326 Forward-area hospitals: “Fake Hospital Ship,” RG 389, Box 2176, NARA.
326 “The man was tied”: ATIS, “Japanese Medical Units,” p. 10.
326 In Mukden, Manchuria: Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, pp. 137-39.
327 He even assisted Fred: Ferdinand V. Berley, statement, n.d., RG331, Box 952, NARA.
327 The disease haunted Japan: Johnston, Modern Epidemic, p. 41.
327 By the late nineteenth century: ibid., pp. 25, 63.
327 During the war: Johnston, Hosodo, and Kusumi, Japanese Food Management, p. 52.
327 surpassing even the number: See Sams, “Medic,” p. 109. In 1945 the death rate among Japanese civilians from tuberculosis was 282 per 100,000, which exceeded, according to Sams, “the number who died from all of the bombing, the fire raids, and the two atomic bombs.”
327 artificial pneumothorax: Katherine Ott, Fevered Lives: Tuberculosis in American Culture Since 1870 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 7, 95-97.
328 A lieutenant colonel: Dean narrative, pp. 347-48.
329 Beriberi was a: Johnston, Hosodo, and Kusumi, Japanese Food Management, p. 91.
329 beriberi actually declined: ibid., p. 164.
329 John drafted a: John Jacob Bookman, “Diarrhea and Dysentery Among POWs,” in
“Medical Notes.”
329 In extreme cases: Keys et al., Biology, p. 2:588.
329 “painful feet”: J. A. Page, “Painful-Feet Syndrome Among Prisoners of War in the Far East,” British Medical Journal 2 (August 24, 1946), p. 260. See also Murray Glusman, M.D., “The Syndrome of ‘Burning Feet’ (Nutritional Melalgia) as a Manifestation of Nutritional Deficiency,” American Journal of Medicine, Vol. III, No. 2, August 1947, pp. 211-23.
329 Fourth Marine James Fraser: James Fraser, author interview, Albuquerque, N.M., May 2003.
329 Symptoms of the disease: Robert B. Lewis, “ ‘Painful Feet’ in American Prisoners of War,” U.S. Armed Forces Medical Journal 1, no. 2 (February 1950), p. 146.
330 “there were quite a lot”: Staff of the Kobe POW Hospital, “Painful Feet,” February-March 1945. This manuscript was the basis of a paper published after the war under the sole authorship of J. A. Page as “Painful-Feet Syndrome Among Prisoners of War in the Far East” (above).
331 In his “Memorandum on”: Ernest Jones, The Life and Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. Lionel Trilling and Steven Marcus (New York: Basic Books, 1961), pp. 393-95.
331 And he had read: Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer, Studies on Hysteria, trans. and ed. James Strachey (New York: Avon Books, 1966), p. 42.
331 “each individual symptom”: ibid., pp. 40-41.
332 One evening in: Blair and Blair, Return from the River, pp. 250, 212, 272-74.
332 secondary syphilis: Dean narrative, pp. 349-50.
333 “as thick as two planks”: ibid., p. 240.
333 They themselves were: Daws, Prisoners, p. 262.
333 Indian POWs: Dean narrative, p. 226.
334 “This is Humanity Calls”: Kerr, Surrender and Survival, pp. 189-90.
334 The Prisoners of War Bulletin: ibid., pp. 185-88.
334 At Kōbe, recording: Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, p. 107.
335 Between 1942 and 1945: “Record of Number of Requests for Visiting POW Camps by the Protecting Powers and Their Acceptance and Permission,” June 19, 1946, Archives générales 1918-1950, Groupe G [Généralités: affaires operationnelles] 1939-1950, G 3/51, M. Junod, Japón, Box 219 [2], ACICR.
335 “In Germany particularly”: “Notes on a Talk Given by Dr. Marcel Junod,” p. 11.
335 Three thousand calories was: Johnston, Hosado, and Kusumi, Japanese Food Management, p. 277.
335 Even at Colonel Murata’s: Page, “Painful-Feet Syndrome,” pp. 2-3.
335 Fish and meat: ibid.
335 robust condition: Lane, Summer, pp. 2:1, 3:9.
