135 Filipino Brigadier General Vicente Lim: Quoted in Romulo, I Saw, pp. 106-07, 267.
136 By early March: Gillespie, “Malaria,” in Heaton, Coates, Hoff, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, p. 6:507.
136 Ward No. 2 handled: Bumgarner, Parade, p. 69.
136 Indeed, the man: Gillespie, “Malaria,” in Heaton, Coates, Hoff, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, p. 6:506.
136 “It is my candid”: Cooper, “Medical Department,” Tab 1.
136 By late March: Gillespie, “Malaria,” in Heaton, Coates, Hoff, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, p. 6:507.
136 Chick Mensching: Chick Mensching, author interview, April 3, 2002.
136 quinine dihydrochloride: Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 79.
136 Compounding the malaria problem: Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” p. 7.
136 The men ate: Bumgarner, Parade, p. 69.
136 Sanitary conditions: Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” pp. 42, 102; Cooper, “Medical Department,” pp. 76-77.
137 “Patients are being”: Norman, Band of Angels, p. 55.
137 “Had to clear”: ibid., p. 78.
137 Infected plasma: Bumgarner, Parade, p. 62.
137 When the bacillus antitoxin: ibid.
137 The day of the visit: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 21.
137 Both Hospitals Nos. 1: Norman, Band of Angels, p. 38.
137 ammunition dump: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 41.
138 In the early morning: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 85.
138 Twenty-three were killed: Romulo, I Saw, p. 262.
138 “We regret the unfortunate”: Norman, Band of Angels, p. 79.
138 Weinstein was convinced: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, pp. 42-43.
138 Hospital No. 1 managed: ibid., p. 29; Norman, Band of Angels, p. 62.
138 “Romances flourished”: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, pp. 30-31.
138 Three nurses were married: Norman, Band of Angels, p. 62.
138 Captain Dyess: Dyess, Dyess Story, pp. 50-51.
138 The self-published broadside: Jungle Journal, February 25, 1942, in Ashton, Somebody Gives, pp. 55-56.
139 “like baseball cards”: Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 67.
139 “Don’t Wait to Die”: T. C. Parker, “The Epic of Corregidor—Bataan, December 24, 1941-May 4, 1942,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 69, no. 1 ( January 1942), pp. 17-18.
139 Japanese-controlled KZRH: Hoeffer, “Hard Way Back,” p. 6.
139 “It is cherry blossom time”: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 386; Sayer and Botting, “America’s Secret Army.”
139 on March 27: Knox, Death March, pp. 90-91.
139 Some of the frontline: Daws, Prisoners, p. 71
139 “Hunger and disease”: Quoted in Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 384.
139 The standard-issue: ATIS, “Organization of Medical Units in the Japanese Army,” Research Report No. 83, July 29, 1944, pp. 10-11, microfiche, MHI.
139 There was aspirin: U.S. War Department, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, pp. 345-46.
140 Medics were responsible: ATIS, “Organization of Medical Units,” p. 3.
140 They carried their: ibid., p. 28.
140 Field hospitals were: ibid., pp. 7, 29.
140 Standard daily rations: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 412.
140 and consisted of: Masaharu Homma, testimony, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, RG 153, Vol. 27, Box 5, 3122, NARA.
140 But by January 1942: Gillespie in Heaton, Coates, Hoff, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, pp. 6:509-10.
140 The Japanese 14th Army: ibid.
141 Japanese hospitals on Bataan: See Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 412.
141 It was hard: Wada Kinsuke, author interview, July 9, 2002, Kyōto, Japan.
141 “I call upon every”: Romulo, I Saw, p. 231.
141 Once Quezon reached: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:112.
141 He was now responsible: ibid., pp. 2:119-21.
141 The fate of the garrison: Belote and Belote, Corregidor, p. 90; Wainwright, Story, p. 114; Kenneth R. Wheeler, interview by William M. Belote, November 9, 1963, p. 1, Belote Collection, Box 1, MHI.
142 The troops were ravaged: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 22.
142 By April 1: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 404n62.
Chapter 10: “Wherever I am . . . I still love you”
143 there were only 9,000: Stauffer, Army in World War II, p. 28.
143 But little of Corregidor’s: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:64.
143 which meant valuable: Stauffer, Army in World War II, p. 28.
