Conduct Under Fire
Page 74
267 When he went to retrieve: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 118.
267 There was a schedule: Robert Taylor, interview, November 2, 1974, and January 16, 1975, pp. 91,119, #255, UNTOHC.
267 no rabbi: Roper, Brothers of Paul, p. 19.
267 Dice were made: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 134.
268 A 1916 British recruiting: Sandy Balfour, Vulnerable in Hearts: A Sentimental Journey (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, in press).
268 High Commissioner Sayre: Amea Willoughby, I Was on Corregidor, p. 175.
268 “So far”: Bookman, Diary, November 17, 1943, entry.
268 “May ’42 made”: ibid., September 1, 1943, entry.
268 sexual favors: Berley interview, p. 42.
269 Wish fulfillment fed: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 47.
269 The officers from Bataan: Chunn, “Notebooks,” pp. 37-42.
269 defanged cobra: Jay Kent, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, May 11, 1972, p. 46, UNTOHC.
269 “Taiwans”: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 96.
269 The behavior of the: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, pp. 202-3.
269 “The discipline was”: Kawasaki Masaichi, author interview, July 2002, Wakayama, Japan.
269 “The Lieutenant slapped”: Hanama Tasaki, Long the Imperial Way (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p. 45.
270 A slap in the face: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 98.
270 But the violence that: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, pp. 206-7.
270 “until the wretched body”: Giles Milton, Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2003), pp. 180, 228.
270 With their “red”: Reischauer and Jansen, Japanese Today, p. 397.
270 They were ijin: ibid., p. 402.
270 five to ten times: U.S.A. Historical Center, Fort McNair, Washington, D.C.
270 Sundays were Sundays again: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 29.
270 Gyokusai: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 9.
271 “take no prisoners”: ibid., p. 74; Daws, Prisoners, p. 276.
271 nothing to fear: Chang, Rape of Nanking, pp. 4, 6. See “Iris Chang: Obituary,” in The Economist, November 27, 2004, p. 91, for a summary of the controversy surrounding these figures.
271 Or the British: Michno, Hellships, p. 42; Hoyt, Japan’s War, p. 250.
271 Or the Australian: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, pp. 82-86.
271 “In one notorious”: Cowdrey, Fighting for Life, p. 196.
271 They even cannibalized: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, pp. 120-23.
271 “Cannibalism was a”: ibid., pp. 126, 128.
271 Along with the mail: Joseph D. Harrington, Yankee Samurai (Detroit: Pettigrew Enterprises, 1979), p. 193, cited in Gerald F. Linderman, The World Within War: America’s Combat Experience in World War II (New York: Free Press, 1997), p. 183.
271 One infamous photograph: Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 65.
271 The Allies executed: ibid., pp. 66-67. See Blair, Silent Victory, pp. 383-85.
271 On Bataan, said: James L. Kent, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, May 11, 1972, p. 33, #127, UNTOHC.
271 “This is explained”: James C. Blanning, “War Diary,” pp. 79-80. Courtesy John Fagan.
271 When Japanese soldiers: Ienaga, Pacific War, p. 292; See also Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 380.
271 Dr. Marcel Junod: “Notes on a talk given by Dr. Marcel Junod,” p. 4.
272 Many Japanese POW camp: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, p. 38.
000 They asserted their authority: ibid., p. 162.
272 “so emaciated that their skins”: Alexander, “Recollections,” p. 164.
272 By year end more than: Cooper, “Experiences,” pp. 114-18.
272 Diphtheria broke out: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 187.
272 for treatment and prevention: Gillespie, “Recollections,” p. 39.
272 Waterous feared an: Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” pp. 141-51.
273 One POW: C. M. Graham, Under the Samurai Sword (Privately printed, 1998), pp. 96-97.
273 While diphtheria was common: Crawford F. Sams, “Medic”: The Misssion of an American Military Doctor in Occupied Japan and Wartorn Korea (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 102.
273 Sometimes anything seemed: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 100.
273 They smuggled in shoes: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:592.
273 Mut’s principal agent: Harold K. Johnson to Recovered Personnel Division Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces Western Pacific, September 10, 1946, reprinted in Ashton, Bataan Diary, pp. 383-84; J. E. Kramer to Recovered Personnel Division, August 2, 1946, reprinted in Ashton, Bataan Diary, p. 402.
273 Chaplain’s Aid Association: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 153; Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 92.