335 They forged keys: ibid., p. 5:3.
336 patients stole food: Jack Hughieson, letter to author, November 23, 2001.
336 It must have been special: Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, pp. 106-7.
336 If such visits were staged: Page, “Report on Period Served,” p. 3.
337 Christmas shopping: Kōbe-shi shi, Dai-san shu: Shakai bunka hen (Kōbe City History, vol. 3, Society and Culture), n. d., pp. 10-15.
337 Fish and beef: ibid., pp. 30-33.
338 “M’ARTHUR INVADES”: New York Times, October 20, 1944, p. 1.
339 A total of: “The Battle for Leyte Gulf,” at www.angelfire.com/fm/odyssey/LEYTE-GULF-Summary-of-the-Battle-htm,pp. 1-12.
339 more than 1,000 planes: ibid., p.154.
339 In the SHO-GŌ: Dear and Foot, Oxford Companion, p. 688. See Keegan, Encyclopedia, pp. 153-54.
339 The Battle for Leyte Gulf: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:539.
339 “People of the Philippines”: ibid., p. 557.
Chapter 20: “Action Taken: None”
340 “Many are the lessons”: Simpson, Diary, p. 54.
340 By early May: William Riney Craig, “Medical Notes,” p. 10. Courtesy John Cook.
340 Riney Craig: ibid., p. 20.
340 Thousands of civilians: Dr. Segundo G. Jao, “Average Diet of the Civilian Population in Manila During the Years 1942 to 1945,” to Robert Cohn, January 11, 1947, Defense Exhibit D, U.S.A. vs. Naraji Nogi, 20 January 1947, NARA.
340 Japanese quartermaster depots: Michno, Hellships, p. 91.
340 the Teia Maru: ibid., p. 91.
340 “Evidence is accumulating”: Edwin Andrews to Douglas MacArthur, NR243, February 7, 1944, RG 496, Entry 109, Box 571; Jesus Villamor to Douglas MacArthur, vol. 3, NARA.
340 Also included with: Prisoners of War Bulletin 1, no. 6 (November 1943), John E. Olson Papers, Box 1, MHI.
341 What you earned: Craig, “Medical Notes,” p. 10.
341 “We are now approaching”: Simpson, Diary, p. 2:7.
341 “all the time”: Craig, “Medical Notes,” p. 26.
341 The Taikoku Maru: Michno, Hellships, pp. 314-15.
341 “now pronounced fit”: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 126.
341 “So long, see you later”: quoted in Jan K. Herman, “Guest of the Emperor,” p. 21.
342 It was cloudy: Craig, “Medical Notes,” p. 28.
342 Among them were twenty: Waterous, “Statement of Experiences,” p. 172; Nancy Russell Young, “Reflections on Bob and Jessie Russell,” September 17, 1981, unpublished manuscript, p. 55.
342 At 1700 they: Kentner, Journal, p. 122. Note that Kentner counted 206 men in this draft.
342 The resistance to disease: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, final part, p. 71.
342 The average daily: Kentner, Journal, p. 121.
342 “looks like we”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, final part, p. 58.
342 Even the pigs: ibid., p. 35.
342 Air raid drills: Kentner, Journal, p. 118.
342 Japanese air force: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, final part, p. 96.
342 At 0930 on: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 2:365-66.
342 Internees at Santo Tomás: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 2:365.
342 Up at Cabanatuan: Calvin Robert Graef with Harry T. Brundidge, “We Prayed to Die,” Cosmopolitan 118, no. 4 (April 1945).
342 “black with planes”: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, final part, pp. 140-41.
343 Jimmy Carrington: This story is based on interviews with James W. Carrington and Joseph E. Dupont on May 15, 2002, in San Antonio, Tex., and in May 2004 in Orlando, Fla., as well as Hayes’s Bilibid Notebook, April 15-16, 1944, entries.
344 many of the POWs: Hayes, Bilibid Notebook, April 15, 1944, entry.
