Reinhardt, Mark. Who Speaks for Margaret Garner? Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.
Restall, Matthew. “Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans in Early Spanish America.” The Americas 57 (October 2000): 171–205.
Reynolds, David S. John Brown Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.
Richardson, Joe M. Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861–1890. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986.
Richardson, Marilyn, ed. Maria W. Stewart, America’s First Black Woman Political Writer: Essays and Speeches. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
Ripley, C. Peter, et al., eds. The Black Abolitionist Papers, The United States, 1830–1865. 3 vols. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991–1992.
Roberts, Gene, and Hank Klibanoff. The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.
Roberts, Sam. “How Prisoners Make Us Look Good.” New York Times Sunday Review, October 27, 2012.
Robertson, Nan. “In the Capital, Sermons on Courage in Selma; President Hears Strife Called the Nation’s Heartbreak.” New York Times, March 15, 1965.
Robeson, Paul. Here I Stand. Boston: Beacon Press, 1958.
Robinson, Dean E. Black Nationalism in American Politics and Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Rockwell, George Lincoln. Interview by Alex Haley. Playboy. April 1966.
Rodriguez, Junius P. “Always ‘En Garde’: The Effects of Slave Insurrection upon the Louisiana Mentality, 1811–1815.” Louisiana History, 33 (Autumn 1992): 399–416.
Rolinson, Mary G. Grassroots Garveyism: The Universal Negro Improvement Association in the Rural South, 1920–1927. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
Rose, Willy Lee. Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment. New York: Random House, 1964.
Runstedtler, Theresa. Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color Line. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.
Sam and W[illia]m Vernon to Capt. Caleb Godfrey. November 8, 1755. http://www.choices.edu/resources/documents/SlaveVoyage.pdf
Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.
Schneir, Miriam. Feminism in Our Time: The Essential Writings, World War II to the Present. New York: Vintage, 1994.
Schweninger, Loren. “Black-Owned Businesses in the South, 1790–1880.” Business History Review 63 (1989): 22–60.
——. “Property-Owning Free African-American Women in the South, 1800–1870.” Journal of Women’s History 1 (1990): 13–44.
——. “A Vanishing Breed: Black Farm Owners in the South, 1651–1982.” Agricultural History 63 (1989): 41–60.
Seraile, William. Fire in His Heart: Bishop Benjamin Tucker Tanner and the A.M.E. Church. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998.
Sernett, Milton C. Bound for the Promised Land: African American Religion and the Great Migration. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.
Sesay, Chernoh M., Jr. “Freemasons of Color: Prince Hall, Revolutionary Black Boston, and the Origins of Black Freemasonry, 1770–1807.” Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 2006.
——. “Prince Hall.” In African American National Biography, edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, 4:22–24. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Shugerman, Jed Handelsman. “The Louisiana Purchase and South Carolina’s Reopening of the Slave Trade in 1803.” Journal of the Early Republic 22 (Summer 2002): 263–90.
Sibthorpe, A. B. C. The History of Sierra Leone. New York: Humanities Press, 1971.
Skocpol, Theda, Ariane Liazos, and Marshall Ganz, eds. What a Mighty Power We Can Be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
Smalls, Robert. “Election Methods in the South.” North American Review 151 (November 1890): 593–600.
Sobel, Mechal. The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Spencer, Jon M. Protest & Praise: Sacred Music of Black Religion. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990.
Spingarn, Adena. “When ‘Uncle Tom’ Became an Insult.” The Root. May 17, 2010.
Spivey, Donald. Schooling for the New Slavery: Black Industrial Education, 1868–1915. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.
Stewart, James Brewer. “Modernizing ‘Difference’: The Political Meanings of Color in the Free States, 1776–1840.” Journal of the Early Republic 19 (Winter 1999): 691–712.
Still, William. The Underground Railroad. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872.
Sugrue, Thomas J. Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North. New York: Random House, 2008.
Sullivan, Patricia. Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
——. Lift Every Voice: The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: The New Press, 2009.
