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The Great Divide

Page 70

by Peter Watson


  Rivea corymbosa (Morning Glory), 198, 199, 199, 219

  river systems, 103–4 see also names of rivers

  roads, 489–90

  Robicsek, Francis, 218–19, 220

  Rockies (Rocky Mountains), 96, 237, 409

  rock shelters, 195

  Rodríguez, María del Carmen, 306

  Romania, 39

  Romans, 101, 102, 279, 291, 352, 354, 355, 367, 449, 460

  Rome, 379

  root and tuber crops, 105, 106, 108–9, 110, 113–14

  Rose, Jeffrey, 260

  rubber, 180, 424–5

  Rudra, 329, 333

  Ruhlen, Merritt, 18–19, 20

  Russia, 11, 37, 50, 56, 77, 93, 114, 119, 294, 326, 533

  Ryder, M. L., 290

  rye, 105

  Sabal Palm, 242

  sacrifice, 26, 118, 159–62, 168–9, 232, 233–4, 235–6, 284, 306–7, 326–7, 328, 333–4, 342–3, 344–5, 348, 349, 350–1, 352–3, 354, 355, 357, 367, 385, 386–7, 388, 389, 395, 399–400, 402, 405, 408, 410, 411, 412, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 436–7, 467–8, 472, 473, 475, 477, 478, 480, 481, 482–3, 484, 485, 486, 490–2, 513, 515, 516–17, 519

  saddles, 325

  Sahagún, Bernardino de, 468, 476, 479, 527, 530

  Sahara, 114, 115, 146, 291

  Sahel, 100, 113, 115

  sailing, 34, 102, 490 see also ships/shipbuilding

  St Lawrence River, 103, 529

  Sakas, 295

  Sakka, 331

  Salaman, Redcliffe, 181

  Salamis, 363

  Salas, Manuel de, 535–6

  Sale, Kirkpatrick, 544–5

  Salinas de Chao, 268, 310

  salmon, 240–1

  salmonella, 543

  Samana Cay, xxviii

  Samkhya, 330–1

  samnyasins (renouncers), 329

  samsara (rebirth), 331, 333

  Samos, 373

  San, 117

  San Augustín, 227

  San José Mogote, 397

  San Juan Basin, 406

  San Lorenzo, 206, 230, 302–3, 541

  San Pedro cactus, 315, 317, 321, 387

  San Salvador island, xxvii, xxix

  Sanskrit, 17, 18, 291

  Santa Ana, 93

  Santa Maria,xxv,xxvi

  Santiago, 210

  Santillán, Hernán, 525

  Saône, River, 456

  sapodilla tree, 395

  Saqqara, 295

  Sarasvati, 98

  Sarasvati River, 35–6, 87

  Saryu River, 35

  Sasanian period, 174

  Satapatha-Brahman, 350

  Saudi Arabia, 156, 157

  Saudi and Yemeni peninsula, 260

  Saunders, Nicholas, 230, 233, 234, 469

  Saw Palmetto, 242

  Scandinavia, 157, 167

  scarab, 352

  Scarre, Chris, 152

  Schele, Linda, 390, 391, 393, 416, 417, 420, 421, 422, 427

  schistosomiasis, 129

  Schlegel, Friedrich von, 536, 537

  Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, 272–3

  scholars, 451–3, 457–9

  School of Salamanca, 530

  Schopenhauer, Arthur, 536, 537–8

  Schrödinger, Erwin, 370, 371, 374

  Science, 62

  science/scientific thought, 368, 369, 370–5, 376, 446, 458, 459, 510

  scopolamine, 203

  scribes, 275

  Scythians, 175, 207, 295

  sea levels, 5, 6, 16, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 40, 57, 59, 61, 65, 104, 127, 240, 260, 262

