415 The mighty Yamato: Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won, p. 380.
415 As many as: Frank, Downfall, p. 188
415 1,105 high school boys: Mainichi Newspapers, Fifty Years of Light and Dark, p. 162.
415 An unprecedented 11,000: Frank B. Gibney, epilogue, in Yahara, Battle for Okinawa, p. 199.
415 “If Okinawa is lost”: ibid., p. 191.
415 The Potsdam Declaration: Quoted in David J. Lu, Japan: A Documentary History, vol. 2, The Late Tokugawa Period to the Present (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1977), pp. 453-55.
415 MacArthur was never: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:775.
416 The response of: Brackman, Other Nuremberg, p. 34.
416 They were resolved to: ibid., p. 35.
416 At a July 29 press: Pacific War Research Society, Japan’s Longest Day (New York: Kodansha International, 1980), pp. 16-17.
416 His ominous ambiguity: Mainichi Newspapers, Fifty Years of Light and Dark, p. 182.
416 General Anami had: Kase, Journey, p. 195.
416 The Imperial Japanese Army’s: ibid.
416 Army Chief of Staff: Douglas J. MacEachin, “The Final Months of the War with Japan: Signals Intelligence, U.S. Invasion Planning, and the A-Bomb Decision,” Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, December 1998, p. 21.
416 In southern Kysh: Giangreco, “Operation DOWNFALL,” p. 2.
416 Marshall had originally projected: MacEachin, “Final Months of the War with Japan,” p. 15.
416 By August 2: ibid., p. 17.
416 revised to 549,000: ibid., p. 20.
416 In actuality: Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, p. 222.
416 The final estimate: According to Richard Frank, on August 10, 1945, the Joint Intelligence Committee projected a combined force of 2.6 million men in defense of the Japanese Home Islands by October 15, 1945. See Frank, Downfall, p. 203.
416 In spite of upwardly: MacEachin, “Final Months of the War with Japan,” p. 15.
416 “at a minimum”: David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), p. 437.
417 This was nearly: Frank, Downfall, p. 194.
417 But before the wording: MacEachin,
“Final Months of the War with Japan,” pp. 23-24.
417 On August 8, 1945: Mainichi Newspapers, Fifty Years of Light and Dark, p. 163.
417 “A little after 8 a.m.”: Asahi Shimbun, August 8, 1945, trans. for the author by John Junkerman.
418 “A small number of ”: quoted in Mainichi Newspapers, Fifty Years of Light and Dark, pp. 163-64.
418 What neither newspaper: Dear and Foot, Oxford Companion, p. 531.
418 Less than twenty-four: quoted in Mainichi Newspapers, Fifty Years of Light and Dark, pp. 164-65.
418 In Tōkyō, Foreign Minister: Bix, Hirohito, pp. 503-4.
418 “more pressing business”: Pacific War Research Society, Japan’s Longest Day, p. 22.
418 “a rain of ruin”: McCullough, Truman, p. 455.
419 MacArthur, who like: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:775.
419 “the Soviet government”: McCullough, Truman, p. 22.
419 “Does one feel”: William L. Laurence, “Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Told by Flight Member,” New York Times, September 9, 1945, in Douglas Brinkley, ed., World War II: The Allied Counteroffensive, 1942-1945 (New York: Times Books, 2003), p. 380.
419 73,884 people perished: Dear and Foot, Oxford Companion, p. 773.
419 Laurence watched an: Laurence, “Atomic Bombing,” p. 381.
419 “Having found the bomb”: quoted in Bix, Hirohito, p. 502.
419 Prime Minister Suzuki: Pacific War Research Society, Japan’s Longest Day, p. 25.
419 The conference was deadlocked: Kase, Journey, p. 233.
419 “Gentlemen, we have spent”: quoted in ibid., p. 234.
420 “sacred decision”: Bix, Hirohito, pp. 514-15.
420 “That it is unbearable”: Pacific War Research Society, Japan’s Longest Day, p. 34.
420 “with the understanding”: ibid., p. 37.
420 Immediately upon the surrender: ibid., p. 241.
420 In the meantime: Horatio W. Turner III, “Last Mission—Air Offensive Japan,” in Marshall, Final Assault, pp. 203-4.
420 Between August 11 and August 14: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 46.
420 Tōkyō would be: Jim B. Smith and Malcolm McConnell, The Last Mission: The Secret Story of World War II’s Final Battle (New York: Broadway Books, 2002), p. 286.
420 “If we do not terminate”: Kase, Journey, pp. 252-53.
421 “The Emperor was in”: ibid., p. 253.
421 “After pondering deeply”: Lu, Japan, pp. 2:457-58.
421 The speech presented: Bix, Hirohito, p. 527.
421 Hirohito expressed neither: ibid., p. 526.
421 Nearly three million: John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat (New York: W. W. Norton/New Press, 1999), p. 37.