Swarns, Christina, and Eva Paterson. “Twenty-Five Years Later, McCleskey Decision Still Fosters Racism by Ignoring It.” ACSblog (American Constitution Society).
Sweet, James H. “African Identity and Slave Resistance in the Portuguese Atlantic.” In The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550–1624, edited by Peter Mancall, 228–50. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996.
Thomas, Lamont D. Rise to Be a People: A Biography of Paul Cuffee. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986.
Thornbrough, Emma Lou. T. Thomas Fortune: Militant Journalist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.
Thornton, John K. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
——. “The African Experience of the ‘20. And Odd Negroes’ Arriving in Virginia in 1619.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 55 (1998): 421–34.
——. “Cannibals, Witches, and Slave Traders in the Atlantic World.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 60, no. 2 (April 2003): 273–94.
——. The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
——. “Legitimacy and Political Power: Queen Njinga, 1624–1663.” Journal of African History 32 (1991): 25–40.
Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1971, 1979.
Trotter, Joe William, Jr., ed. The Great Migration in Historical Perspective. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
Trudeau, Noah Andre. Like Men of War: Black Troops in the Civil War, 1862–1865. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1998.
Tuck, Stephen. We Ain’t What We Ought to Be: The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
The Tuscarora War. http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/tuscarora.htm.
Tushnet, Mark V. The NAACP’s Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925–1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987, 2004.
Tuttle, William M. Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970, 1996.
1830 Census. Washington: Printed by Duff Green, 1832.
USCT Casualties of USCT Units at the Battle of New Market Heights. http://www.nps.gov/rich/historyculture/casualties.htm.
Van Deburg, William L. New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Vaughan, Alden T. “A Sense of Their Own Power: Black Virginians, 1619–1989.” Virginia Magazine
of History and Biography 97 (July 1989): 311–54.
Vorenberg, Michael. Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Wade, Wyn Craig. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Walker, David. Appeal, in Four Articles … Boston: D. Walker, 1830.
Washington, Booker T. Up from Slavery. 1901. Repr. New York: Tribeca Books, 2012.
Washington, George. Papers. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents.
Washington (Penn.) Reporter. June 19, 1862.
“We Want Freedom Now, King Tells Negro Rally: 125,000 Take Part in Massive Detroit Demonstration Marking Riot Anniversary.” Los Angeles Times. June 24, 1963.
Weisenburger, Steven. Modern Medea: A Family Story of Slavery and Child-Murder from the Old South. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.
Wells, Ida B. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, edited by Alfreda M. Duster. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
Werner, Craig Hansen. A Change Is Gonna Come: Music, Race, and the Soul of America. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006.
“The Western Migration.” In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience. http://www.inmotionaame.org/print.cfm;jsessionid=f8302383641353079584716?migration=6&bhcp=1.
Wiencek, Henry. An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.
Wilson, William Julius. More Than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City. New York: W. W. Norton, 2009.
Winch, Julie. A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
——. Philadelphia’s Black Elite: Activism, Accommodation, and the Struggle for Autonomy, 1787–1848. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988.
Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion. New York: W. W. Norton, 1974.
——. Strange New Land: Africans in Colonial America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Woodson, Carter G., ed. Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830. Washington, D.C.: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1924.
Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Wright, Jeremiah. “God Damn America” speech. Dallas Morning News. “Texas Faith” blog.
Yacovone, Donald, ed. Freedom’s Journey: African American Voices of the Civil War. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2004.
——. Samuel Joseph May and the Dilemmas of the Liberal Persuasion, 1797–1871. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.
——. A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Zeleny, Jeff, and Patrick Healy. “Black Leader, a Clinton Ally, Tilts to Obama.” New York Times. February 15, 2008.