  sea lions, 430, 431

  sea monsters, 43

  seaweed, 16–17

  Sechin Alto, 310

  secondary products revolution, 139–48

  secularization of politics, 361, 363

  sedentism, 112, 128, 129, 136, 137, 138, 149, 243–4, 254

  seed culture, 105, 107, 112, 114 see also cereals

  Segovia, Rodrigo Sánches de, xxvi

  Seirites, 368

  Sekhmet, 284

  Seler, Eduard, 540

  Selerikan River, 63

  Seljuks, 460

  Semitic alphabet, 368

  Semitic-Hamitic languages, 147

  Semitic language, 101

  Semitic people, 289, 297, 298

  ‘separation’ myth, 23–5

  Sepúlveda, 530, 531

  Serabit al Khadem, 368

  Serengeti, 115

  serpent 307–8, 311, 322, 323, 399, 402, 409, 469, 471, 474 see also Feathered Serpent; Quetzalcoatl; Vision Serpent

  Set, 44, 99

  Seward Peninsula, 64

  sexual awareness, 134–5

  sexual intercourse/birth link see reproduction

  Shackleton, Ernest, 214

  Shady, Ruth, 187, 256–7, 258, 263, 269

  shamanism, 41–2, 48–55, 110, 117, 117, 118, 122, 123, 132, 136, 137, 152, 154, 175, 192, 193–4, 195, 196, 197–8, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207–12, 216, 217, 218, 226, 228, 229, 230, 253, 254, 284, 297, 305–6, 312, 315–16, 317, 318, 319, 322, 329, 353, 387, 388, 389, 391–2, 393, 395, 397, 398, 401, 405, 407, 408, 414, 415, 431–2, 471, 473, 477–8, 483, 507, 508, 509, 513, 516, 517, 519

  Shandung Peninsula, 88

  Shang, 291, 333–4, 335

  Sharanahua, 209

  Shechem, 341

  sheep, 34, 60, 110, 111, 115, 123, 126, 140, 144, 171, 288–9, 289–90, 348–9, 350, 353, 456, 465, 466, 508, 511, 543

  Shelklingen, 117

  shellfish, 241

  shepherd, 353, 519

  Sherratt, Andrew, 124–5, 139–40, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151, 159, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177, 211, 222

  Shield Jaguar, 416–17, 418, 419

  Shiloh, 341

  Shinto, 161

  ships/shipbuilding, 454, 501 see also sailing

  Shiva, 292, 333

  Shlain, Leonard, 366

  Shoop, 78

  Short, Roger, 122, 135

  Shulgi, 275

  Shultes, Richard, 201

  Shun, 335

  Shuruppak, 274

  Siberia, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 37, 41, 45, 46, 48, 50–1, 52, 53–4, 54–5, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 72, 119, 128, 156, 157, 201, 207, 286

  Siberian Academy of Sciences, 63

  Sicily, 103, 163

  Sierra Madre, 201

  Sierra Nevada, 228–9

  Siger of Brabant, 458–9

  Silcote-Alin impact, 157

  silk, 462

  Silk Route/Road, 5, 174, 175, 287

  silver, 321, 459, 490

  Silverman, Helaine, 383

  Simkin, Tom, 92

  Sinai, 142, 341, 368

  Singapore, 45

  sinodonty, 10–11

  Sino-Tibetan language, 19

  Sintashta-Petrovka culture see Andronovo culture

  Sioux, 188–9, 196

  Sisi, 44

  Siskind, Janet, 209

  Sivin, Nathan, 370, 376, 446, 447

  skin scarification, 33, 43

  Sky (mythological figure), 44

  slavery, 364, 479, 486 see also ‘natural slaves’