422 “We are keenly aware”: quoted in Lu, Japan, pp. 2:457-58.
422 Hirohito’s words were: Bix, Hirohito, p. 527.
422 “We ourselves invited”: quoted in ibid., pp. 527-28.
422 Few realized that: See Pacific War Research Society, Japan’s Longest Day, and Smith and McConnell, Last Mission.
423 “For you—I have good news”: Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, p. 118.
423 The Britishers quickly: “Preliminary Report No. 4,” p. 2, G 3/51, M. Junod, Japón, Box 219 [l], ACICR.
424 “His Majesty the Emperor”: Kase, Journey, p. 258.
424 Truman received the message: Arthur Krock, “Japan Surrenders, End of War! Emperor Accepts Allied Rule; M’Arthur Supreme Commander,” New York Times, August 15, 1945, in Brinkley, Final Counteroffensive , p. 386.
424 After a hastily called: McCullough, Truman, pp. 461-62.
424 “This is a great day”: Frederick R. Barkley, “President Joins Capital’s Gaiety,” New York Times, August 15, 1945, p. 4.
424 In Manhattan: Alexander Feinberg, “All City ‘Lets Go,’ ” New York Times, August 15, 1945, p. 1.
424 Five thousand tons of streamers: Lingeman, Don’t You Know, p. 355.
424 “World War II became”: “World News Summarized,” New York Times, August 15, 1945, p. 1.
425 On August 17: quoted in Bix, Hirohito, p. 530.
425 “personnel who mistreated”: Document No. 2697, certified as Exhibit J in Doc. No. 2687 and referred to as Exhibit J in the affidavit of James Thomas Nehemiah Cross, September 19, 1946, RG 238, Box 2011, NARA, at www.mansell.com/pow_resources/Formosa/Ex-J-txt.html, courtesy Roger Mansell.
425 “unnecessary brutality and beatings”: Page, “Report on Period Served,” p. 6.
426 Murata apologized: ibid., p. 4. 426 “The sound of orders in English”: Lane, Summer, p. 1:1.
426 Murata, who was technically: Akeroyd statement, NARA, p. 2; Thomas Rhodes, notes, September 7, 1945, Red Cross Hospital, Ōsaka.
426 Murata, who denied: U.S.A. vs. Sotaro Murata, Headquarters Eighth Army, U.S. Army, Office of the Staff Judge Advocate. Case #155, February 16, 1949, Yokohama.
426 “regrettable occurrences”: “Preliminary Report No. 2: Evacuation: Chubugun District,” G 3/51, M. Junod, Japón, Box 219 [l], ACICR.
427 Then he demanded: Page, “Report on Period Served,” p. 6.
427 The “blueprint” for : Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 39.
427 Per his instructions: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:778.
427 The purpose of: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 52.
428 Beneath Atsugi was: Arthur Veysey, “Find Kamikaze Workshops in Atsugi Tunnels,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 8, 1945, p. 5 428 Prior to the surrender: Marcel Junod, Warrior Without Weapons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1951), p. 277.
428 On the basis: Papers of HQ, United States Armed Forces Pacific Area Command, RG 4, Box 23, Folder 6, MMA.
428 Locating the camps was: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:778.
428 “Mercy teams” organized: Robert L. Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo (Ne
w York: Viking Press, 1950), pp. 265-66.
428 evacuation of 200 to 250 POWs: John Plath Green, interview by Ronald E. Marcello, February 6 and March 1, 1974, p. 141, #182, UNTOHC.
428 Operation Blacklist: ibid., p. 116.
428 He wanted to get: Junod, Warrior, p. 277.
429 E. H. Brunner was: “Delegates for Repatriation of Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees,” Archives générales, 1918-1950, Groupe G (Généralités: affaires opérationelles), 1939-1950, G 3/51, M. Junod, Japón, Box 219 [1], ACICR.
429 While the Japanese: ibid., p. 278.
429 “we saw papers”: “Notes on a Talk Given by Dr. Marcel Junod,” p. 4.
429 “You are instructed”: Brackman, Other Nuremberg, p. 40.
429 POWs waved their arms: Walter C. Epstein, “P.O.W. Flights,” in Marshall, Final Assault, p. 212.
430 The wastage ratio: Ward W. Conquest, “Air Drops to Prisoners of War,” September 2, 1945; G 3/51, M. Junod, Japón, Box 219 [l], ACICR.
Chapter 25: Mission of Mercy
431 Imperial Japanese forces numbered: Willoughby and Chamberlain, MacArthur, pp. 309-10.
432 In spite of the B-29: William McGaffin, “Writer Roves Japan, Safe as at Home,” Chicago Daily News, September 10, 1945, p. 2.