Zilversmit, Arthur. “Quok Walker, Mumbet, and the Abolition of Slavery in Massachusetts.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d. ser., 25 (October 1968): 617–24.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Without the support and sponsorship of the following people, The African Americans could never have been produced: Glenn H. Hutchins, who was the first person to express support for this project even when it was a vague idea, and the Hutchins Family Foundation; Patricia Harrison, Vinnie Curren, Jennifer Lawson, John Prizer, and Joseph Tovares at the Corporation for Public Broadcasting; Paula Kerger, Michael Jones, Beth Hoppe, John Wilson, and Shawn Halford at PBS; Ingrid Saunders Jones at The Coca-Cola Company; Dr. Georgette Bennett and Dr. Leonard Polonsky in memory of Rabbi Marc H. Tanenbaum; Howard and Abby Milstein Foundation, in partnership with HooverMilstein and Emigrant Bank; Richard Gilder; Richard Plepler, CEO of HBO; Ben Carson and Gail Christopher and Alice Warner-Mehlhorn at the W. K. Kellogg Foundation; Virgis Colbert, Michele Barlow, Andrew Plepler, Pam Seagle, and Meredith Verdone at Bank of America; Jennifer Feldman and Rob Jackson at McDonald’s; Darren Walker at the Ford Foundation; and Jim Leach, Karen Mittelman, and Jeff Hardwick at the National Endowment for the Humanities. We are deeply appreciative of the support each of these individuals and organizations has given us.
We would like to thank the following people for their assistance with the research for this book and the PBS documentary series: Nicole Bozorgmir, Rebecca Brillhart, Johni Cerny, Brittany Clemons, Sheldon Cheek, William M. Ferraro, Samantha Gowda, Hazel Gurland-Pooler, Rachel Hawatneh, Marial Iglesias Utset, Paul Kaplan, Alistair McKay, Talleah Bridges McMahon, Stephen Robinson, Paul Taylor, and Leah Williams.
The expertise of our board of scholarly advisers was invaluable, including William Andrews, Mia Bay, Ira Berlin, David Bindman, David Blight, Vincent Brown, Lonnie Bunch, Clayborne Carson, Laurent Dubois, Brent Edwards, David Eltis, Eric Foner, Glenda Gilmore, Annette Gordon-Reed, Steven Hahn, Evelynn Hammonds, Linda M. Heywood, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Darlene Clark Hine, Thomas Holt, Gerald Horne, Walter Johnson, Peniel E. Joseph, Robin D. G. Kelley, Jane Landers, Jill Lepore, Thomas Mellins, Ingrid Monson, Philip Morgan, Susan O’Donovan, Eva Sheppard Wolf, John Stauffer, Thomas Sugrue, Patricia A. Sullivan, James H. Sweet, John K. Thornton, and Stephen Tuck.
Others who shared their time and knowledge with us, for which we are deeply grateful, are Malachi “Shine de God Son” Abdul, Michael Allen, Edward Ball, Abu Bangara, Gralen Banks, Mark Bauerlein, W. Kamau Bell, Daina Ramey Berry, Michael Bertrand, Ambrose Boani, Lawrence Douglass Bobo, Donald Bogle, Jerome Bridges, Ruby Bridges, Vincent Brown, Jennifer M. Bryant, A’Lelia Bundles, Rochelle Bush, Sue Cane, Kathleen Cleaver, Anthony Cohen, Tyrone Davis, Steven Deyle, Angela Dillard, Roland Doucette, Martin Duberman, Douglas Egerton, Phoebe Ferguson, David C. Forbes, Donna Ford, Dennis Frye, Paula Giddings, Thavolia Glymph, Adam Goodheart, Ben Goold, Aram Goudsouzian, Derek Hankerson, Kenneth Hodges, Vanessa Holden, Charlayne Hunter-Gault, Darryl Johnson, Kennedy Johnson, Hari Jones, Damon Keith, Sean Kelley, Kate Clifford Larson, John Lewis, Paul Lovejoy, Lansana “Barmmy Boy” Mansaray, Mimi Miller, Willie Minor, Philip Misevich, Marcyliena Morgan, Diane Nash, Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Richard Newman, Trevor O’Brien, Joseph Opala, Christopher Parker, Gene Peters, Eulah Peterson, David Pilgrim, Clementa Pinckney, Keith Plessy, Thomalind Martin Polite & Antawn Polite, Alvin Poussaint, Colin Powell, Bernard Powers, Cassandra Pybus, Dan Rather, Noah Reeves, Jane Root, Emrys “Fisher” Savage, Kurt Schmoke, Rebecca J. Scott, Kissinor Sengu, Isatu Smith, Ada Summers, Paul Sylvester, Nikki Taylor, Ahmir “Questlove” Thompson, Michael Twitty, Mark Kelly Tyler, Darrell White, Kaye Wise Whitehead, Heather Andrea Williams, and William Julius Wilson; Joanna Mountain, Anne Wojcicki, and Ashley Gould of 23 and Me; Bennett Greenspan of FamilyTreeDNA; and Dr. Rick Kittles of AfricanAncestry.