  sledges, 280

  sloths, 60, 67

  Slovakia, 168

  smallpox, 463, 523, 542, 543

  smelting, 115, 277, 278, 293

  Smith, Jonathan Z., 160

  Smithsonian Institution, 92, 485

  smoke, 215–20, 391, 416, 419

  Smoking Frog, 395

  Snake Goddess, 163

  Snaketown, 407

  snuff, 204–5, 315, 316, 317, 321

  snuffing equipment, 205, 252, 253

  social stratification, 322 see also specialisation

  Society for Interdisciplinary Studies, 155

  Soconusco, 187, 223–4

  Socrates, 324, 377

  Sodom, 156

  Soffer, Olga, 77

  Solandra guerrerensis, 202

  Solon, 361–2, 378
>
  Solonaceae family, 217, 305

  Solutrean culture, 77

  soma/haoma, 165, 177 and n, 198, 326, 507

  Song, 336

  sophists, 376–7

  Sophora secundiflora (mescal bean), 194–5, 207

  soul flight/journey, 48–9, 52–3, 210, 506, 512

  South Africa, 100, 117

  South America, xxvii, 8, 9, 18, 19, 41, 53, 67, 68, 70, 72, 78, 84, 85, 89–90, 92, 93, 97, 100, 110, 111, 115, 181–4, 187, 188, 191, 192, 200, 204, 205, 206, 213–15, 216, 218, 219, 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 250, 254–9, 267, 310–23, 381–9, 403, 413, 429, 430, 487–95, 505, 506, 512, 513, 514, 515 see also names of civilisations; names of countries

  South Asia, 25, 36–7, 43 see also names of countries

  South China Sea, 24, 32

  South East Asia, 5, 6, 9, 11, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 46, 54, 82, 84, 100, 102, 107, 123, 125, 126, 178, 518 see also names of countries

  Southern, R.W.S, 451, 452

  Southern Plains, 207

  South West Asia, 100, 101, 108, 111, 124, 125 see also names of countries

  soybeans, 107

  Spain, xxviii, 81, 149, 166, 453, 499, 500, 523, 524, 525

  Spaniards, 214, 215, 316, 417, 467, 479, 495, 499, 500–1, 524–5, 527, 528, 545 see also Conquistadors

  Spanish (language), 17

  Sparta, 360

  spear, 296

  specialisation, 255, 256, 261, 266, 456 see also social stratification

  Sphairos, 347

  Spirit Cave, 178

  spirituality, new, 325–9, 356

  Spondylus, 314

  Spores, Ronald, 399

  squash, 107, 108

  Sri Lanka, 24

  Staff God, 314–15, 320–1, 322

  Staller, John, 188

  stampedes, 238, 239

  Stanford, Dennis, 239

  Stark, Rodney, 444–5, 449, 459, 460

  Steel, Duncan, 156, 158

  steppes, 102, 114, 142, 146, 147, 280, 286–9, 292–3, 294, 295, 460, 461, 462, 463, 510, 511

  Stirling, Matthew, 301

  stirrups, 295, 296, 325, 358

  Stoics, 346, 347, 352, 355

  Stonehenge, 149, 156, 158–9

  Strabo, 289

  Strait of Georgia region, 441

  Strait of Hormuz, 260

  Straits of Gibraltar, 102

  Straits of Singapore, 102

  Streatfeild, Dominic, 214

  Stropharia cubensis, 201

  Stroumsa, Guy, 351, 354–5

  Sudan, 115, 124

  Suez-Red Sea Isthmus, 102

  Suffolk, 449

  Sulawesi, 44

  Sumatra, 93

  Sumer/Sumeria/Sumerians, 26, 86, 262, 266, 271, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284, 285

