Moses and Akhenaten
Page 29
Muhammed the Prophet, 76
Murray, Helen, 245
Mutimuya, Queen, 119, 222
Mutnezmat, Queen, 122, 181
Muwatallis, Hittite King, 44
Nahr el-Kelb Stela, 46
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of France, 112
Naville, Henri, 230
Nebnufer, 216
Neby, mayor of Zarw, 97, 118, 121, 172, 222
Neferhotep, 90
Neferkheprure, 200
Neferneferuaten see Nefertiti
Neferneferuaten Tasheri, 73, 126
Neferneferure, 126
Nefertiti, Queen of Akhenaten: as devotee of Aten, 6; children, 9, 236, 239; marriage, 62, 122, 180–1; at Amarna, 126, 132; status, 127, 181; disappears, 132; tomb representations of, 137, 234; and Tutankhamun, 146; parents, 180–1; depicted and named on Karnak temple, 181; nursed by Tiy, 182; as Miriam, 182; on Amarna rock tombs, 199–201, 207–8
Negeb, 196
Nehesy, Pharaoh, 114, 220
Neshi (shipmaster), 93–5, 215–16
Nubian Stelae, 40, 42
Nubnofret, 215
numbers (figures): and Jewish chronology, 52
Numbers, Book of, 19–20
Nuttall, Mary, 245
Nuzu Texts, 247
Oedipus, 8
Old Testament: history and myth in, 189–90; see also individual books
Osarseph (priest of Heliopolis), 29, 31–3
Osiris (god), 65, 79, 114, 172–3, 175, 187, 220, 227
Osman, Ahmed: Stranger in the Valley of the Kings, 51, 53, 124
Pah-Nehas, 172
Panehesy, 72, 127, 172, 185
Papa (priest), 215
Pa-Ramses see Ramses I, Pharaoh Paser (vizier), 222
Paser I, 105
Pa-Twfy, Waters of, 110, 112–13, 225, 227
Pe-Kanan (Gaza), 43, 194
Penamun (vintner), 121–2
Pendlebury, John: on Akhenaten, 6, 69; excavates Akhenaten’s tomb, 136–40, 142, 144, 153; on Karnak colossus, 236; Tell el-Amarna, 128
Pere (nobleman), 69, 132, 154
Petrie, W. M. Flinders, 37, 69, 116, 169–71; Tell el-Amarna, 125
Phinehas (son of Eleazar), 185
Pi-Ramses, 94, 106–7, 109–15, 217–21, 224–7, 228; see also Avaris
Pirizzi (messenger), 82, 85–6, 214
Pithom (city), 13, 32, 34
Piyer, The Fields of see Fields of Piyer, The
Plutarch, 27
Poem of Pe-natour, 112, 217
Pollock, Dr, 232
Potiphar, 53
Prehotep, 93
Pritchard, James B., 56
Psalms, Book of, 163
Ptolemy II, Pharaoh, 26
Puah (midwife), 14
Puipri (messenger), 82, 85–6, 214
Qantir, 109, 115, 222–8
Qumran, 56
Raamses (city), 13, 32, 64, 106
Rakhit, 220
Ramasseum, 46
Rameses (Ramses; place), 36, 48–9, 112, 228
Ramose, mayor of Thebes, 88, 204–11
Rampses, 30, 184
Ramses I, Pharaoh (formerly Pa-Ramses): at Thebes, 35; reign, 37, 42, 49–50, 64, 90, 99–100, 105, 167, 169, 179, 184; Horemheb appoints, 97, 108, 172; building, 104, 226; Zarw residence, 110, 219, 221; military background, 159; Sarabit stela, 169–70
Ramses II, Pharaoh: builds Hermopolis, 9; as Pharaoh of Oppression, 37–8, 247; treaty with Hittites, 41; campaigns, 42, 44–8, 112, 196–7; marriages, 45; visit to Horemheb’s tomb, 101; and Khayri court case, 94–6, 215; reign, 100–5; building 104; age, 104; at Zarw, 109, 111, 217–18; and city of Pi-Ramses, 217–20, 222, 226
Ramses III, Pharaoh, 226
Ramses IV, Pharaoh, 247
Rathosis, 157–8
Rbn, 45, 196
Re (deity), 119–20, 200; see also Amun-Re
Re-Harakhti (Horus of the Horizon), 120, 127–8, 163, 195, 206–7, 209, 211
Red Sea: Israelites cross, 17–18, 49
Redford, Donald: on Jewish settlement of desert area, 33; on Akhenaten’s rebellion, 58; opposes coregency theory, 69, 75, 77, 79–80; on Soleb Temple, 70–1; on Meketaten, 72; on Amarna rock tombs, 75, 77, 198–9, 20–5; on Tushratta letters, 82–3, 86–7; on Akhenaten’s reign, 152, 154; Akhenaten, the Heretic King, 9–10; Pharaonic King-Lists, 31