143 Officers and men: Lee, Pacific, p. 160.
145 By early January 1942: Belote and Belote, Corregidor, pp. 42-43.
146 The air smelled: Amea Willoughby, I Was on Corregidor, p. 109.
146 Respiratory ailments: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 83.
146 The absence of daylight: John W. Gulick, “Memoirs of Battery C, 91st CA PS,” p. 122, MHI.
146 “Tunnels, dust, heat”: Belote and Belote, Corregidor, p. 72
146 John Nardini was: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 4.
147 The Office of the Regimental Surgeon: “Notes on the 1st Battalion, Fourth Marines, Fort Mills, Corregidor, P.I.,” author unknown, courtesy Richard A. Long; Cecil Peart, correspondence with author, March 25, 2003.
147 Few preparations had been made: “A Report of the Medical Activities of the Fourth Regiment U.S. Marines and Attached Troops for the Period 1/1/42 to 5/6/42 on Corregidor, Philippine Islands,” BUMED, p.1; Beecher, “Experiences,” pp. 16-17; Samuel L. Howard, “Report on the Operation, Employment and Supply of the Old 4th Marines from September 1941 to the Surrender of Corregidor, May 6, 1942,” p. 15, RG 127, Box 309, Folder A-21, NARA; Hanson Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won: Great Campaigns of World War II (New York: Konecky and Konecky, 1966), p. 124.
147 An estimated two miles: Moore, “Report of Commanding Officer,” Exhibit E, p. 3.
147 Colonel Lloyd E. Mielenz: Dod, Army in World War II, pp. 58, 102.
147 The antiaircraft batteries: Belote and Belote, Corregidor, pp. 77-78.
148 “Woke up other day”: Ferguson, Diary, p. 28.
148 Two miles of additional: Moore, “Report of the Commanding Officer,” Exhibit E, p. 3.
148 “tunnelitis”: Belote and Belote, Corregidor, p. 70.
149 On February 17: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:180; Miller, “Shanghai to Corregidor,” p. 23.
149 George estimated that: Hayes, Diary, p. 30.
149 An acute infection: “Shigellosis,” in Mark H. Beers and Robert Berkow, eds., The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
(Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck Research Laboratories), 1999, pp. 1164-65; “Amebiasis,” in ibid., pp. 1255-57.
149 In the absence: Charles G. Roland, Long Night’s Journey into Day: Prisoners of War in Hong Kong and Japan, 1941-1945
(Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2001), p. 172.
150 The bombs bursting: “Narrative Report of Action During War, from November 1, 1941-May 5, 1942, from Battery C, 60th Coast Artilery to Commanding Officer, 60th Coast Artillery,” pp. 76, 83, RG 407, Box 124, Folder 3, NARA; Belote and Belote, Corregidor, p. 47; Moore, “Report of the Commanding Officer,” Exhibit F, p. 7.
150 the Seadragon: Blair, Silent Victory, p.173.
150 But 50 percent of enemy: Porter, “Antiaircraft Defense,” p. 14.
150 At first the Japanese: “Narrative Report of Action During War,” pp. 67-68, 73-74.
151 Photo Joe teased: Stamp, Journey, p. 22.
151 on February 6: Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 485-86.
151 “I wonder what it’s like”: Ferguson, Diary, p. 29.
151 Planes swept in: Moore, “Report of the Commanding Officer,” pp. 45-46.
151 the house that Wainwright: Wainwright, Story, p. 74.
151 “the largest air raid”: Moore, “R
eport of the Commanding Officer,” Exhibit F, p. 9.
152 One day Wainwright: Ferdinand V. Berley, interview by Jan K. Herman, 7, 21, 27 February, 6 March, 3, 10, 24 April, and 1 May 1995, p. 18.
152 The batteries on Corregidor: E. L. Barr, “Diary: History of Battery M—60th Coast Artillery,” p. 3, RG 407, Box 125, Folder 7, NARA.
152 “I dare you”: Hanson Baldwin, “ ‘The Rock’: The Fall of Corregidor,” in Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won, p. 133.
152 But he remembered: Borneman interview, p. 3.
152 The Seadragon left: Moore, “Report of Commanding Officer,” p. 33; Bunker, Bunker’s War, p. 58; Blair, Silent Victory, p. 173.
Chapter 11: “We are not barbarians”
154 “I see no gleam”: Henry G. Lee quoted in Calvin Ellsworth Chunn, Of Rice and Men: The Story of Americans Under the Rising Sun
(Los Angeles/Tulsa, Okla.: Veterans’ Publishing Company, 1946), pp. 186, 473.
155 Homma’s artillery: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:182.
155 “Shock Absorbers”: Romulo, I Saw, p. 199.
155 “comfort girls”: Ienaga, Pacific War, p. 184.
155 “came from a San Francisco”: Masaharu Homma, interview by Walter E. Buchly, p. 7, Louis Morton Papers, Box 8, MHI.
