103 Wainwright’s front: Romulo, I Saw, p. 196.
103 Francis J. Bridget: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:175. See also Cheek, “War Diary,” p. 7; Robert A. Clement, “Brief History of C Battery, Fourth Marine Regiment, Anti-Aircraft,” unpublished ms., p. 13. Courtesy of Gladys Irwin.
104 So was Bulkeley’s MTB Squadron 3: White, Expendable, p. 27.
104 Kelly appealed: White, Expendable, pp. 76-77.
104 On the night of January 22: Breuer, Sea Wolf, p. 47.
104 Bulkeley hoisted them: White, Expendable, pp. 76-84; Breuer, Sea Wolf, pp. 46-49.
105 Two barges of: Rockwell, “Narrative,” p. 14; Belote and Belote, Corregidor, p. 62.
105 Platoon Sergeant Robert “Duke” Clement: This account is based on Robert A. Clement, “The Naval Battalion of Bataan, May 3, 1994,” unpublished ms., pp 7-11; Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” pp. 20-21; Sackett, “History of Canopus,” p. 14.
106 “the new type of suicide squads”: Sackett, “History of Canopus,” p. 14.
107 Six navy men: Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 22.
107 When Mensching: Chick Mensching, author interview, April 3, 2002.
107 The naval battalion needed help: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:178.
107 That same day: Bunker, “Seaward Defense Commander’s Report of Damage,” p. 1.
107 “the first firing”: Moore, “Report of Major General,” p. 31.
107 Four rounds hit: Hogaboom, “Action Report,” p. 29.
107 The fires were: Paul D. Bunker, Bunker’s War: The World War II Diary of Col. Paul D. Bunker, ed., Keith A. Barlow (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1996), p. 44.
107 The descending shells: Irvin, “Wartime Reminiscences,” p. 2.
107 Colonel Paul D. Bunker: Bunker, Bunker’s War, p. 46.
108 “We were terrified”: Moore, “Report of Major General,” p. 31.
108 They climbed into: Bunker, Bunker’s War, p. 48.
108 They burrowed into: Robert D. Scholes, “Mop Up Operation in Vicinity of Longoskawayn Point,” February 1, 1942, p. 2, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #2, NHC; Clement, “Naval Battalion,” p. 10, with Irvin’s marginalia; Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 306-07.
108 The next day the Scouts: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 307; Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:179.
109 “lost without a trace”: Quoted in Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 312.
109 Combined losses: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:180.
109 Three days later: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 318.
109 “Scores of Japs”: William E. Dyess, The Dyess Story (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1944), p. 43.
109 “proffer of honorable”: Wainwright, Story, p. 57.
109 MacArthur’s headquarters: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 323; Sayer and Botting, “America’s Secret Army.”
109 “The old rules of war”: Wainwright, Story, p. 57.
110 But the tactic backfired: Dod, Army in World War II, pp. 93-96.
110 But after ten minutes: Dyess, Dyess Story, pp. 44-45.
110 On January 26: Villarin, We Remember, pp. 77-82.
110 “There was so much killing”: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 84.
111 “When surrounded”: Training Bulletin 14, November 2, 1942, Headquarters 41st Infantry Division, APO 41, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #2, NHC.
111 The field hospitals: Hersey, Men on Bataan, pp. 53-54; Melville and Annalee Jacoby, “Bataan Wounded Lived with Pain,” Life 12, no. 16 (April 20, 1942), pp. 32-35.
111 The ragtag naval battalion: Morison, History of Naval Operations, pp. 3:200-01; Belote and Belote, Corregidor, p. 64; Winslow, Fleet the Gods Forgot, pp. 106-07; Sackett, “History of Canopus,” p. 62.
111 The navy doctors experienced: W. Philip Giddings and Luther H. Wolff, “Factors of Mortality,” in John Boyd Coates, Jr., and Michael E. DeBakey, Surgery in World War II, vol. 2, General Surgery (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, 1955), pp. 213-21.
112 “wild-eyed with terror”: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 37.
112 Of several dozen: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” pp. 84-85.
112 Second-generation Japanese-Americans: Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 80.
112 The fact that no evidence: Peter Irons, Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 59.
113 “a Jap is a Jap”: Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 80.