Reu’el (Jithro; Midianite), 15, 25–6
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, 221
rod, ‘magic’, 174–9
Rosetta Stone, 4
Rowley, H. H., 183–4
Sa-Gaz see Khabiru
Sakkara, 88, 90–2
Samson, Julia, 239
Sandison, A. T., 236, 238–9
Sarabit el Khadim, 118, 169–72
Scharff, Alexander, 75
Schmidt, John D., 44–5
Schulman, Alan R., 129
sed festival, 178–9
Seele, Keith C., 69, 150–3, 180–1
Sehel (Upper Egypt), 205
Seir, Mount, 45, 196
Semenkhkare, Pharaoh: descended from Joseph, 2; name excised, 27, 92; installed as coregent, 63, 68–9, 131–2, 154; reign, 92, 96, 99–100, 105, 147, 148–9, 154; 231; name and epithets, 132, 154; and religion, 132; death, 132, 146–7, 149; mummy, 145, 235, 237, 243; relationship to Akhenaten, 145–6, 235; burial and tomb, 241, 244–5
Sementawi, 216
Setepenre (Akhenaten’s daughter), 126
Seters, John van see van Seters, John
Seth (deity), 110, 114, 187–8, 219–21, 223, 225–7
Seti I, Pharaoh: reign, 2, 37, 100–5; campaigns against Shasu, 42–5, 47, 49, 103, 112, 187, 193–4, 196, 219; and Wadi Haifa stela, 90; appointed by Horemheb, 97, 108; temples and reliefs, 102–4, 111, 113–14, 218; military background, 159; and death of Moses, 187–8; at Zarw, 219, 221
Shasu (tribes): wars with Egyptians, 42–9, 101, 103, 112, 179, 187, 193–4, 196–7, 219; as Akhenaten’s troops, 200
Shi-hor, Waters of, 110, 225, 227
Shimeathites, 45, 196
Shiprah (midwife), 14
Shutarna (father of Tushratta), 118, 212
Sikket es-Sultan, 126
Simyra, 44
Sinai, 169, 171–2, 179, 197
Sinai, Mount, 171–2; see also Horeb, Mount
Sinuhi, 108
Sitamun, 29, 54, 62, 181
Smith, Grafton Elliot, 145, 232–1, 236, 242
Smith, Harry S., 156
Smith, Ray Winfield, 181
Sm’t, 45, 196
Sobek temple (Fayum), 31
Soleb temple (Nubia), 70–1
Steindorff, George, 69, 228
Succoth, 17
Suppiluliuma, Hittite King, 42
šūš (sixty-year period), 52
Sutarna (Tushratta’s father) see Shutarna
Syncellus see George the Monk
Tabernacle: constructed, 18, 20
Tadukhipa, Princess, 84, 122, 180–1, 212
Takharu, 93, 95–6, 215–16
Talmud, 22–4, 32, 134, 156, 169, 183, 186
Tanis (city), 45, 109, 196, 217, 220
Tehenu see Libya
Tell Abu-Seifah, 113
Tell el-Amarna, 4, 62, 69, 88, 91, 125–6; see also Amarna
Tell el-Dab’a, 97, 109, 115, 222–8
Tell Heboua, 113–15
Ten Commandments, 18, 172–3
Tentpaihay, 216
Thebes: as capital, 35–6, 159; Moses at, 62, 65; Semenkhkare’s coregency at, 63; tombs, 79; Akhenaten at, 83, 120, 122; inscriptions, 89; Tiye and, 109; temple of Amun, 132, 159; Akhenaten leaves, 158; Ramose at, 210–11; as site of Zarw-kha, 228; see also Malkata palace
Tiy (wife of Aye), 158, 180–2
Tiye, Queen: as mother of Akhenaten/Moses, 8, 54–5, 57, 61–2, 81, 146, 182; marriage, 54, 117; on Penehesy stela, 72; and Amarna rock tombs, 73–4, 198–201; and Baketaten, 75, 77; age, 76–7; on Theban tombs, 79, 139; status, 79, 81–2, 120, 127, 198; correspondence with Tushratta, 83–7, 21
2–14; gift to Aper-el, 88, 185; and Zarw-kha, 106–8, 116, 118, 172, 222, 228; as daughter of Yuya (Joseph), 107–8, 130, 185; relations with Akhenaten, 120, 122–3; mummy and burial, 144, 147, 231–2, 232, 240–1; and parentage of Tutankhamun, 146–7; Sarabit statuette, 170; on Kheruef tomb, 178, 203–4; and Nefertiti, 180–2
Tjaui, 93
Tomb 55 (Amarna), 231–45
Tushratta, King of Mitanni, 82–8, 118, 180, 211–14