344 Parker had hit the wire: Ashton, Bataan Diary, p. 254.
344 Marking’s guerrillas: Robert Lapham and Bernard Norling, Lapham’s Raiders: Guerrillas in the Philippines, 1942-1945
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), p. 70.
344 “an able, amiable soldier”: Edwin Price Ramsey and Stephen J. Rivele
, Lieutenant Ramsey’s War (New York: Knightsbridge, 1990), p. 247. 344 When the Japanese Army: Cortes, Boncan, and Jose, Filipino Saga, p. 358.
344 As President Quezon’s executive secretary: David Joel Steinberg, Philippine Collaboration in World War II (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967), pp. 37, 190n71; Cortes, Boncan, and Jose, Filipino Saga, p. 359.
345 But after the fall of: Cortes, Boncan, and Jose, Filipino Saga, p. 367.
345 Jockeying for position: Quirino, Chick Parsons, p. 21.
345 Between 1942 and 1944: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:507.
345 Guerrilla units in: ibid., pp. 507-8.
345 Robert V. Ball: Ira Wolfert, American Guerrilla in the Philippines (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1945), p. 134.
346 “WE HAVE THE”: John Keats, They Fought Alone (Philadelphia and New York: J.P. Lippincott, 1963), p. 171.
346 One week later: ibid., p. 187.
346 Meanwhile, Major Jesus: Allison Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau: Our Secret Weapon in
the War Against Japan (New York: David McKay, 1958), pp. 125-26.
346 Villamor established: ibid., p. 157.
346 Colonel Arthur Fischer: Arthur F. Fischer, “Memorandum for Major General Richard J. Marshall, Deputy Chief of Staff, GHQ, Southwest Pacific Area,” May 20, 1944, RG 16, Box 65, Folder 6, “Philippine Sub Division Administration, July 1944,” MMA.
346 Ever modest, MacArthur: B. M. Fitch to Michael L. Stiver, August 20, 1943, RG 16, Box 64, Folder 1, “P.R.S., Administration, December 1943,” MMA.
346 On March 5, 1943: Quirino, Chick Parsons, p. 40.
346 Fertig had promoted himself: ibid., p. 31.
347 Then he presented: ibid., p. 29 .
347 Per AIB’s plan: Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau, p. 167.
347 Lapham received his: Lapham and Norling, Lapham’s Raiders, pp. 144, 148.
347 Not until August 31: ibid., p. 151.
347 By then, more than: “Messages Between U.S./Philippine Guerrilla Forces and HQ, SWPA, December 1942-November 1943.” SRH-220, Part I, p. 27, RG 457, Records of the National Security Agency, Central Security Service, Entry 9002, “Study of the Historical Background of the Signal Service, 1776-1939.”
347 If direct communication: ibid.
347 Orders to guerrilla: Quirino, Chick Parsons, pp. 28-30.
347 1,076 messages: RG 16, Box 31, Folder 2, “Fertig Messages—July 1944,” MMA.
347 Thirty-two code men: Lloyd Waters, author interview, June 17, 2002.
347 “air, ground, and naval”: cited in Thomas Mitsos, “Guerrilla Radio” unpublished ms., chap. 5, p. 3. Courtesy Clyde Childress.
347 The ECLGA covered: Ramsey and Rivele, Lieutenant Ramsey’s War, pp. 176-77.
347 Aircraft warning: Edwin P. Ramsey, “USAFFE Luzon Guerrilla Army Forces, HQ, East Central Luzon Guerrilla Area in the Field,” May 15, 1945, in Intelligence Activities in the Philippines During the Japanese Occupation, Documentary Appendices (II), vol. 2, Intelligence Series, RG-23A, Box 12, Folder 10, Willoughby Papers, MMA.
347 To evade American submarines: See Wendell Fertig to Douglas MacArthur, NR 426, 04 July 1944, RG 16, Box 31, Folder 2, “Fertig Messages—July 1944,” MMA.