113 Over the next eight: Irons, Justice at War, p. 49.
113 Admissions to Hospitals Nos. 1: Harold W. Glattley, March 6, 1942, to Surgeons, 21st and 41st Divisions, p. 1, Louis Morton Papers, Box 9, MHI.
113 This was the first stage: Henry K. Beecher, “Resuscitation of Men Severely Wounded in Battle,” in Coates and DeBakey, Surgery in World War II, pp. 2:9-10.
113 At Hospital No. 1 the army: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 85.
113 Ann Bernatitus: Murphy, “You’ll Never Know,” pp. 46, 48, 51.
114 The most unusual patient: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:181.
114 The “angels of Bataan”: Cooper, “Medical Department,” pp. 64-65; Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 68.
114 A shortage of fuel: Cooper, “Medical Department,” pp. 25-27.
114 The policy of: ibid., pp. 32-33.
114 For that reason: ibid., p. 34.
114 Snafu: Gillespie, “Recollections,” pp. 16-17.
116 Hibbs was furious: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 52.
116 There were twenty-eight men: ibid., p. 54.
116 Once casualties made it: See Melville Jacoby, “Philippine Epic,” Life 12, no. 15 (April 13, 1942), p. 35.
116 Most wounds were: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 381; U.S. War Department, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, pp. 190-91.
116 Remarkably: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 61.
Chapter 8: Never Surrender
117 Senjinkun: Yuki Tanaka, Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), p. 208.
117 Bound by the honor: The Official Journal of the Japanese Military Administration,
ed. The Japanese Military Adminstration (Manila, Philippines: Niti Niti Shimbum Sha, 1942), pp. 237-42.
118 Yamagata’s directive: Quoted in Ohtani Keijiro, The POWs, trans. Kan Sugahara (Tosho Shuppan, 1978), pp. 32-46; Itō Masanori, The Military Caste’s Ups and Downs.
118 “Meditation on inevitable”: Yamato Tsunetomo, Hagakure: The Book of the Samurai, trans. William Scott Wilson (New York: Kodansha, 1983), p. 164.
118 Historically the emperor: Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), p. 366.
118 she saw the Indian: Edwin O. Reischauer and Marius B. Jansen, The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 78.
118 After U.S. Navy Commodore: ibid.
118 But it was Japan’s: ibid., p. 239.
119 Japan learned from: ibid., p. 81.
119 In the Nihou Shoki: Lu, Japan, pp. 1:3-4.
119 “extend the line”: Quoted in Hoyt, Japan’s War, p. 2.
119 The early Japanese: Reischauer and Jansen, Japanese Today, p. 42.
119 The gods were: William Theodore De Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, n.d.), pp. 17-18.
119 “the supreme command”: Reischauer and Jansen, Japanese Today, p. 240.
119 Seven years earlier: Keene, Emperor of Japan, p. 367.
119 The military man’s loyalty: Quoted in Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 13.
119 Japanese militarists believed: Reischauer and Jansen, Japanese Today
, p. 241; Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 208.
119 With the military: ibid.
119 In the four decades: Toshikazu Kase, Journey to the “Missouri” (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950), p. 1.
119 Japan was at a crossroads: Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie, eds., The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 6.
120 the Liaotung Peninsula: Zimmerman, First Great Triumph, p. 470.
120 Port Arthur: Myers and Peattie, Colonial Empire, p. 17.
120 “naturally paved the way”: Kase, Journey, pp. 2, 21.
120 Coupled with the: Irons, Justice at War, pp. 10-11.
120 In October 1906: ibid.
120 Anti-American rioting: Zimmerman, The First Great Triumph, p. 471.
120 exclusionist fervor: Miller, War Plan Orange, p. 21.
120 Privately Roosevelt admitted: Asahi Shimbun, The Pacific Rivals: A View of Japanese-American Relations (New York: Weatherhill/Asahi, 1972), p. 60.
120 While the president refused: Miller, War Plan Orange, p. 21.
120 A key feature of: ibid., p. 61.
120 By 1921: ibid., p. 74.
121 On the heels of: Spector, Eagle Against Sun, pp. 20-21; Belote and Belote, Corregidor, pp. 21-22.
121 The trend would: Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, p. 388.
121 In Japan, militarists: Arnold C. Brackman, The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trials (New York: William Morrow, 1987), p. 192.
121 “The Ministry could do”: Asahi Shimbun, Pacific Rivals, p. 76.