155 His intelligence: Condon-Rall, “Medical Preparations in the Philippines, 1941-42,” p. 2.
155 “total chaos”: Quoted in Gillespie, “Malaria,” in Heaton, Coates, and Hoff, Preventive Medicine, p. 6:20.
155 Once Mt. Samat: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 415.
155 “There is no reason”: Toland, Rising Sun, p. 1:359.
155 One hundred and fifty pieces of artillery: ibid.
155 Some 3,000 casualties: Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 67.
156 “Every vehicle that”: Abie Abraham, Oh God Where Are You? (New York: Vantage Press, 1997), p. 37.
156 “to cut the traction ropes”: Juanita Redmond, I Served on Bataan (New York: Garland, 1984), p. 107.
156 Lieutenant (j.g.) Claud Mahlon Fraleigh: Murphy, “You’ll Never Know,” p. 53.
156 “I heard myself”: Redmond, I Served, p. 109.
156 Corrugated tin roofs: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 288; see also Richard S. Roper, Brothers of Paul: Activities of Prisoner of War Chaplains in the Philippines During World War II (Odenton, Md.: Revere, 2003), pp. 87-94.
156 Ten bombs: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 57.
156 Smith, Fraleigh: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 1:181-82.
156 Later that day: Toland, Rising Sun, 1:360.
157 Full rations: McBride, “Fall of Bataan,” p. 117.
157 Major General King returned: Knoll, “Intelligence Report,” p. 12.
157 “We didn’t know”: Knox, Death March, p. 94.
157 “The worst day”: ibid., pp. 98-99.
157 “Your U.S. convoy”: Moore, “Report of the Commanding Officer,” p. 51.
157 “under any circumstances”: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 455.
157 “Already our hospital”: Quoted in Condon-Rall, “Medical Preparations in the Philippines, 1941-42,” p. 52.
157 With 75,500 men still: There were 78,000 men officially on Bataan on April 3, 1942, but roughly 75,500 on April 9, 1942, according to historian Ricardo Trota Jose, due to deaths incurred in the meantime and escapes to Corregidor. Letter to the author, February 14, 2005.
157 The Radio Intercept Tunnel: Parker, “Epic of Corregidor,” p. 18.
158 “Tell him not”: Toland, Rising Sun, p. 1:365.
158 King had already: Major General Edward P. King, Jr., affidavit, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, WCO/JAG, 1945-46, RG 177, Vol. 28, Box 5, p. 3285, NARA.
158 Thousands of troops: Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 454.
158 General King ordered: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 86.
158 The nurses of Hospital No. 1: Romulo, I Saw, pp. 278-86.
158 Major Achille C. Tisdelle, Jr.: testimony, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, WCO/JAG, 1945-46, RG 177, Vol. 28, Box 4, p. 2302, NARA.
158 On April 6: Sackett, “History of Canopus,” p. 63.
159 “demolition of everything”: E. L. Sackett, memorandum, from the Commander, Mariveles Area, to the Commandant, 16th Naval District, April 10, 1942, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC.
159 That included arms: G. W. Hirsch, comments, on McBride’s “Notes on the Fall,” p. 130.
159 The Dewey dry dock: See Wilkes, “War Activities Submarines.”
159 “Transportation other”: Commanding Officer, Naval Force, Mariveles Area, to Officers on Duty in Mariveles Area, April 9, 1942, Asiatic Defense Campaign, 1941-42, NRS, 1984-33, MR #1, NHC.
159 Soldiers, civilians: Knox, Death March, p. 101.
159 “Where ya going”: Irvin, “Wartime Reminiscences,” p. 4.
159 Ammunition dumps: Moore, “Report of the Commanding Officer,” p. 50.
159 Soldiers smashed: Dod, Army in World War II, pp. 100-01; Cave, Beyond Courage, p. 147.
159 Throughout the night: Moore, “Report of the Commanding Officer,” p. 50.
160 “You could have”: Dyess, Dyess Story, p. 65.
160 They jumped into tugs: Otis King, author interview, May 22, 2003, Albuquerque, N.M.
160 “sick at heart”: Redmond, I Served, p. 126.
160 John Kidd: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 86.
160 The mountainside trembled: Kidd, Twice Forgotten, p. 58.
160 Huge rocks were hurled: Sackett, memorandum, from the Commander, Mariveles Area, p. 22; Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics”, p. 22.
160 Bataan looked as if: Parker, “Epic of Corregidor,” quoted in Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:183.