347 Guerrilla radio operators: Edwin Price Ramsey, author interview, February 10, 2003.
348 They eavesdropped on: ATIS, “Japanese Ten Day Period Reports on Monitoring of Allied Wireless Communications in the Philippines,” No. 31, March 29, 1945, p. 6, SRH-231, RG 457, Records of the National Security Agency, Central Security Service, Entry 9002, “Study of the Historical Background of the Signal Service, 1776-1939.”
348 messages transmitted from MacArthur: ibid., p. 86 .
348 “it is very difficult”: ibid., p. 44.
348 “Generally speaking”: ATIS, “Japanese Ten Day Period Reports,” p. 6.
348 “While maintaining close”: ibid., p. 50.
348 On August 30: Lapham and Norling, Lapham’s Raiders, pp. 209, 229.
348 The radio at Ramsey’s: Ramsey and Rivele, Ramsey’s War, pp. 247-48.
348 The messages were decoded: Wendell Fertig to Douglas MacArthur, October 23, 1944, RG 16, Box 31, Folder 5, “Fertig Messages, October 1944,” MMA.
348 Or they were sent: Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau, p. 157.
348 According to Jimmy Carrington: James W. Carrington, author interview, May 24, 2002, San Antonio, Tex.
348 Ships were unnamed: Allison W. Ind, “Personnel Procurement and Training Scheme,” May 4, 1943, RG 16, Box 65, Folder 2, MMA.
348 In February 1944: “Philippines Intelligence Guide,” February 10, 1944, in Intelligence Activities in the Philippines During the Japanese Occupation.
349 “Action taken”: #1400, December 21, 1943, 508, Fertig, RG 16, Box 18, Folder 1,
“Fertig—December 1943,” MMA.
349 There was an obvious: RG 16, Box 31, Folder 2, “Fertig Messages—July 1944,” MMA.
349 To save time: Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau, pp. 177, 211.
349 “we’d send all the messages”: Lloyd Waters, author interview, June 17, 2002.
349 The control station: Charles A. Parsons, “Report on Conditions in the Philippine Islands as of June 1943,” in Quirino, Chick Parsons, p. 137.
349 “UNCONFIRMED REPORT AMERICAN”: Ralph Praeger to Douglas MacArthur, NR25 S-229, February 19, 1943, RG 496, “Records of the General Headquarters Southwest Pacifc Area and U.S. Armed Forces Pacific,” Entry 109, Box 564, “Praeger to MacArthur,” NARA.
349 On March 4, 1944: Keats, They Fought Alone, pp. 124-25.
349 “SAW AMERICAN WAR”: Andrews to Douglas MacArthur, NR 251, March 4, 1944, RG 496, Entry 109, Box 571, “Villamor to MacArthur, Vol. 3,” NARA.
350 “DAVAO PROVINCE, 6 JUNE”: Wendell Fertig to MacArthur, NR 251, June 10, 1944, RG 496, Entry 109, Box 527, “Vol. 9, Fertig to MacArthur,” NARA.
350 The removal of Air Corps: Bernard Anderson to MacArthur, NR 40, July 18, 1944, RG 496, Entry 109, Box 538, “Vol. 1, Anderson to MacArthur,” NARA.
350 Meanwhile, Tom Mitsos: Mitsos, Guerrilla Radio, chap. 10, pp. 10-12.
351 The unknown ship arrived: ibid. Note that Mitsos dates the message from Davao “around the first of September 1944” and also mistakes the date of this ship’s arrival.
351 Not until the morning of September 7: ibid., chap. 10, p. 12.
351 At 1647 on September 7: Lee A. Gladwin, “American POWs on Japanese Ships Take a Voyage into Hell,” Prologue (NARA quarterly) 35:4 (Winter 2003), p. 33.
351 a submarine off: Keats, They Fought Alone, p. 397; Morton, War in the Pacific, pp. 576-77.
351 Many of the POWs: Michno, Hellships, p. 230.
351 “PRISONER OF WAR MCGEE”: RG 16, Box 31, Folder 5, “Fertig: Messages—October 1944,” MMA.
