Hancock, David. Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735–1785. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Handlin, Oscar, and Mary F. Handlin. “Origins of the Southern Labor System.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 7, no. 2 (April 1950): 199–222.
Hanson, Joyce A. Rosa Parks: A Biography. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011.
Harlan, Louis R. Booker T. Washington. 2 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972–1983.
Harold, Claudrena N. The Rise and Fall of the Garvey Movement in the Urban South, 1918–1942. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Harris, Robert L., Jr. “Charleston’s Free Afro-American Elite: The Brown Fellowship Society and the Humane Brotherhood.” South Carolina Historical Magazine, 82 (October 1981): 289–310.
Harris, William H. Keeping the Faith: A. Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster, and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925–37. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
Harris-Perry, Melissa V. Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
Haygood, Wil. King of the Cats: The Life and Times of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993.
Hendrickson, Paul. “The Ladies Before Rosa: They Too Wouldn’t Give Up Their Seats.” Washington Post, April 12, 1998.
Henri, Florette. Black Migration: Movement North, 1900–1920. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1975.
Hermann, Janet Sharp. The Pursuit of a Dream. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Heywood, Linda M., and John K. Thornton. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Hinks, Peter P. To Awaken My Afflicted Brethren: David Walker and the Problem of Antebellum Slave Resistance. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
——, and Stephen Kantrowitz, eds. All Men Free and Brethren: Essays on the History of African American Freemasonry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013.
Hodges, Graham Russell. Root & Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
Hoffer, Peter Charles. Cry Liberty: The Great Stono River Slave Rebellion of 1739. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Holt, Thomas C. Children of Fire: A History of African Americans. New York: Hill and Wang, 2010.
Horton, James O., and Lois E. Horton. Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002.
——. In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Huggins, Nathan I. Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, 2007.
Hughes, Langston. The Big Sea: An Autobiography. New York, Macmillan, 1993.
Jackson, Kenneth T. The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Johnson, Charles S. “The New Frontage on American Life.” In The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke, 278–98. New York: Atheneum, 1992.
Johnson, John H. Succeeding Against the Odds. New York: Warner Books, 1989.
Johnson, Michael, and James L. Roark. Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Johnson, Samuel. Taxation No Tyranny: An Answer to the Resolution and Address of the American Congress. London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1775.
Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Jonas, Gilbert. Freedom’s Sword: The NAACP and the Struggle Against Racism in America, 1909–1969. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Jones, Eldred. The Elizabethan Image of Africa. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia for the Folger Shakespeare Library, 1971.
Joseph, Peniel E. Dark Days, Bright Nights: From Black Power to Barack Obama. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2010.
——. Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006.
Joyner, Charles. Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984.
Kelley, Robin D. G. Into the Fire: African Americans since 1970. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
——. “Kickin’ Reality, Kickin’ Ballistics: Gangsta Rap and Postindustrial Los Angeles.” In Droppin’ Science: Critical Perspectives on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture, edited by William Eric Perkins, 117–58. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996.
——. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York: Free Press, 1996.
——. Yo’ Mama’s Disfunktional!: Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” In A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., edited by James M. Washington, 217–20. New York: HarperCollins, 1990.
——. “Love, Law, and Civil Disobedience.” In A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., edited by James M. Washington, 43–53. New York: HarperCollins, 1990.
Klein, Herbert S., and Ben Vinson III. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Knight, Michael T. “Recognizing 233 Years of Black Marines.” Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. Marines: The Official Website of the United States Marine Corps.
Landers, Jane. Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
——. Black Society in Spanish Florida. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
——. “Juan Garrido.” In African American National Biography, edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. 8 vols. 3:456–57. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Law, Robin. The Slave Coast of West Africa, 1550–1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Lee, Chana Kai. For Freedom’s Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Leffall, LaSalle D., Jr. Interview by Jason Gart. In The Charles Drew Papers, Profiles in Science: National Library of Medicine. November 19, 2012.
Lepore, Jill. New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.
Lewis, Andrew B. The Shadows of Youth: The Remarkable Journey of the Civil Rights Generation. New York: Hill and Wang, 2009.
Lewis, David Levering. W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1993.
——. W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963: The Fight for Equality and the American Century. New York: Macmillan, 2001.
——. When Harlem Was in Vogue. New York: Penguin, 1981, 1997.
Lewis, John. Walking with the Wind. In collaboration with Michael D’Orso. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998.
Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus Rediker. The Many-headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000.
Liptak, Adam. “New Look at Death Sentences and Race.” New York Times. April 29, 2008.
Littlefield, Daniel F., Jr. The Chickasaw Freedmen: A People Without a Country. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980.
Litwack, Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
——. How Free Is Free?: The Long Death of Jim Crow. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
——. North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
——. Trouble in Mind: Black Southern
ers in the Age of Jim Crow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.
Logan, Rayford W. The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford Hayes to Woodrow Wilson. New York: Da Capo Press, 1965, 1997.
Lomax, Michael. “Education Is the 21st-Century Liberator.” The Root. January 16, 2013.
Love, Spencie. One Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Lovejoy, Paul E. Slavery, Commerce, and Production in the Sokoto Caliphate of West Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2005.
——. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Malcom X. The Hate That Hate Produced, News Beat. Interview by Mike Wallace. WNTA-TV (CBS), July 13–17, 1959.