121 Six years before: Braudy, Chivalry to Terrorism, p. 467.
121 “a flower no less”: Inazo Nitobe, Bushido: The Soul of Japan (Boston: Tuttle, 2001), p. 1.
121 Bushidō was: Asahi Shimbun, Pacific Rivals, pp. 62-63.
121 “bridge of transpacific”: Irons, Justice at War, p. 12.
122 By then Japan: Asahi Shimbun, Pacific Rivals, p. 68.
122 Japanese silk reelers: ibid., p. 69.
122 “I left on each”: ibid., p. 64.
122 In 1933 Japan: Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 317.
122 Her colonial conquests: ibid., pp. 10-11.
Chapter 9: “Help is on the way”
123 Homma was indisputably: See Lawrence Taylor, A Trial of Generals: Homma, Yamashita, MacArthur (South Bend, Ind.: Icarus Press, 1981), pp. 40-53.
123 Having graduated from: Major General Francis Stewart Gildercy Piggott, affidavit, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, Records of the Judge Advocate General (Army), War Crimes Branch, 1945-46, RG 177, Vol. 28, Box 5, p. 3275, NARA.
123 was fluent in: Prince Higashi Kuni, affidavit, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, RG 153, Vol. 28, Box 5, p. 3262, NARA.
123 In the meantime: Arthur Swinson, Four Samurai: A Quartet of Japanese Army Commanders in the Second World War (London: Hutchinson, 1968), p. 40.
123 In 1922 Homma: Masaharu Homma, testimony, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, RG 153, Vol. 26, Box 5, p. 3030, NARA.
123 Then he fell in love: Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 41.
123 In 1927 Homma: Masaharu Homma, testimony, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, RG 153, Vol. 26, Box 5, p. 3030, NARA.
123 Many Japanese considered: Shiro Ozaki, affidavit, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, RG 153, Vol. 28, Box 5, pp. 3247-48, NARA.
124 He was opposed: Schom, Eagle and Rising Sun, p. 76.
124 Homma’s views: Taylor, Trial of Generals, pp. 40-53.
124 After Nanking fell: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 92.
124 Homma had been: Masaharu Homma, testimony, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, RG 153, Vol. 26, Box 5, p. 3034, NARA.
124 Instead, he was: Swinson, Four Samurai, pp. 40-41.
124 whose unit code: Ricardo Trota Jose to author, November 21, 2004.
124 “A paper genius”: Taylor, Trial of Generals, pp. 40-53.
124 daring to take them: See Masaharu Homma, testimony, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, RG 153, Vol. 28, Box 5, p. 3116. “Q. Now, were you confident, in your talks with your staff officers concerning these conditions in prisoner of war camps, that your officers were doing everything in their power to alleviate the conditions? A. That was my impression at the time. Now I come to know the many things since I came here, I am not so sure about it.”
124 Army Chief of Staff: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 263.
124 The Japanese, boasted Tōjō: Gregory F. Michno, Death on the Hellships: Prisoners at Sea in the Pacific War (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001), p. 1.
124 “Japan is no”: Quoted in Hoyt, Japan’s War, p. 247.
124 But twice in: Bix, Hirohito, p. 447.
125 While Major Kimura: These figures are from January 6-March 1, 1942. See Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 349.
125 An unsettling lull: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:180.
125 “My people entered”: Manuel L. Quezon to George C. Marshall, February 8, 1942, Louis Morton Papers, Box 2, MHI.
126 “The troops have”: Louis Morton Papers, Box 2, MHI.
126 “I have only”: Franklin D. Roosevelt to Commanding General, U.S. Army Forces in Far East, February 10, 1942, Louis Morton Papers, Box 2, MHI.
127 “so long as there remains”: ibid. 127 His imperatives were: Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, p. 278.
127 “magnificently exceeded”: Buhite and Levy, Fireside Chats, p. 212.
127 “I urge every Filipino”: Charles A. Willoughby and John Chamberlain, MacArthur, 1941-1951 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), p. 55.
127 “I cannot stand”: ibid., pp. 55-56.
127 It took hours: Simpson, Diary, p. 13.
127 But remarkably little: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 22.
128 When fodder ran out: Champlin, “Narrative,” pp. 95-96, 103.
128 “We ate the”: Knox, Death March, p. 84.