352 By June 1943: WYZB to Douglas MacArthur, NR 143, June 1943, Entry 109, Box 523, “Vol. 2, Fertig to MacArthur,” NARA.
352 “Captain, I’m afraid”: William Edwin Dyess as told to Charles Leavelle, “Dyess’ Own Story,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, January 30, 1944, p. 1.
352 In the early morning: Blair and Blair, Return from the River, pp. 113-14; see Michno, Hellships, pp. 201-7.
352 Later that night: Blair and Blair, Return from the River, p. 172.
352 Three days later: Tuohy, Bravest Man, pp. 303-4.
352 The Sealion radioed: Blair and Blair, Return from the River, p. 218.
352 From guerrilla messages: Manila to Cebu, October 6, 1944, RG 38, Box 1220, NARA.
353 “Absolutely there were”: Interview with Edwin Price Ramsey, February 10, 2003.
353 “Even though our intelligence”: James Forrestal to David I. Walsh, October 16, 1945, courtesy Lucille Ferguson.
353 down a gauntlet: Blair, Silent Victory, pp. 745-46. For security reasons, U.S. Navy submarine skippers were not even informed of the imminent invasion of Leyte. See Blair, Silent Victory, p. 751.
353 U.S. Navy bombers: ibid., pp. 745-46.
353 “S
TREETCAR USED TO”: Military Intelligence Service, Appendix 19, “History of the Military Intelligence Service, USAFFE,” in Intelligence Activities in the Philippines During the Japanese Occupation, p. 10.
Chapter 21: The Arisan Maru
354 The Arisan Maru: The following account of the Arisan Maru’s journey draws on Michno, Hellships, pp. 249-58; interviews with survivors; GHQ/SCAP Records; Manny Lawton, Some Survived: An Epic Account of Japanese Captivity During World War II (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin, 1984); and Dale Wilber, “The Last Voyage of the ‘Arisan Maru’ ” (unpublished).
354 At 1600 on the: “Escape in China Sea, Mr. Robert S. Overbeck, U.S. Engineering Department,” EX-Report No. 483, prepared by MIS-X Section, CPM Branch, December 1944, p. 3, RG 153, Box 1431, NARA.
354 An air raid siren: Perpetuation of the Testimony of Calvin Robert Graef, WCO/JAG, April 27, 1946, p. 2, RG 153, Box 1431, NARA.
354 When they complained: Perpetuation of the Testimony of Anton Ervin Cichy, WCO/JAG April 30, 1946, p. 1, RG 153, Box 1431, NARA.
354 Men were pressed: Calvin R. Graef, Donald E. Meyer, Anthony E. Cichy, and Avery E. Wilber, joint statement, December 6, 1944, p. 1, RG 153, Box 1431, NARA.
354 Japanese guards kept: “Maryland Survivor Says 1800 Lost on Prison Ship,” Washington Post, February 17, 1945.
354 By 1630 the ship: Funatsu Toshio, statement, GHQ/SCAP Records, Investigation Division Reports No. 479, RG 331, Box 1780, Folder 4, NARA, hereinafter referred to as GHQ/Arisan Maru; Michno, Hellships, p. 250.
354 Captain Sugino Minemaru: Robert E. Miller, report, GHQ/Arisan Maru.
354 The 6,886-ton vessel: Noma Hisashi, The Story of Mitsui and O.S.K. Liners Lost During the Pacific War (Tōkyō: Hisaski Noma, 2002), pp. 399-401; Abe Tadashi, interview by Ishii Shinpei, February 12, 2002, trans. for the author by John Junkerman.
355 A Type 2A freighter: Wilber, Last Voyage, p. 191.
355 The inside of the ship: “Data Sheet—Case No. AP 119,” RG 153, Box 1431, NARA.
355 The Japanese handed: Graef testimony, p. 4.
355 “The filth and stench”: Philip Brodsky, statement, January 25, 1946, GHQ/Arisan Maru.
355 “too hot to touch”: Robert S. Overbeck, deposition, June 13, 1946, in response to letter dated April 9, 1946, from Director, Civil Affairs Division, War Department, Washington, D.C., file 105-46, subject, Request for Interrogation.
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