  sundadonty, 10, 11

  Sundas Shelf, 11, 34, 35, 38, 45

  Sung celadon ware, 459

  Sungir, 116

  Supe people, 269

  Supe River, 255

  Supe Valley, 256, 259, 269

  Susa, 85, 273

  ‘Sustenance Mountain’, 222

  Sutlej River, 35, 36

  Sutton Hoo, 449

  Swain, A.M., 83

  Sweden, 27

  Switzerland, 121, 144, 165, 175, 280

  swords, 295, 296, 338

  symposium, 170, 172, 174

  syphilis, 523, 532, 542, 543

  Syria, 124, 126, 145, 368, 464

  Syrian rue (Peganum harmala), 177, 196

  systematization, 369

  Tadjikistan, 175

  Tainos, xvii, 95, 544

  Taiwan, 29, 32, 39, 41

  Taklamakan desert, 287

  Tamerlane, 462

  Tammuz, 284

  Tana, 461

  Tanana Valley, 65

  Tang China, 174

  Tangle Lakes, 15

  tanning, 455

  Tao/dao, 340, 447

  Taoism/Daoism, 324, 445

  tapirage, 206

  tapirs, 67

  Tarahumara, 186

  Tarim Basin, 147

  taro, 106, 115

  Tartars, 533

  Tattooed Serpent, Chief, 408

  tattooing, 33

  taurobolium, 352–3

  Taurus Constellation, 291

  Tawa, 404

  Tawantinsuya, 488

  Taylor, Timothy, 135–6

  tectonic plates, 91–2, 125, 318 see also Pacific Plate; Nazca Plate

  Teenek people, 186

  teeth, 10–11

  Tehuantepec, 304

  Tell Abu Hureyra, 126, 130

  Tell Aswad, 126

  Tell el Amarna, 295, 367

  Tello, Julio, 312

  Temple of Danzantes, Monte Albán, 398

  Temple of Inscriptions, Palenqe, 396

  Temple of the Sun (Coricancha), Cuzco, 489, 493

  temple prostitution, 284

  temples, 90, 91, 233, 262, 265–6, 314, 318–19, 343, 344, 350, 354, 355, 384, 386, 387, 393, 394, 395, 396, 398, 436, 467, 470, 474, 478, 480–1, 489, 493

  Ten Commandments, 341, 350, 368, 369

  Tenetehara, 218

  Tengi, 297, 310

  Tenochtitlán, 93, 233, 425, 436–7, 467, 468, 470, 476–7, 478, 479, 480–1, 482, 483, 485

  teosinte, 185, 186, 188, 505

  Teotihuácan, 198–9, 199, 395, 397, 398, 401–2, 428, 468, 469, 470, 471

  Tepanec, 477

  Tepantitla Palace, 198–9, 428

  Tepe Asiab, 273

  Tepeyollotli, 234

  Teratornis meeriami, 67

  Tertiary era, 61, 62

  Teshub, 99

  Texas, 70, 195, 227

  Texcoco/Texcocans, 477, 536

  textiles/cloth, 143–4, 242, 244, 289, 311–12, 318, 321, 381, 386, 453, 455, 456, 459, 465 see also names of textiles

  Tezcatlipoca, 219, 234, 421, 472, 513

  Tezozomoc, 439

  Thailand, 30, 102, 104, 178

  Thales of Miletus, 371–2, 376

  Thebes, 359

  Themistocles, 362, 363

  Theobroma cacao see cacao

  theology, 355, 444, 445, 446, 458, 459

  Theothrastus, 351

  Thomas, Robert, 455–6, 457

  Thornton, Russell, 542–3, 544

  Thrace, 347

  three-field system, 455, 456

  Thutmose, 282

  Tiahuanaco, 429

  Tiamat, 285, 347

  Tibet, 11, 41, 289

  Tibetan plateau, 82, 83, 89

  Tien Shan mountains, 114

  Tierra del Fuego, 8

  Tiesler, Vera, 433

  tigers, sabre-toothed, 60

  Tigris River, 27, 85, 102, 103, 260, 263

  Tigris-Euphrates valley, 114

  Tikal, 233, 394–5

  Tilantongo, 398

  tin, 278, 279, 293

  Titans, 372

  Titicaca Basin, 187

  Titus, 350

  Tiwanaku, 182, 187, 214, 253, 384–6, 488, 490

  Tlacaelel, 477

  Tlacaxipehualiztli, 233–4

  Tlacopan, 477

  Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, 474

  Tlaloc, 401, 402, 417, 478, 481

  Tlaloques, 424

  Tlatelolco, 479

  Tlaxcala, 433

  Tlingit, 42

  toads, 205–6, 428

  tobacco, 101, 180, 204, 207, 215–19, 222, 224, 408, 416

  Toba Volcano eruption, 24–5, 26, 43, 154

  Tochtepec, 425

  To Kabinana, 44

  tokens, clay, 272–3

  Toledo, 500

  Tollan see Tula

  Toltecs, 99, 230, 233, 402, 429, 436, 468–9, 472, 473–4, 475, 476, 477, 478, 495, 513, 515, 536