We’d especially like to thank Julie Wolf for her brilliantly expert copyediting of the various drafts of this manuscript, and Abby Wolf for her superb command of every aspect of the intellectual life of the Du Bois Institute. Marial Iglesias Utset graciously and generously read and fact-checked the final manuscript, and our debt to her is enormous. Amy Gosdanian coolly and calmly coordinated every aspect of the demanding shooting and writing schedule of the Institute’s director. We were helped tremendously by Steven Niven and Tom Wolejko, who always stepped in when needed. We’d like to thank the agents who represented this project, Bennett Ashley, Paul Lucas, and Tina Bennett.
Finally, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., would like to thank his co-executive producers, Dyllan McGee and Peter Kunhardt, with whom he developed this project; Rachel Dretzin, series senior producer; Asako Gladjo, senior story producer; Phil Bertelsen, Sabin Streeter, and Jamila Wignot, producers; and Graham Smith, director of photography. Also invaluable to this project were Julie Anderson, Jane Buckwalter, Caroline Croen, Harry Forbes, Dan Greenberg, Lisa Mantone, David Raphael, Stephen Segaller, Harvey Seslowsky, Neal Shapiro, and Kellie Specter at Channel 13 in New York.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
HENRY LOUIS GATES, JR., is the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University. He is the author of 16 books, including Life Upon These Shores: Looking at African American History, 1513–2008, and Tradition and the Black Atlantic, and has made 12 documentaries, including Finding Your Roots, Black in Latin America, and Looking for Lincoln. He is also the editor-in-chief of The Root, a daily online magazine. He is the recipient of 51 honorary degrees and numerous awards. In 1981, he was a member of the first class awarded “genius grants” by the MacArthur Foundation, and in 1998, he became the first African American scholar to be awarded the National Humanities Medal. He was named to Time’s “25 Most Influential Americans” list in 1997, to Ebony’s “Power 150” list in 2009, and to Ebony’s “Power 100” list in 2010 and 2012. The Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Reader, a collection of Professor Gates’s essays, was published in 2012.
DONALD YACOVONE, the manager of research and program development at the Hutchins Center’s W. E. B. Du Bois Institute at Harvard University, earned his Ph.D. from the Claremont Graduate School and has taught at Pitzer College, the University of Arizona, and Millersville University of Pennsylvania. He was an editor at the Black Abolitionist Papers project before becoming the senior associate editor at the Massachusetts Historical Society, where he founded and edited The Massachusetts Historical Review and organized many public history programs in the Boston area. An expert in Victorian manhood, the antislavery movement, and the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, he has published six books, including Samuel Joseph May and the Dilemmas of the Liberal Persuasion; A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens; and most recently, Lincoln on Race and Slavery, with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
TITLES OF RELATED INTEREST
AMERICA I AM BLACK FACTS: The Timelines of African American History, 1601–2008, by Quintard Taylor
AMERICA I AM JOURNAL: The African American Imprint, edited by Clarence Reynolds and Smiley Books
The African Americans Page 39