273 And they welcomed: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 2:593-94.
273 The Philippine Women’s Federation: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 109; Alfred A. Weinstein, August 8, 1947, to M. H. Marcus, Record Personnel Division, quoted in Ashton, Bataan Diary, pp. 421-23.
274 A Philippine Red Cross: Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” p. 139.
274 reputed morphine addict: Colonel Jack W. Schwartz, testimony, September 16, 1945, RG 331, Box 1118, Folder 4, NARA.
274 Pilar Campos: E. Carl Engelhart to Board Concerning Services Rendered American POWs, July 18, 1947, reprinted in Ashton, Bataan Diary, p. 431.
274 Peggy Doolin: Margaret Utinsky, “Miss U” (San Antonio, Tex.: Naylor, 1948), pp. 10, 52, 63, 70.
274 Claire Phillips: Taylor, Cabanatuan, p. 102; Jacobs, Blood Brothers, p. 65.
274 She managed to: Sides, Ghost Soldiers, p. 187.
274 “The medicines and foodstuffs”: Harold K. Johnson, August 8, 1946, reprinted in Ashton, Bataan Diary, pp. 397-99.
274 But there were entire segments of: Daws, Prisoners, p. 163.
274 Inside Cabanatuan: Bunker, Bunker’s War, pp. 94-95; Alexander, “Recollections,” pp. 186-87.
274 He even had: Daws, Prisoners, p. 282.
275 But Hutch wanted: Jan K. Herman, “Guest of the Emperor,” p. 21.
275 “We were never”: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 150.
275 they raided the: Beecher, “Experiences,” pp. 90-91.
275 “tons of food”: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 127.
275 The purchasing power: Andrew Miller, author interview, Albuquerque, N.M., May 23, 2003.
275 sulfathiazole pills: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, pp. 163, 151, 176, 181; Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, pp. 85-86. See Stamp, Journey, p. 58, in which a navy corpsman uses baking soda for the same purpose; Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 78.
275 counterfeit drugs: Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” p. 178.
275 Naomi Flores: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:589.
275 They imprisoned Miss U: Utinsky, “Miss U,” p. 115.
276 Guzman: Johnson, reprinted in Ashton, Bataan Diary, p. 383.
276 Father Buttenbruck from visiting: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 80; Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 31.
276 Treatt, Jack Schwartz: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 93.
276 Prices escalated: ibid., p. 114.
276 Father Buttenbruck was: E. Carl Engelhart to Board Concerning Services Rendered American POWs, July 18, 1947, reprinted in Ashton, Bataan Diary, pp. 429-34; Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, 2:496.
276 One prisoner was: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 11.
276 faked the symptoms: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 84.
276 Sergeant Jack C. Wheeler: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 1.
276 Warrant Officer C. A. Price: ibid.
276 the most heinous: Stamp, Journey, p. 70.
276 men verbally emasculated: Dower, War Without Mercy, pp. 81-88.
276 There was “Little Speedo”: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 97.
276 “Big Speedo”: Alexander, “Recollections,” pp. 166-67.
277 “Air Raid” Ihara: Chunn, Of Rice and Men, pp. 96-97
; Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 59; M. L. Daman, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, September 29, 1973, and October 6, 1973, p. 52, UNTOHC.
277 There was Koshinaga: Chunn, Of Rice and Men, p. 54; Taylor, Cabanatuan, pp. 96-97.
277 Told he was named: Karl A. Bugbee, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, December 8, 1971, p. 42, UNTOHC.
277 “Dumb-Shit”: Hibbs, Tell MacArthur, p. 150.
277 They removed the newspapers: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 8.
277 “redolent of heaven”: Glusman, Diary, p. 20.
277 gynecomastia: Ralph E. Hibbs, “Gynecomastia Associated with Vitamin Deficiency Disease,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 213, no. 2 (February 1947), pp. 176-77.
277 Japanese headquarters strictly: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 77. 277 Drugs became dollars: ibid., p. 79.
277 As the black market: Wright, Captured, p. 62.
277 Granulated fish: Cooper, “Medical Department,” p. 121.
277 Inflation increased: Alexander, “Recollections,” pp. 197-98.
278 They rooted through: Daman interview, pp. 53, 59.
278 cut up corncobs: Stamp, Journey, p. 70.
278 The signs were clear: Alexander, “Recollections,” pp. 191-92.
278 According to such accounts: ibid.
278 “was celebrated as beautifully”: Wright, Captured, p. 62.