  Tonala River, 301

  tools, 4, 14, 15–16, 25, 28, 29, 88, 130, 237–8, 279

  Topiltzin Quatzalcoatl, 471–3

  Torah, 354, 368

  Tormey, Daniel, 94

  tornadoes,
96

  torture, 421–2, 517

  totems, 76

  traction complex, 141, 142, 144, 147, 171, 180

  trade/commerce, 140, 144, 146, 147, 170, 223, 257, 331, 370, 378–9, 407, 450, 454, 459, 460, 509

  Trail Creek, 15

  trance, 48–9, 52, 53, 117, 197, 253, 316, 391, 393, 415, 416, 516, 517

  Trans-Caspian region, 147

  transformation, 194, 197, 205, 226, 315, 317, 321, 435, 506

  Transoxiana, 460

  Trans-Pecos Texas, 195

  transport, 142–3

  transvestism, 54, 432

  TRB see Funnel Beaker culture

  Tree of Knowledge, 134

  Tres Zapotes, 301, 302

  Triana, Rodrigo de, xvi

  tribute, 411, 481 482

  Trichocereus pachanoi, 201

  trickster myths, 41–2, 54

  Trois Frères Cave, 48, 49, 116–17, 117, 122

  Trujillo, 492, 519

  tryptamines, 204, 317

  tryptanosomiasis, 543

  tsentsak, 209

  tsetse fly, 115

  tsunamis, 28, 31, 94, 121, 156, 157, 160, 161, 252, 514

  tuan, 339

  Tukano, 197–8, 228

  Tula (Tollan), 400, 402, 468–9, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474

  Tunguska impact, 156, 157

  Tungus-speakers, 50

  Turbina corymbosa, 428

  Turkey, 124, 126, 132, 161, 370, 377

  turkeys, 100, 111

  Turkmenistan, 175

  Turks, 294, 460, 499–500

  Turks and Caicos islands, xxviii

  Turner, Christy, 10, 11, 20

  Tutankhamun, 280

  Tuva Mongols, 169

  typhus, 542, 543

  tyrant, 361

  Uaxactún, 394, 395

  Ubaid culture, 33, 85

  Uelen, 6

  Ukraine, 142, 163

  Umma, 263

  Unangan language, 50

  Underworld, 222, 283, 284, 390, 396, 401, 413, 425, 426, 481, 508, 512

  Ungnadia speciosa, 195

  ungulates, 64 see also names of animals

  United Kingdom see Britain/United Kingdom

  United States, 71, 75, 76, 100, 108, 124, 157, 424, 440–1 see also names of states

  universe, ideas about, 371–5

  Upanishads, 324, 330, 348

  Upper Amazon basin, 220

  Upper Lena Basin, 11

  Upper Oxus, 175

  Upper Purús River, 209

  Upper Tombigbee River Valley, 242

  Ur, 26, 33, 85, 159, 275, 276

  Urals, 119

  Urton, Gary, 316

  Uruk, 147, 263, 264, 265–6, 268, 273, 274, 280

  Ushki, 15

  USSR, 51, 157

  Usumacinta, 196

  Utnapishtim, 161

  Uto-Aztecian language, 186, 188

  Uto-Aztecian peoples, 203

  Valdez, Lidio, 381–2

  Valladolid, 524

  Valley of Mexico, 395, 401, 467, 474, 476, 477

  Vancouver Island, 441

  Varuna, 99, 326

  vase supports, 152, 166–7

  Vatican, 532

  Vedas, 35–6, 329 see also Rig Veda

  Vedic culture/religion, 36, 292, 328, 331, 332

 

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