128 Horses along with: Stauffer, Army in World War II, p. 14.
128 The only real chance: ibid., p. 19.
128 The 1,000-ton Legaspi: ibid., pp. 19-20.
128 Air deliveries: Charles M. Wiltse, Medical Supply in World War II (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, 1968), pp. 404-06.
128 Except for a few: Stauffer, Army in World War II, pp. 20-21.
129 “We’re the battling bastards”: Toland, Rising Sun, pp. 1:355-56.
129 Bob Kelly had: White, Expendable, pp. 116-17.
129 That evening: Perret, Old Soldiers, p. 276.
129 “My pirates”: Breuer, Sea Wolf, p. 56.
129 General Tōjō: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 2:100-01.
129 “Let me die”: Breuer, Sea Wolf, p. 64.
130 “By guess and”: Quoted in Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 271.
130 MacArthur was so grateful: Breuer, Sea Wolf, p. 64.
130 “The President of”: Willoughby and Chamberlain, MacArthur, p. 64.
130 “God have mercy”: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 277; James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:109.
130 Before he left: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 270.
131 Songs and snipes: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 2:125-26.
131 “Dugout Doug MacArthur”: Schulz, Hero of Bataan, p. 202.
131 “I’ve been in General”: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 85.
131 “I am going”: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:126.
131 “We told you so”: Hersey, Men on Bataan, p. 260.
131 One day in February 1942: Kidd, Twice Forgotten, p. 54.
132 Private 1st Class Richard T. Winter: Richard Winter, author interview, May 23, 2003, Albuquerque, N.M.
132 Captain Roland G. “Roly” Ames: Belote and Belote, Corregidor, p. 54.
132 AP correspondent Clark Lee: Lee, Pacific, p. 170.
132 He had, after all: Schom, Eagle and Rising Sun, pp. 182-83.
132 That perception was: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:129.
132 The fact that Roosevelt: ibid.
132 “Hi
s utter disregard”: ibid., p. 2:132.
132 The citation was: ibid., p. 2:131.
132 MacArthur was made a hero: Schom, Eagle and Rising Sun, p. 149.
132 Marshall was indefatigable: ibid., p. 150.
133 “the assumption”: Quoted in ibid., p. 136.
133 Streets, bridges, buildings: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 2:133-35.
133 Several weeks earlier: Morris, Corregidor, p. 359.
133 “Mine eyes have seen”: Otis J. King, Alamo of the Pacific (Fort Worth, Tex.: Branch Smith, 1999), p 52.
133 In the meantime: Wainwright, Story, p. 69; Schulz, Hero of Bataan, p. 202.
133 Wainwright appointed: Wainwright, Story, p. 73.
133 Wainwright was enormously: Morris, Corregidor, p. 329.
134 he rectified: Denys W. Knoll, “Intelligence Report, 16th Naval District, March 12-May 3, 1942,” p. 31, Louis Morton Papers, Box 19, MHI.
134 “Your Excellency”: Schulz, Hero of Bataan, pp. 208-09; Norman, Band of Angels, p. 74.
134 In late March: Stauffer, Army in World War II, pp. 28-29.
134 “like eating your little”: Alton C. Halbrook, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, March 21, 1972, and April 18, 1972, p. 64, #122, UNTOHC.
134 They picked mangoes: Ashton, Somebody Gives, pp. 95-96; Waterous spells it nomia, “Statement of Experiences,” p. 53.
135 They went fishing: This technique is recounted in R. C. Sheats, “Diving as a ‘Guest of the Emperor,’ ” in Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 241.
135 They washed down: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, pp. 25-47; Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” p. 54; Bumgarner, Parade, p. 68.
135 There was a “favored”: Allen C. McBride, “Notes on the Fall of Bataan,” pp. 90, 111-12, Louis Morton Papers, Box 14, MHI.
135 “From the standpoint”: Quoted in Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 383.
135 Unless food stocks: Stauffer, Army in World War II, p. 30.
135 Standard treatment was: Gillespie in Heaton, Coates, Hoff, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, pp. 6:503-04; Benjamin M. Baker, “The Suppression of Malaria,” in ibid., pp. 2:465-68.
135 When the supply: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 79; Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 197.
135 A dearth of mosquito bars: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 22.
135 Filipino civilians: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 378n55; William J. Kennard, “Observations on Bataan, notes taken at conference held by Lt. Col. Roger G. Prentiss, Jr., 22 August 42,” pp. 5-6.
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