432 The city had been zoned: Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, p. 120.
432 “You are POWs?”: This dialogue is quoted from ibid. Courtesy Duane A. Smith.
433 “impressively beautiful”: McGaffin, “Writer Roves Japan,” p. 2.
433 But its cities were: Dower, Embracing Defeat, p. 47.
433 The only Westerners: McGaffin, “Writer Roves Japan,” p. 2.
434 Tōkyō’s population had shrunk: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 3:5.
434 One in ten residents: Seidensticker, Tokyo Rising, pp. 139-44.
434 There were no: “Notes on a Talk Given by Dr. Marcel Junod,” p. 4.
434 The first American: Morison, History of Naval Operations, p. 14:360.
434 “By disemboweling myself ”: quoted in Brackman, Other Nuremberg, p. 43.
434 “government of resistance”: Eiji, Inside GHQ, p. 56.
434 On August 24,: Smith and McConnell, Last Mission, pp. 266-67.
434 By month’s end: Brackman, Other Nuremberg, p. 44.
434 Hirohito’s emissaries succeeded: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 56.
434 “Defeat and unconditional surrender”: Yoshio Kodama, I Was Defeated (Robert Booth and Taro Fukuda Publishers, Japan, 1951), p. 181; see also Sterling Seagrave and Peggy Seagrave, Gold Warriors: America’s Secret Recovery of Yamashita’s Gold (London and New York: Verso Books, 2003), pp. 113-15, on Kodama’s postwar relationship with Willoughby and the CIA.
435 On August 19: Dower, Embracing Defeat, pp. 124-25.
435 “to hold back”: quoted in Bix, Hirohito, p. 538.
435 Interim prime minister: ibid., pp. 539-40.
435 In Manchuria: Daws, Prisoners, p. 336.
435 At Fukuoka, guards: ibid., p. 42.
435 In North Borneo: De Jong, Collapse, p. 292.
435 In Osaka: GHQ/SCAP Records, “Ikoma Shiuchi, Tomekichi Hamada et al., Osaka Kempei Tai,” p. 10, Investigation Division Reports No. 479, April 22, 1947.
435 “We still had the spirit”: Hideo Fujioka, testimony, April 18, 1946, p. 3, RG 331, Box 994, OS-152, NARA.
435 The Americans asked: See The Imperial: The First Hundred Years (Tōkyō: privately published, 1990), pp. 163-64.
436 The hotel was preparing to: ibid., p. 169.
437 “Didn’t people throw”: Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, p. 125.
437 Soon they were served: ibid.
438 The Kempeitai were: Lord Russell of Liverpool, Knights of Bushido, pp. 274-75.
438 There were more: Philip Jowett, The Japanese Army 1931-45 (Oxford, England: Osprey, 2002), p. 16.
438 They stood guard: Overy, Why the Allies, p. 300.
438 They trafficked in: Jowett, The Japanese Army, p. 16.
438 They had power: ibid.
438 Doolittle’s raiders were impisoned: “Doolittle’s Tokyo Raid: The Eight Who Were Captured,” United States Air Force Museum, http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/wwii/cp6.htm
438 “Who knows you’re here?”: Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, p. 126.
440 He would also reassure: ibid., p. 128.
440 Bernath then rounded: ibid., p. 127.
440 To secure the Yokosuka: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 55.
440 “He hesitated a moment”: Thomas T. Sakamoto, quoted in ibid., p. 54.
441 Eichelberger agreed: Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road, p. 262.
441 Entire divisions of Japanese: Kase, Journey, p. 264.
441 Many of the principles: James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 3:10-11.
441 “First destroy the military power”: ibid., p. 3:10.
441 The New Grand Hotel in: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. xvii.
441 no longer ex-POWs: Daws, Prisoners, p. 345.
442 At a conference aboard: Joel T. Boone, “Initial Release of Prisoners of War in Japan,” p. 2, Joel T. Boone Papers. Courtesy Milton F. Heller, Jr.
442 The excitement of the prisoners: ibid., pp. 3-4.
443 “those that were able”: ibid., p. 5.
443 The conditions at Shinagawa: Joel Boone, talk before the American Red Cross, January 16, 1946, p. 4, RG 389, Box 2176, NARA.
443 “There has never been”: quoted in Robert R. Martindale, The 13th Mission: The Saga of a POW at Camp Omori, Tokyo (Austin, Tex.: Eakin Press, 1998), p. 239.
443 Of the first group: Boone, Red Cross, p. 8.
443 “Nobody came out”: ibid., p. 4.
443 While the navy doctors: Page, “Report on Period Served,” p. 6.
443 The ICRC hadn’t made: “Preliminary Report No. 7: Evacuation—Chubugun District, Kōbe, August 29, 1945,” G 3/51, M. Junod, Japón, Box 219 [l], ACICR.