161 At 0500: Charles B. Brook, interview by William M. Belote, October 23, 1963, p. 1, Belote Collection, Box 1, MHI.
161 Three more bombing: Moore, “Report of the Commanding Officer,” p. 52.
161 The officers and crew: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 50.
161 At 0900 Major General King: Toland, Rising Sun, p. 1:366.
161 Nakayama would not: Major Achille C. Tisdelle, testimony, in U.S.A. vs. Masaharu Homma, WCO/JAG, 1945-46, RG 177, Vol. 28, Box 4, p. 2305, NARA.
161 “My forces”: Toland, Rising Sun, p. 1:366.
161 Homma had anticipated: Stanley L. Falk, Bataan: The March of Death (New York: Curtis Books, 1962), p. 137.
161 Filipinos accounted for: Of the 75,500 men captured on Bataan on April 9, 1942, historian Ricardo Trota Jose estimates that 64,104 were Filipinos, and 11,446 were Americans. Letter to the author, February 14, 2005.
161 “begged for a halt”: Associated Press, “What Tokyo Reports,” New York Times, April 10, 1942.
161 Indeed, the fall of: Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 310.
161 In late March: Toland, Rising Sun, p. 1:366.
162 “Rest areas”: Richard C. Mallonée, The Naked Flagpole: Battle for Bataan, ed. Richard C. Mallonée II (San Rafael, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1980), pp. 144-45.
162 Kawane had only: ibid., p. 145.
162 Thousands upon thousands: Toland, Rising Sun, p. 1:366.
162 “patients rather than prisoners”: Quoted in Falk, Bataan, p. 187.
162 “I thought it was”: ibid., p. 188.
162 “There were far more”: Hitome Junsuke, author interview, July 12, 2002, Kyōto, Japan.
162 By the afternoon of: Dyess, Dyess Story, p. 76.
162 The scene made: Knox, Death March, p. 119.
162 Privates were mixed: ibid., p. 127.
162 Only later, at Limay: Falk, Bataan, p. 111.
162 “marveled at how it was”: E. B. Miller, Bataan Uncensored (Long Prairie, Minn.: Hart, 1991), p. 219.
162 “kill all prisoners”: Toland, Rising Sun, p. 1:368.
162 But other Japanese: Ricardo Trota Jose to author, November 21, 2004.
163 Tsuji had been: Toland, Rising Sun, p. 1:367.
163 The killings be
gan: Ashton, Somebody Gives, p. 184.
163 Private Blair Robinett: Knox, Death March, p. 121.
163 Armed with bayonet-tipped rifles: ibid.
163 Artesian wells ran: ibid., pp. 132, 138.
163 “They’d bayonet you”: Bert Bank, Back from the Living Dead (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: privately published, 1945), pp. 21-22.
163 The Japanese looted: ibid., p. 24.
163 Men chewed sugarcane: Falk, Bataan, p. 132.
163 Stragglers were clubbed: ibid., p. 108.
163 forced to bury: ibid., p. 132.
163 “If you fell”: Knox, Death March, p. 136.
163 The roadside was strewn: Bank, Living Dead, p. 23.
163 “the Jap guards went”: Dyess, Dyess Story, p. 90.
163 Dysentery ran rampant: ibid., p. 134.
164 “Dear friends”: Daws, Prisoners, p. 74.
164 The Japanese drew: ibid., p. 75.
164 Those who survived: Dyess, Dyess Story, p. 94.
164 From there they: Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:183.
164 It was a designation: Falk, Bataan, p. 169.
164 Between 5,000: Knox, Death March, p. 154.
164 Up to 1,100: U.S. Historical Center, Fort McNair, Washington, D.C.
164 In total, more Fil-Americans: Toland, Rising Sun, p. 1:375.
Chapter 12: “I go to meet the Japanese commander”
165 “every last one of them”: Wainwright, Story, p. 81.
165 Corregidor struck them: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 83; Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:183.
165 These served as wards: Amea Willoughby, I Was on Corregidor, p. 108.
165 Several small radios: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:184.
165 “Bataan has fallen!”: quoted in Dean Schedler, “Dazed, Weary Troops Reach Corregidor Under Foe’s Fire,” New York Times, April 11, 1942, p. 1.
166 “Probably never before”: Hayes, Diary, p. 28.
166 Hayes complained: Hayes, “Report on Medical Tactics,” p. 6.
166 During bombing raids: Amea Willoughby, I Was on Corregidor, p. 108.
166 Morale was so low: Knoll, “Intelligence Report,” p. 21.
166 “If the Japanese can”: Morris, Corregidor, p. 409.
166 Corregidor needed: Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won, pp. 422-23n21. See also Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor, p. 1:171; Howard, “Report on the Operation,” p. 18.
Conduct Under Fire Page 70