278 The International Committee of the Red Cross: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 12.
278 Major Paul Wing: Caption for Signal Corps photograph 265335, Cabanatuan, December 25, 1943, RG111, Box 116, Still Picture Branch, NARA.
278 By mid-January: Sitter and Katz, “POWs,” p. 50.
278 Then talking and smoking: Chunn, “Notebooks,” p. 13.
279 “We have arranged”: Glusman, Diary, p. 21.
279 Almost the entire navy: ibid.
279 As early as September 1942: Linda Goetz Holmes, Unjust Enrichment: How Japan’s Companies Built Postwar Fortunes Using American POWs (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2001), pp. 149-50.
279 They were loaded onto: ibid., pp. 151-56.
280 The medical detachment: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 171.
280 cases of amoebic dysentery: ibid.
280 One of Craig’s corpsmen: John Cook, author interview, May 18, 2002, El Paso, Tex.
281 atoll of Truk: Blair, Silent Victory, pp. 560-61.
281 Operation Hailstone: Butow, Tojo, p. 427.
Chapter 17: “The Japanese will pay”
282 “JAP ATROCITIES”: Chicago Daily Tribune, January 28, 1944, p. 1.
282 “Bataan Death March”: Dyess, Dyess Story, pp. 11, 170-71.
282 “The Japanese will pay”: quoted in James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:512.
282 But their story was: Michno, Hellships, p. 91.
283 “The period of our defensive”: quoted in Butow, Tojo, p. 425.
283 On May 8, 1943: Spector, Eagle Against Sun, pp. 253-54.
283 Quadrant conference: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:331.
283 Rabaul: ibid., p. 2:332. 283 Once Germany was: quoted in Costello, Pacific War, p. 443.
283 There was little reason: ibid., pp. 442-46.
283 not superiority but supremacy: Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, p. 618.
283 B-17s, B-24s, and B-29s: ibid., pp. 654-55.
283 For 1942-43: ibid., p. 618.
283 Wartime production as: Alan S. Milward, War, Economy and Society, 1939-1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), p. 63.
284 Military procurement surged: Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, p. 645.
284 The 96,318 military: ibid., p. 654.
284 In Japan wartime spending: Milward, War, Economy, p. 84.
284 Japan’s imports of: ibid., p. 167.
284 In 1937 Japan: Schom, Eagle and Rising Sun, p. 61.
284 The Axis powers: Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, p. 654.
284 Through eight loan drives: “Brief History of World War Two Advertising Campaigns: War Loans and Bonds,” in the John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising, and Marketing History, at http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/adaccess/warbonds.html.
284 Millions of Americans volunteered: Harris, Mitchell, and Schecter, Home Front, pp. 62-64.
284 Companies and corporations: These advertisements appeared variously in Life magazine issues: December 15, 1941; March 30, 1942; April 13, 1942; April 20, 1942; and February 7, 1944.
285 “Why aren’t there”: quoted in Richard Lingeman, Don’t You Know There’s a War On? The American Home Front 1941-1945 (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2003), pp. 198-99.
285 combat documentaries: ibid., p. 189.
285 Of the seven movies: Dower, War Without Mercy, pp. 15-17.
285 The accounts were: McCoy and Mellnik, “Death Was Part of Our Life.”
286 Their sons were: See Commander Walter Karig, USNR, and Lieutenant Welbourn Kelley, USNR, Battle Report: Pearl Harbor to Coral Sea (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1944), pp. 361-487, for a state-by-state listing of action casualties in the first six months of war in the Pacific theater.
286 John Bookman, previously reported: Memorandum from Navy Department, Bureau of Naval Personnel, to Dr. and Mrs. Samuel Bookman, May 7, 1943, re: Officers Reported as Prisoners of War.
286 Operation 1 was: Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, pp. 73-74.
286 On November 23: Dear and Foot, Oxford Companion, p. 1103.
286 In January 1944: Costello, Pacific War, pp. 448-53.
286 strikes against the Marianas: Blair, Silent Victory, pp. 560-61.
287 Tōjō was right: H. P. Willmott, The Second World War in the Far East (London: Cassell, 1999), p. 126.
287 They thought they: Ashton, Bataan Diary, pp. 240-41.
287 Fifty percent of Bilibid’s: Kentner, Journal, p. 101.
287 “winter clothing”: ibid., p. 104.
287 “Can ‘Yanks and tanks”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, January 11, 1944, entry.