Tutankhamun (formerly Tutankhaten), Pharaoh: decended from Joseph, 2; name excised, 27, 92; succeeds to throne, 63, 146, 149, 183; reign, 68–9, 92, 96, 99–100, 105, 132, 134, 153–4; tomb, 91, 144–6, 224, 240–1, 244–5; and Aten cult, 121; Restoration stela, 131; marriage, 132; burial, 137, 139, 141, 241–2; and Amarna tombs, 144; parentage, 146, 234; coregency, 148–9; readopts Amun, 149–50, 155; at Amarna, 153, 155; changes name, 155; death, 160; skull, 234–5, 237–8; and burial of Akhenaten, 244; and Hebrews, 246
Tuthmose, 8
Tuthmosis (Moses’ brother), 61, 117
Tuthmosis III, Pharaoh, 2, 82, 99–100, 104, 105, 119, 159–60, 221
Tuthmosis IV, Pharaoh: and Joseph, 13, 53, 124–5; tomb, 90; reign, 99–100, 105, 108, 119, 167; harem at Zarw, 118, 222; and hostility to Aten, 124–5; and religious revolution, 160
Tuya (mother of Tiye), 107, 144, 229
Uphill, Eric, 114–15
Urnero, 93–6, 215–16
Usimare Setpenre, 195
van Seters, John, 220, 224
Velikovsky, Immanuel, 8
Wadi Abu Hassan el-Bahri, 134
Wadi Haifa (Nubia), 42, 90
Weigall, Arthur, 6, 140, 144, 147, 231, 233, 241–2
Wilson, Sir J. Gardiner, 200
Yahuda, Abraham S., 7
Yanoam, 40–1, 43, 47
Young, Thomas, 4
Yoyotte, Jean, 48, 121, 229–30
Yuni, 105
Yuya: identified with Joseph, 2, 13, 32, 53, 108, 229; as father of Tiye, 107–8, 130, 185; posts, 130, 229; mummy and tomb, 137, 144–5, 233; military origins, 158; and religious revolution, 160
Zarw (Zalw; Sile; city): location, 12, 106–16, 217–30; as birthplace of Moses, 61–2; Israelites at, 64; Amenhotep III at, 118; shrine of Aten, 121, 172; Akhenaten at, 121–2; and Seti I’s campaigns, 187; name and writing of, 230
Zarw-kha, 106–7, 116, 228–9
Zin, Desert of, 19
Zipporah (Moses’ wife), 15, 57
Zivie, Alain-Pierre, 88
NOTES
BIBLICAL quotations are from either the Authorized Version or the New English Bible.
Further details of works cited below will be found in the Bibliography, pp. 253–5.
INTRODUCTION
1 Breasted, A History of Egypt, p. 355.
2 Breasted, The Dawn of Conscience, p. 296.
3 Weigall, The Life and Times of Akhenaten, p. 2.
4 Baikie, The Amarna Age, p. 234.
5 Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs, p. 214.
6 Pendlebury, Tell el-Amarna, p. 15.
7 Aldred, Akhenaten, pp. 101–4.
8 Redford, Akhenaten, the Heretic King, pp.232–5.
1 BRICKS WITHOUT STRAW
1 Osman, Stranger in the Valley of the Kings.
2 WAS MOSES A KING?
1 Polano, Selections from the Talmud, p. 132.
2 Ibid., p. 126
3 Waddell, Manetho.
4 Josephus, Against Apion.
5 Against Apion III, p. 295.
6 Against Apion I, p. 281.
7 Ibid., p. 287.
8 Osman, Stranger in the Valley of the Kings.
9 Redford, Pharaonic King-Lists, p. 293.
3 THE ISRAEL STELA
1 Aldred, Akhenaten and Nefertiti, p. 8. Gardiner, who unlike Aldred does not believe in a coregency during the Amarna period, here gives a figure of 267 years.
2 Ibid. Aldred also disagrees with Gardiner about the length of the reign of Seti I.
3 Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp.377–8.
4 REBELLION IN SINAI
1 Murnane, The Road to Kadesh, p. 144.
2 Schmidt, Ramses II, p. 180.
3 Kitchen, ‘Asiatic Wars of Ramses II’, p. 66.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid., p. 68.
6 Ibid., p. 70.
7 Posener, A Dictionary of Egyptian Civilisation, p. 83.
8 Ibid., pp.82, 83.
9 This has been interpreted as meaning that the king’s body was recovered and buried.
10 Ali, The Meaning of the Glorious Qu’ran.
5 SOJOURN – AND THE MOTHER OF MOSES
1 Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Exodus, p. 86.
