Herald 85, no. 121 (December 26, 1941), p. 1.
79 Since Hart was transferring: John Wilkes, “War Activities Submarines, U.S. Asiatic Fleet, December 1, 1941-April 1, 1942,” p. 11. Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC; Morison, History of Naval Operations, p. 3:198.
79 It was Rockwell’s last: Rockwell, “Narrative,” p. 6.
79 In a separate meeting: Morison, History of Naval Operations, p. 3:167.
80 The Canopus was: E. L. Sackett, “The History of the USS Canopus,” p. 6, Louis Morton Papers, Box 19, MHI.
80 Depth charges: Thomas K. Bowers, “Personal Narrative of Philippine Campaign from 8 December 1941 to 29 April 1942,” p. 4, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC; “All Hands Book Supplement,” June 1960, pp. 58-63.
80 Hayes arrived in Mariveles: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 12, 1944, entry in Diary.
80 The Japanese had spotted: Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 15.
80 John Bookman and: George Ferguson, Diary, p. 20.
81 “Just why they”: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 23, 1944, entry in Diary.
81 Eight marines: Beecher, “Fighting in Corregidor,” pp. 9-10; Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 15.
81 “Life was a matter”: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 79.
81 On Christmas Eve: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:30.
81 Manila’s gold, silver, paper money: Amea Willoughby, I Was on Corregidor: Experiences of an American Official’s Wife in the War-Torn Philippines (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1943), pp. 188-91.
81 The Canopus steamed: Sackett, “History of Canopus,” p. 8.
81 The Sangley Point radio station: Hough,
Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 168.
82 The district naval intelligence: Mike Cheek, “War Diary,” February 20, 1972, p. 5, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #2, NHC.
82 The last directive: L. B. Sartin, “Report of Activities of the United States Naval Hospital Unit in the Philippines from December 8, 1941 to January 30, 1945,” MC USN, RG 389, Box 2178, NARA.
82 But the army viewed: Davis, Diary, p. 2.
82 Around noon: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 19.
82 sending flames hundreds: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:3.
82 Admiral Hart stole away: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 155.
82 A banner was strung: Lee, Pacific, p. 125.
82 The newspapers carried: Knox, Death March, pp. 42-43.
82 Every boat: Carlos Romulo, I Saw the Fall of the Philippines (New York: Doubleday Doran, 1943), pp. 78-79.
83 When two vehicles: Cave, Beyond Courage, p. 99.
83 The dirt tracks: See Mariano Villarin, We Remember Bataan and Corregidor (Baltimore, Md.: Gateway Press, 1990), p. 19.
83 “black with people”: Lee, Pacific, p. 126.
83 Philippine Army soldiers: Knox, Death March, p. 46.
83 Philippine Army engineers: Dod, Army in World War II, p. 78.
83 The Japanese had breached: Duane Schulz, Hero of Bataan: The Story of General Jonathan M. Wainwright (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981), pp. 112-13.
83 In southern Luzon: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 191.
Chapter 6: Rendezvous
85 As Chaplain William Thomas Cummings: Romulo, I Saw, pp. 263-64.
85 Five hundred dead: See Lowman, “Fleet Surgeon’s Activities.”
85 Like the rest: Ferguson, Diary, p. 20.
86 “What a Christmas”: ibid.
86 The Section Base: F. J. Bridget to Company Commander, “Positions of Forces,” February 3, 1942, MR, NRS 159, Naval Campaign in the Orient Papers, NHC.
86 To the southeast: E. L. Sackett to Commandant, 16th Naval District, April 10, 1942, p. 2, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC; Ted Williams, interview, March 8, 2002; Simpson, Diary, p. 7.
86 Mariveles was now: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:170.
86 George replaced Nardini: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 12.
86 John and Murray: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 21, 1944, entry in Diary.
87 Hayes departed: ibid.
87 Three and a half miles long: “The Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays,” Belote Collection, Box 2, p. 5, MHI; Dewey, Autobiography, pp. 199-200.
87 At the request of: Paul D. Bunker, “Seaward Defense Commander’s Report of Damage,” 59th CA, Exhibit I, p. 1, in George F. Moore, “Report of Major General George F. Moore, U.S.A., Formerly Commanding the Philippine Coast Artillery Command and the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays with Headquarters at Fort Mills, Corregidor, Philippine Islands, 14 February 1941-6 May 1942,” Fort Monroe, Va., 15 December 1945, in George F. Moore Papers, MHI.
87 Battery Way held: ibid.
88 Fort Hughes (Caballo): Morris, Corregidor, p. 57.
88 As a result of: Dod, Army in World War II, pp. 101-06.
88 Near Monkey Point: Edward J. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942-45 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), pp. 10-11.
88 On January 30: Robert B. Stinnett, Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), p. 23.
89 MacArthur moved into a cottage: Morris, Corregidor, p. 184.
89 Leland D. Bartlett: Leland D. Bartlett, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, September 13, 1972, p. 51, UNTOHC.
89 High Commissioner Sayre: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:183.
90 Corregidor was cooler: Alfonso J. Aluit, Corregidor (Manila, Philippines: Lucky Press, 2001), pp. 7-8.
90 the Rock was packed: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 80.
90 Lieutenant Colonel William Riney Craig: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 28, 1944, entry in Diary.
90 Hayes had dual: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 7.
91 The Far East Air Force: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:170.
91 Japanese pilots raised: J. W. Keene, “Philippine Defense 1941: Corrregidor.”
91 “They knew”: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 28, 1944, entry in Diary.
