Eisenhower in War and Peace
Page 92
106. John Ellis, Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War 304 (New York: Viking, 1990).
107. Ibid. 298
108. Ibid. 304.
109. LDC interview, COHP.
110. Martin Van Creveld, Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton 201 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
CHAPTER ELEVEN: SICILY
The epigraph was recorded by George S. Patton in his diary, September 21, 1943, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. The comment pertains to the “slapping incidents” in Sicily.
1. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 268.
2. Ibid. 265; DDE, Crusade in Europe 147.
3. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, “North African Campaign, 1942, 1943,” 37, Army War College, Carlisle, Pa.
4. GSP diary, January 28, 1943, et seq.
5. DDE to GCM, March 3, 1943, 1 War Years 860–61.
6. Atkinson, Army at Dawn 412–13.
7. John S. D. Eisenhower, Allies: Pearl Harbor to D-Day 304 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1982).
8. DDE to Major General Alexander Day Surles, April 6, 1943, 2 War Years 1080–81.
9. DDE to Charles Moreau Harger, publisher of the Abilene Reflector, April 23, 1943, ibid. 1099–1100.
10. DDE to Leonard Gerow, February 24, 1933, ibid. 985–87.
11. Quoted in Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 49 (New York: Henry Holt, 2007).
12. D. Clayton James and Anne Sharp Wells, A Time for Giants: Politics of the American High Command in World War II 95 (New York: Franklin Watts, 1987).
13. Harold Macmillan, War Diaries: Politics and War in the Mediterranean 260 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984).
14. FRUS: Washington and Casablanca 711–16.
15. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 123–24.
16. Bradley and Blair, A General’s Life 133, 133n.
17. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 118.
18. Holt, Mamie Doud Eisenhower 56.
19. Susan Eisenhower, Mrs. Ike 205.
20. DDE to MDE, June 11, 1943, DDE, Letters to Mamie 127–28.
21. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 128.
22. Ibid. 131.
23. Ibid. 132.
24. Ibid. 133–34.
25. Ibid. 137.
26. DDE, Crusade in Europe 166.
27. DDE, At Ease 265.
28. DDE to GCM, June 11, 1943, 2 War Years 1185–86.
29. Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 247–48.
30. For the text of the statement of the National Council of the Resistance, see de Gaulle, 2 War Memoirs 112–13.
31. Ibid. 120–21.
32. FDR to WSC, June 17, 1943, in Kimball, 2 Churchill and Roosevelt 255.
33. De Gaulle, 2 War Memoirs 143.
34. Ibid. 132–33.
35. Harry C. Butcher diary, July 8, 1943, EL.
36. Quoted in Atkinson, Day of Battle 58.
37. Ernie Pyle, Brave Men 13 (New York: Henry Holt, 1944).
38. DDE, Crusade in Europe 172.
39. DDE to GCM, July 9, 1943, 2 War Years 1247.
40. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 348.
41. Quoted in Vincent Orange, Tedder: Quietly in Command 225 (London: Frank Cass, 2004).
42. DDE to MDE, July 9, 1943, DDE, Letters to Mamie 134–35.
43. Albert N. Garland and Howard McGaw Smyth, Sicily and the Surrender of Italy 181 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1965).
44. Atkinson, Day of Battle 109–10. Wartime censorship prevented the losses from being known until well after the end of the hostilities.
45. Ibid. 115.
46. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 363.
47. Quoted in Hanson Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won: Great Campaigns of World War II 460–61 (New York: Harper and Row, 1966).