2 The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Part 2, p. 1016.
3 Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 320.
4 Brown, Hebrew and English Lexicon, p. 108.
5 Cassuto, Commentary, p. 54.
6 THE RIGHTFUL SON AND HEIR
1 Exodus Rabbah I, p. 24.
2 Ranke, Die ägyptischen Personennamen, p. 164.
7 THE COREGENCY DEBATE (I)
1 Redford, History and Chronology, pp.86–169.
2 Redford, Akhenaten, the Heretic King, p. 79.
3 Carter, The Tomb of Tutankhamen, p. 5.
4 Redford, History and Chronology, p. 109.
5 Davies, The Rock Tombs of el-Amarna, Part III, p. 21.
6 Ibid., p. 23.
7 Redford, History and Chronology, p. 107.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid., p. 108.
10 Carter, The Tomb of Tutankhamen, p. 14.
11 Ibid., p. 6.
12 Redford, History and Chronology, pp.111–12.
8 THE COREGENCY DEBATE (II)
1 Redford, History and Chronology, p. 115.
2 Carter, The Tomb of Tutankhamen, vol. III, p. 3.
3 Redford, History and Chronology, p. 119.
4 Ibid., p. 144.
5 Ibid., p. 145.
6 Ibid., p. 168.
7 Ibid., p. 69.
8 Ibid., pp. 71–2.
9 Ibid., p. 51.
10 Ibid., p. 79.
11 Hayes, ‘Inscriptions from the Palace of Amenhotep III’, pp. 36–7.
9 THE REIGN OF HOREMHEB
1 Harris, ‘How Long Was the Reign of Horemheb’, p. 95.
2 Martin, ‘Excavations at the Memphite Tomb of Horemheb’, p. 15.
3 Redford,’Chronology of the Egyptian Eighteenth Dynasty’, p. 123.
4 Peet, The City of Akhenaten, Vol. III, pp. 157–8.
5 Harris, ‘How Long Was the Reign of Horemheb’, p. 96.
6 Gardiner, ‘A Later Allusion to Akhenaten’, p. 124.
7 Gaballa, The Memphite Tomb Chapel of Mose, p. 25.
8 Ibid., p. 23.
9 Ibid., pp.23, 24.
10 Ibid., p. 23.
11 Ibid., pp. 24–5.
12 Björkman, ‘Neby, the Mayor of Tjaru’, pp. 43–51.
13 Bietak, ‘Avaris and Piramses’, p. 270.
10 A CHRONOLOGY OF KINGS
1 Maspero, The Struggle of the Nations, p. 387.
2 Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, pp. 59–60.
3 Ibid., p. 60.
4 Maspero, The Struggle of the Nations, p. 386.
5 Ibid., p. 380.
6 Ibid., p. 379.
7 Reisner, ‘The Viceroys of Ethiopia’, p. 28.
11 THE BIRTHPLACE OF AKHENATEN
1 Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. 3, p. 349; also Yoyotte, Le Bassin de Djârouka, Kêmi, vol. 15, p. 23.
2 Osman, Stranger in the Valley of the Kings, p. 107.
3 Hayes, ‘Inscriptions’, p. 101.
4 Papyrus Anastasi III.
5 Ibid., IV.
6 Gardiner, ‘The Delta Residence of the Ramessides’, p. 136.
7 Waddell, Manetho, p. 83.
8 Gunn & Gardiner, ‘New Renderings of Egyptian Texts’, p. 49.
9 Gardiner, ‘Delta Residence’, p. 185.
10 Naville, ‘The Geography of the Exodus’, p. 22.
/> 11 Clédat, ‘Le Site d’Avaris’, pp. 185–201.
12 Although the cross inside the circle is not found in all cases, this may be the result of weathering or error by the. scribe.
13 Clédat, ‘Notes sur l’Isthme de Suez’, p. 58.
12 AKHENATEN: THE EARLY YEARS
1 Harris & Weeks, X-Raying the Pharaohs, p. 144.
2 Hayes, ‘Inscriptions’, p. 159.
3 Björkman, ‘Neby, the Mayor of Tjaru’, p. 51.
4 Černý, Hieratic Inscriptions from the Tomb of Tutankhamun, p. 2.
13 HORIZON OF THE ATEN
1 Davies, The Rock Tombs of el-Amarna, Part V, p. 30.
2 Ibid., p. 29.
3 Schulman, ‘Military Background of the Amarna Period’, p. 52.