443 One canister killed a: “Preliminary Report No. 12: Evacuation—Chubugun District,” G 3/51, M. Junod, Japón, Box 219 [1], ACICR.
444 Over at Wakinohama: Lane, Summer, p. 2:3.
444 “What’s a juke box?”: William McGaffin, “Freed Captives Find Their New World a Strange Place,” Chicago Daily News, September 10, 1945, p. 1.
444 On an overcast Sunday morning: Morison, History of Naval Operations, p. 14:362.
444 The thirty-one-starred flag: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 59.
444 The canvas and leatherbound: Morison, History of Naval Operations, pp. 14:362-63.
444 Sailors leaned over railings: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 58.
444 A hush descended: Homer Bigart, “Japan Signs, Second World War Is Ended Now,” New York Herald Tribune, September 2, 1945, reprinted in Reporting World War II (New York: Library of America, 1995), p. 2:773.
445 To Kase Toshikazu: Kase, Journey, p. 7.
445 “The whole scene”: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 58.
445 “It is my earnest hope”: quoted in James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:790.
445 Suddenly the battleship’s: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 58.
445 At precisely 9:03 A.M: United Press dispatch quoted in “War Comes to End,” New York Times, September 2, 1945, p. 1.
445 Shigemitsu signed: Kase, Journey, p. 1.
445 Then MacArthur: Wainwright, Story, p. 280.
445 In a final salute: ibid., p. 10. 445 Then, in what seemed: Wainwright, Story, p. 280.
445 The Missouri had no: “War Comes to End,” New York Times, September 2, 1945, p. 1.
445 “Today the guns are silent”: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 2:791.
446 In the first week: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 67.
446 Outwardly Ōhashi:Ōhashi Hyōjirō Prison Diary, p.1, trans. for the author by Ishii Shinpei.
446 “preliminary work”: “Preliminary Report No. 15: Evacuation—Chubugun District,” G 3/51, M. Junod, Japón, Box 219 [1], ACICR.
447 John Plath Green: Green, interview, pp. 118-26.
447 Within eighteen days: Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road, p
. 266.
447 Page, Stan Smith, and Murray: Page, “Report on Period Served,” p. 6.
447 Byrd was in Japan: Ohio State University Archives, Papers of Admiral Richard E. Byrd, RG 56.1, Folder 4138.
448 In Yokohama they saw: Takemae, Inside GHQ, p. 57.
448 The brick and concrete buildings: Sams, “Medic,” pp. 11-17.
448 The Americans were transferred to: Dorothy M. Davis, “Processing and Caring for Prisoners of War,” American Journal of Nursing 46, no. 3 (March 1946), p. 152.
448 Stan Smith returned to: Smith, Prisoner of Emperor, p.129
448 6,300 RAMPs alone: Davis, “Processing and Caring for Prisoners,” p. 152.
448 Once back in San Francisco: Norman Q. Brill, “Neuropsychiatric Examination of Military Personnel Recovered from Japanese Prison Camps,” Bulletin of U.S. Army Medical Department, April 1946, p. 429.
Chapter 26: Coming Home
450 “On the road to Mandalay”: Rudyard Kipling, “Mandalay,” in Helen Gardner, ed., The New Oxford Book of English Verse,
1250-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), p. 811.
451 In the end: See Morton, War in the Pacific, p. 584.
453 “He was of medium”: Mrs. George Theodore Ferguson to Avery Wilber, July 11, 1945. Courtesy Dale Wilber.
453 “He was a very”: Donald E. Meyer to Mrs. G. T. Ferguson, August 9, 1945. Courtesy Lucille Ferguson.
453 “I have not given up”: Ferdinand V. Berley to Lucille Ferguson, October 18, 1945. Courtesy Lucille Ferguson.
454 Of the fourteen navy: Barrett, Casus Belli, p. 166.
454 Of the 277 Navy Medical Department: Stamp, Journey, p. 131.
454 On the afternoon of: Daws, Prisoners, p. 293.
455 General Kou Shiyoku: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 141.
455 First Lieutenant Toshino Junsaburō: Kerr, Surrender and Survival, p. 218.
455 carrier planes: Cecil J. Peart, Journal: Bilibid Prison to Manchukuo, p. 2, RG 389, Box 2177, NARA.
455 “the most horrible period”: Beecher, “Experiences,” p. 140.
455 The hatches were closed: George Weller, “U.S. Prisoners Smothered in Hold of Jap Prison Ship,” from “Cruise of Death,” a fourteen-part series in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch , beginning November 11, 1945.
455 They slit their own veins: Weller, “Heroes of Bataan Battle for Lives,” ibid.
Conduct Under Fire Page 79