48. Ambrose, 1 Eisenhower 250.
49. Atkinson, Day of Battle 168.
50. Hugh Pond, Sicily 220 (London: W. Kimber, 1962).
51. Quoted in Ralph Bennett, ULTRA and the Mediterranean Strategy 234–35 (New York: William Morrow, 1989).
52. Quoted in Merle Miller, Ike the Soldier 531–32. Also see Bradley and Blair, General’s Life 197–98.
53. Letter, GSP to his wife, Beatrice, September 28, 1918, in Blumenson, 2 Patton Papers 616–17.
54. Ambrose, Supreme Commander 229. (Eisenhower’s emphasis.)
55. DDE to GSP, August 17, 1943, 2 War Years 1340–41.
56. Ambrose, Supreme Commander 230.
57. DDE to GSP, August 17, 1943, 2 War Years 1340–41. (Eisenhower’s emphasis.)
58. Ladislas Farago, Patton 346.
59. DDE to GCM, August 24, 1943, 2 War Years 1353.
60. Ibid. 1353–54.
61. DDE to GCM, August 27, 1943, 2 War Years 1357–58.
62. DDE to GCM, September 6, 1943, ibid. 1387–90.
63. Ibid.
64. Quoted in Merle Miller, Ike the Soldier 541.
65. Ibid. Also see Crosswell, Chief of Staff 201.
66. DDE, Crusade in Europe 182.
67. In September, Colonel Herbert S. Clarkson, the theater inspector general, after conducting a full investigation, recommended that Marshall be notified of the incidents in case the matter should become public and the War Department embarrassed. There is no record that Marshall was informed, but the Army’s informal system of communication makes it highly likely that he was generally aware of the incident. Like many senior officials, Marshall was accomplished in not letting it be known that he knew what he was not supposed to know. Marshall’s message to Ike, November 23, 1943, is reported at The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, vol. 3, The War Years 1573n1. Cited subsequently as 3 War Years.
68. DDE to GCM, November 24, 1943, 3 War Years 1571–72.
69. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service 499.
70. Stimson to Reynolds, December 3, 1943, in 89 Congressional Record 10567, 78th Cong., 1st sess.
71. 22 Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt 227–28.
72. DDE to GSP, December 1, 1943, 3 War Years 1576.
73. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 145.
CHAPTER TWELVE: SUPREME COMMANDER
The epigraph is a comment President Roosevelt made to Kay Summersby when she and Ike and FDR stopped for a picnic lunch near Carthage, in Tunisia, November 21, 1943. Summersby, Eisenhower Was My Boss 94.
1. DDE to Mountbatten, September 14, 1943, 3 War Years 1423.
2. Merle Miller, Ike the Soldier 639.
3. James M. Gavin, On to Berlin: Battles of an Airborne Commander, 1943–1946 142 (New York: Viking, 1978).
4. Bradley and Blair, General’s Life 151; Montgomery, Memoirs 484.
5. Harold Macmillan, The Blast of War, 1939–1945 308 (New York: Harper and Row, 1968).
6. DDE to Mountbatten, September 14, 1943, 3 War Years 1420–23. (Eisenhower’s emphasis.)
7. Atkinson, Day of Battle 140.
8. Pietro Badoglio, Italy in the Second World War: Memories and Documents 46 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976).
9. The intricate negotiations leading to the Italian surrender are superbly chronicled in Garland and Smyth, Sicily and the Surrender of Italy 435–55.
10. Peter Tomkins, Italy Betrayed 271 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966).
11. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 415.
12. Atkinson, Day of Battle 243–44.
13. The QUADRANT conference is fully reported in United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970). The agreement to rearm the French is at pages 939–40. Also see Marcel Vigneras, Rearming the French 91–98 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1957).
14. Quoted in Funk, Charles de Gaulle 158.
15. “Reminis
cences of George C. Dyer” 330, United States Naval Institute, Oral History Department, Annapolis, Md.
16. Clark’s comment was to Major General Lucian Truscott. Quoted in Atkinson, Day of Battle 182.
17. Ambrose, Supreme Commander 270.
18. Maxwell Taylor, interview by Nigel Hamilton, October 17, 1981, quoted in Hamilton, Master of the Battlefield 400.
19. Bedell Smith, interview by H. M. Smyth, May 13, 1947; Eisenhower, interview by Smyth, October 27, 1947. Both in Office of the Chief of Military History Collection, Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
20. “Alexander was very optimistic and was obviously prepared to think that the Italians would do all they said,” Montgomery recorded in his diary on September 5, 1943.