287 In July 1940: Joan Beaumont, “Victims of War: The Allies and the Transport of Prisoners-of-War by Sea, 1939-45” (Australian War Memorial), p. 1.
287 On August 8, 1942: ibid.
288 The ICRC proposed: ibid., p. 2.
288 Britain balked: ibid., p. 3.
288 “In view of the”: ibid., p. 88.
288 Seven weeks earlier: Michno, Hellships, p. 47.
288 As far as the Combined Chiefs: ibid., pp. 87-88.
288 “Execute Unrestricted Air”: William Tuohy, The Bravest Man: The Story of Richard O’Kane and U.S. Submariners in the Pacific War (Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton, 2001), p. 50.
288 With no sea lanes: Blair, Silent Victory, pp. 83-84, 841-42.
288 a radar set: Joan and Clay Blair, Jr., Return From the River Kwai (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), p. 226; Blair, Silent Victory, p. 322.
288 Japanese ship movements: Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, pp. 73-74; Blair, Silent Victory, p. 294.
289 U.S. Navy cryptanalysts: Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, pp. 12-13.
289 The Ship Movement Code: See Stinnett, Day of Deceit, pp. 71-72. 289 “The Japanese were meticulous”: Donald Showers, author interview, February 4, 2003.
289 To prevent ULTRA data: Tuohy, The Bravest Man, pp. 62-63.
289 The Australia-based: ibid., p. 66.
289 “he chose to ignore”: Donald Showers, interview by Bill Alexander, March 13, 1998, p. 56, #1257, UNTOHC.
289 “ULTRA tip-off messages”: ibid., p. 64.
289 The Japan-Truk shipping: Blair, Silent Victoy, p. 509.
290 Inspired by the: Theodore Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1949), pp. 240-42.
290 In February 1944: “Statistical Summary: Attrition War Against Japanese Merchant Marine,” from U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, “The War Against Japanese Transportation,” reprinted in Roscoe, United States Submarine Operations in World War II, pp. 523-24.
290 On February 25: Michno, Hellships, pp. 152-56, 294, 314.
290 They marched from Azcarraga: Kentner, Journal, pp. 104-5.
290 Tied up at: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, pp. 170-81.
290 What a difference: Bumgarner, Parade, p. 138.
291 The civilians walked: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 182.
291 The benjo hung: Bumgarner, Parade, p. 142.
291 Ernie Irvin volunteered: Irvin, “Wartime Reminiscences,” p. 7.
291 On more than one: ibid., p. 143.
291 “Msg Manila to Tokyo”: RG38, Box 1220, NARA.
292 “MATA”: Ricardo Trota Jose to author, November 21, 2004.
292 “Msg Manila to Hiroshima”: ibid.
292 They pushed such thoughts: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 182.
292 “I was seized”: Bumgarner, Parade, p. 143.
292 Only one POW had: No less than five separate accounts describe this incident; See Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon; Smith, Prisoner of Emperor; Bumgarner, Parade; Berley author interview; and Irvin, “Wartime Reminiscences,” p. 7. Yet this sinking cannot be confirmed in Roscoe, Submarine Operations.
292 But the only American submarine: I am grateful to Gregory Michno for this point, which he described in an e-mail dated April 28, 2002.
292 The skies turned: Bumgarner, Parade, pp. 144-45.
293 “Mesg Takao to Hiroshima”: ibid.
293 While the Kenwa Maru: Bumgarner, Parade, p. 145.
293 The bags were hoisted: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 184.
293 The sugar was unrefined: Irvin, “Wartime Reminiscences,” p. 6.
293 They added sugar: ibid., p. 7.
293 Or they ate: Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, p. 80.
293 “The sugar ship”: Weinstein, Barbed-Wire Surgeon, p. 184.
294 Army surgeon Alfred Weinstein: H. L. Cleave, “Medical Report on Shinagawa Camp,” September 11, 1945, p. 1, RG 407, Box 148, NARA.
294 Lieutenant Nosu Shōichi: Perpetuation of Testimony of Dr. David Hochman, June 18, 1946, “In the Matter of Atrocities Committed at POW Camps in the Osaka area, Between November 1942 and July 1945, by Lt. Nosu, Chief Medical Administrator,” WCO/JAG, p. 2, RG183, Case File W33-53- 21, NARA.
294 “I, Dr. Nosu”: quoted in Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, pp. 90-91.
294 Murray tried engaging: ibid., p. 91.
Chapter 18: Bridge over Hell