91 “I wasn’t afraid”: Ernest Bales, author interview, San Antonio, Tex., May 2002.
91 “Here they come”: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 28, 1944, entry in Diary.
91 At 1300: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:170. See “Report of Commanding Officer of Antiaircraft Defense Command, Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays, Fort Mills, P.I.,” p. 4, Exhibit F, George F. Moore Papers, MHI.
91 The last group: “All Hands Book Supplement,” June 1960, pp. 58-60; Morison, History of Naval Operations, pp. 3:198-99; Sackett, “History of Canopus,” p. 9.
92 An estimated sixty tons: Moore, “Antiaircraft Defense Command,” p. 4.
92 The electric trolley line: “Proceedings of a Board of Officers Appointed to Evaluate War Damage to the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays,” Headquarters 14th Antiaircraft Command, APO 75, October 6, 1945, William C. Braly Papers, MHI.
92 Two of the five: John K. Borneman, interview by William M. Belote, November 4, 1964, p. 2, Belote Collection, Box 2, MHI.
92 The Post Medical Inspector: Hayes to Hayes, Jr., August 28, 1944, entry in Diary.
92 The real target: Belote and Belote, Corregidor, p. 50.
92 “Well the Lord knows”: Ferguson, Diary, p. 21.
92 But the Japanese: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 154.
92 “I give to the people”: Quoted in Perret, Old Soldiers, p. 262.
92 “Death Valley”: Ernest J. Irvin, “Wartime Reminiscences,” interview by Jan K. Herman, p. 3, BUMED.
93 The soil in: Ind, Bataan, pp. 199-200.
93 Most cases could: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 20.
Chapter 7: Opening Salvos
94 Thirty miles across: Joaquin, Manila, p. 185.
94 Then the Japanese flag: Toland, But Not in Shame, pp. 146-47.
94 Radiant red: See David J. Lu, Japan: A Documentary History, vol. 1, The Dawn of History to the Late Tokugawa Period (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), pp. 4-5.
94 A newspaper advertisement: Manila Daily Bulletin, Manila, Philippines, January 2, 1942, pp. 1-2, courtesy Curtis B. Brooks. See also Carlos Quirino, Chick Parsons: America’s Master Spy in the Philippines (Quezon City, Philippines: New Day, 1984), p. 9.
95 The men on: Lee, Pacific, p. 167.
95 But the “Summer Brigade”: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 149.
95 By January 7: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:172.
95 Wainwright was in charge: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 2:48-49.
95 At almost the same: Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 263-64.
96 At dawn on January 10: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 2:52-53.
96 “Where are your”: Wainwright, Story, pp. 49-50.
96 Murray was driving: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 21; Cheek, “War Diary,” p. 13.
96 “Sir: You are well”: Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 268-69; Breuer, Sea Wolf, p 38.
97 It was early evening: George S. Clarke, interview by Perry G. E. Miller, August 14-15, 1942, Louis Morton Papers, Box 2, pp. 9-10, 15, MHI.
97 In the meantime: ibid., pp. 11-12, 24-25; Cheek, “War Diary,” pp. 8-9.
97 Between the soldiers: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 2:35.
97 there were 110,000: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 401.
98 Half-rations: Dod, United States Army, pp. 13-14.
98 A quartermaster bakery: Harold A. Arnold, “The Lesson of Bataan,” Quartermaster Review, November-December 1946.
98 Their meat was tough: Knox, Death March, p. 84.
98 It is reported: John H. S.
Dessez, to All United Commanders, January 15, 1942, re: “Livestock, slaughter of,” U.S. Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC.
98 “If something is”: Quoted in Norman, Band of Angels, pp. 37-38.
98 The area was under guard: Williams, Rogues of Bataan II, p. 40.
99 The twenty-year-old marine: ibid., pp. 41-42.
99 As 2nd Lieutenant Leona Gastinger: Knox, Death March, pp. 67-68.
99 “he and his assistants”: Bumgarner, Parade, p. 69.
100 With the help of: Fred H. Mowrey, M.D., “Statistics of Malaria,” in Heaton, Coates, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, p. 6:459.
100 For the site of Hospital No. 2: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 381.
100 “We had wounded and sick”: Knox, Death March, p. 83.
100 “I guess we are all”: Norman, Band of Angels, p. 66.
100 One of the consequences: Ancel Keys et al., The Biology of Human Starvation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950), p. 1:14.
100 Tunnel No. 4: This description of Tunnel No. 4 is drawn, in part, from Ind, Bataan, pp. 242-43; Sackett, “History of Canopus,” p. 11.
101 First Lieutenant Carter Simpson: Simpson, Diary, p. 10.
101 Crippled in her: Sackett, “History of Canopus,” p. 18.
101 Shortly after MacArthur’s visit: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 2:55-58; Wainwright, Story, pp. 50-51.
102 The men were hungry: Knox, Death March, pp. 65-66.
102 “the President [has] personally”: Perret, Old Soldiers, pp. 261-62.
102 “Help is on the way”: Schulz, Hero of Bataan, p. 139.
102 West of Mt. Natib: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 282.
102 Acting on Sutherland’s: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 2:55-58; Wainwright, Story, pp. 50-51; Schulz, Hero of Bataan, p. 141.
102 In the haste of retreat: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 26.
102 But the inexorable: Norman, Band of Angels, p. 38.
102 The very next day: Cooper, “Medical Department,” pp. 55-56; Norman, Band of Angels, p. 38.
102 The Japanese knew: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, “Red Cross, Red Crescent: A History,” at www.ifrc.org/who/history.asp.
Conduct Under Fire Page 68