I took him aside for a talk. I told him my opinion was that when the Germans found out what was going on, they would stomp on the Italians. The Italian soldiers were quite useless and would never face up to the Germans.
I said he should impress on all senior commanders that we must make our plans so that it would make no difference if the Italians failed us, as they most certainly would.
The Germans were in great strength in Italy and we were very weak. We must watch our step very carefully, do nothing foolish. I said the Germans could concentrate against AVALANCHE quicker than we could build up; that the operation would need careful watching. (Montgomery, Memoirs 175–76.)
21. Henry Kent Hewitt Papers, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C., quoted in Atkinson, Day of Battle 200.
22. Quoted in ibid. 199.
23. Ibid. 207.
24. Clark to Alexander, September 12, 1943, Army Center of Military History, Fort McNair, Washington, D.C.
25. Butcher diary, September 15, 1943, EL. When Butcher published his diary in 1946 as My Three Years with Eisenhower, he omitted Ike’s chilling criticism of Clark.
26. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 420.
27. Andrew Browne Cunningham, A Sailor’s Odyssey: The Autobiography of Admiral of the Fleet, Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope 570 (London: Hutchinson, 1951).
28. Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., 2 The Army Air Forces in World War II 350–55 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949).
29. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War 356 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963).
30. Blumenson, Salerno to Casino 144 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Army, 1969).
31. Eisenhower, interview by H. M. Smyth, February 2, 1949, Office of the Chief of Military History Collection, Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa. Bedell Smith, interview by Smyth, May 13, 1947, ibid; Clark, interview by Smyth, October 29, 1947, ibid. Also see Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower; and Mark Clark, Calculated Risk 199–200.
32. Quoted in Atkinson, Day of Battle 236.
33. See especially DDE to Dawley, September 22, 1943. “I want you to know, definitely, that your relief from VI Corps does not reflect in the slightest degree upon your character, your loyalty, or your sincere devotion to duty,” wrote Ike. 3 War Years 1447–48.
34. Alan Williamson, “Dawley Was Shafted” 10, typewritten manuscript, Texas Military Forces Museum, Austin, Tex.
35. Ibid. Also see Atkinson, Day of Battle 235.
36. WSC to DDE, September 22, 1943, 3 War Years 1283n; also see Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 423.
37. GCM to DDE, September 22, 1943, Papers of George Catlett Marshall 136.
38. Ibid.
39. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 423.
40. DDE to GCM, September 24, 1943, 3 War Years 1452–54.
41. Montgomery, Memoirs 171–76; Nigel Hamilton, Master of the Battlefield 393. According to Hamilton, “Eisenhower, for all his political panache, utterly failed to see the absurdity of ‘Baytown’—for to his inexperienced eye, frustrated by desk-soldiering, the mainland across the Straits of Messina simply demanded Allied occupation.” (Hamilton’s emphasis.)
42. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 424–25.
43. Crosswell, Chief of Staff 202.
44. DDE, Crusade in Europe 194.
45. Ibid. 197.
46. John S. D. Eisenhower, Allies 388.
47. The 58,000-ton Iowa was a sister ship of the New Jersey, the Wisconsin, and the Missouri. The vessels were 888 feet long, 108 feet wide, and armed with nine 16-inch guns. The ships had a top speed of 33.5 knots, and a crew of 2,636 men. Iowa was commanded by Captain John L. McCrea, the president’s first naval aide in the White House.
48. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It 133.
49. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 676–77.
50. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It 136–37.
51. Kay Summersby Morgan, Eisenhower Was My Boss 89.
52. Ibid. 91.
53. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It 137.
54. Kay Summersby Morgan, Eisenhower Was My Boss 93.
55. Korda, Ike 421.
56. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 152.
57. Summersby, Eisenhower Was My Boss 94.
58. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 152.
59. Korda, Ike 422.
60. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It 137–38.
61. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 770.
62. DDE, Crusade in Europe 197.
63. General Pershing’s letter to FDR and the president’s reply are published in Katherine Tupper Marshall, Together: Annals of an Army Wife 156–57 (New York: Tupper and Love, 1946).
64. William D. Leahy, I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman: Based on His Notes and Diaries Made at the Time 192 (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950).
65. On September 15, 1943, Republican senators Warren Austin (Vt.), Styles Bridges (N.H.), and Chan Gurney (S.Dak.) called on Stimson at his home to remind the secretary that they relied heavily on Marshall to win support from their colleagues for controversial measures to aid the Army. Austin, Bridges, and Gurney were the ranking Republican members of the Senate Military Affairs Committee. The intense Washington lobbying to retain Marshall as chief of staff is covered extensively in Pogue, 3 Marshall 263–78.
66. DDE, Crusade in Europe 197.
67. Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 1939–1945 459, Alex Dencher and Daniel Todman, eds. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001).
68. Pogue, 3 Marshall 307. The official minutes of the November 24, 1943, session, which are not verbatim, omit the exchange between Marshall and Churchill. United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943 329–34 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961). Cited subsequently as FRUS: Cairo and Tehran.
69. Marshall told Forrest Pogue, his official biographer, that Lord Ismay had to stay up with Churchill all night to calm him down. Pogue, 3 Marshall 307.
70. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It 144.
71. Ibid. 144–45.
72. Ibid. 166.
73. FRUS: Cairo and Tehran 361. Colonel Dragoljub Mihajlovic´, leader of the Chetniks, a Serbian resistance group, initially enjoyed the support of the Yugoslav government in exile. But following Ike’s presentation at Cairo, combined with growing British skepticism, the Allies withdrew their support in December 1943, and from that point on Mihajlovic´’s forces limited their role. Tito’s partisans gained the upper hand, and in 1946 Mihajlovic´ was executed for treason and war crimes.
74. Ambrose, Supreme Commander 305.
75. DDE, At Ease 266.
76. Kay Summersby Morgan, Eisenhower Was My Boss 102–3.
77. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 160.
78. Korda, Ike 393; cf. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 147–48.
79. A photograph of the card from Ike appears in Kay Summersby Morgan’s Past Forgetting at page 161.
80. Hopkins’s remarks were made in Teheran to Lord Moran, Churchill’s person
al physician. Charles McMoran Wilson Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965, Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran 143 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).
81. FRUS: Cairo and Tehran 535–37; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 788–89; Moran, Churchill 147.
82. Moran, Churchill 147.
83. Ibid.
84. Leahy, I Was There 208.
85. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 148 (New York: Norton, 1973).
86. FRUS: Cairo and Tehran 542.
87. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 803; Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command 32 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1954).
88. Pogue, 3 Marshall 321.
89. Ibid. 321–22.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: D-DAY
The epigraph is from the directive issued to Eisenhower by the Combined Chiefs of Staff, February 12, 1944. Pogue, Supreme Command 53.
1. John S. D. Eisenhower, Allies 424.
2. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting 163.
3. DDE, Crusade in Europe 207.
4. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 455. Also see Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 803.
5. Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries 496.
6. WSC to FDR, December 19, 1943, Kimball, 2 Churchill and Roosevelt 622–24. Churchill, who was apprehensive that FDR might balk at Montgomery, followed up with a second message on December 22: “I hope to see Eisenhower on the 23rd and will discuss the matter with him. He would prefer Alexander for OVERLORD but War Cabinet consider that the public confidence would be better sustained by the inclusion of the well known and famous name of Montgomery and I agree with them as the operations will be to many people heart shaking.” Ibid. 627.
7. DDE, Crusade in Europe 211.
8. Ibid. 210.
9. DDE to GCM, December 31, 1943, 3 War Years 1648–49.
10. DDE, Crusade in Europe 211.
11. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower 456.
12. DDE to GCM, December 28, 1943, 3 War Years 1626–27.
13. DDE to GCM, December 17, 1943, ibid. 1604–6.
14. GCM to DDE, December 21, 1943, 4 Papers of George Catlett Marshall 184–86.
15. DDE to GCM, December 25, 1943, 3 War Years 1611–14. Also see DDE to GCM, December 23, 1943, ibid. 1609–10.