——. “Message to the Grass Roots.” In The Portable Malcolm X Reader, edited by Manning Marable and Garrett Felber, 265-73. New York: Penguin Books, 2013.
Marks, Carole. Farewell, We’re Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
Martin, Joyce A., et al. National Center for Health Statistics. “Births: Final Data for 2007.” National Vital Statistics Reports 58, no. 24 (August 9, 2010): Table 15, 76.
Massachusetts Constitution. http://www.nhinet.org/ccs/docs/ma-1780.htm.
Matthews, Victoria Earle. “The Value of Race Literature.” In The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938, edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Gene Andrew Jarrett, 287–296. Princeton: Princeton University, 2007.
Matthewson, Tim. “Jefferson and Haiti.” Journal of Southern History 61 (May 1995): 209–48.
McFeely, William S. Frederick Douglass. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991.
McIlwaine, H. R., ed. Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia. Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1979.
McKee, Margaret, and Fred Chisenhall. Beale, Black & Blue: Life and Music on Black America’s Main Street. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981.
McMurray, Linda O. To Keep the Waters Troubled: The Life of Ida B. Wells. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
McNeil, Genna Rae. Groundwork: Charles Hamilton Houston and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983.
McPherson, James M. The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975, 1995.
Medley, Keith Weldon. We as Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 2003.
Meier, August. Negro Thought in America, 1880–1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963.
Melish, Joanne Pope. Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and “Race” in New England, 1780–1860. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Miller, Edward A., Jr. Gullah Statesman: Robert Smalls from Slavery to Congress, 1839–1915. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994.
Miller, Floyd J. The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787–1863. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975.
Mohr, Clarence L. On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986, 2001.
Morehouse, Henry Lyman. “The Talented Tenth.” The American Missionary 50, no. 6 (June 1896); Project Gutenberg, November 21, 2006.
Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: W. W. Norton, 1975.
——. “Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox.” Journal of American History 59 (June 1972): 5–29.
Morgan, Marcyliena H. The Real Hiphop: Battling for Knowledge, Power, and Respect in the LA Underground. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009.
Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
——, and Andrew Jackson O’Shaughnessy. “Arming Slaves in the American Revolution.” In Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age, edited by Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D. Morgan. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
Morris, Thomas D. Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Moses, Wilson J. The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, 1988.
Nash, Gary B. The Forgotten Fifth: African Americans in the Age of the Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
——. “Introduction.” In The Negro in the American Revolution, by Benjamin Quarles, xiii–xxvi. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966.
Nell, William C. The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution. Boston: Robert F. Wallcut, 1855.
Newitt, Malyn. A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668. New York: Routledge, 2005.
——, ed. The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670: A Documentary History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Newman, Richard S. Freedom’s Prophet: Bishop Richard Allen, the AME Church, and the Black Founding Fathers. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
New York Times. “President’s Plea: On TV, He Deplores ‘Brutal’ Murder of Negro Leader.” April 5, 1968.
Northup, Solomon. Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup, A Citizen of New-York, Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841. Auburn, NY: Derby and Miller; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., 1853.
Nossiter, Adam. “New Orleans Population Is Reduced Nearly 60%.” New York Times. October 7, 2006.
Oates, Stephen B. The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner’s Fierce Rebellion. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.
Obama, Barack. Keynote speech, Democratic National Convention, transcript. Washington Post. July 27, 2004.
O’Brien, William. “Did the Jennison Case Outlaw Slavery in Massachusetts?” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 17 (April 1960): 223–41.
“Outgrowing the Ghetto Mind.” Ebony. 18, 10 (August 1963): 98.
Ovington, Mary White. Black and White Sat Down Together: The Reminiscences of an NAACP Founder. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1995.
Paine, Thomas. “Justice and Humanity” and “To Americans,” Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser, March 8, 1775.
Pearson, Hugh. The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994.
Pease, William, and Jane H. Pease. The Web of Progress: Private Values and Public Styles in Boston and Charleston, 1828–1843. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991.
Perdue, Theda. Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 1540–1866. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1979.
Perman, Michael. Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Perry, Bruce. Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America. Barrytown, NY: Station Hill Press, 1991.
Pettit, Becky. Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012.
Pew Center on the States. One in 31: The Long Reach of American Corrections. Washington, D.C.: The Pew Charitable Trusts, March 2009.
——. One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008. Washington, D.C.: The Pew Charitable Trusts, February 2008.
Pezuela y Lobo, Jacobo de la. Historia de la isla de Cuba. Madrid: Carlos Bailly-Bailliere, 1868.
Phibbs, Cheryl F. The Montgomery Bus Boycott: A History and Reference Guide. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2009.
Phillips, Wendell. “Toussaint l’Ouverture.” In Selections from the Works of Wendell Phillips, edited by A. D. Hall, 121–58. Boston: H. M. Caldwell Co., 1902.
Pilgrim, David. “The Garbage Man: Why I Collect Racist Objects.” In Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, February 2005.
“A Pivotal Moment in the Civil Rights Movement: The Murde
r of Emmett Till.” In Facing History and Ourselves, 2013.
“Poverty in the United States.” National Poverty Center, University of Michigan Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. http://www.npc.umich.edu/poverty/.
Powell, Colin. “Foreword” to Hope & Glory: Essays on the Legacy of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, edited by Martin H. Blatt, Thomas J. Brown, and Donald Yacovone. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011.
“President’s Park/Citizens Soapbox: A History of Protest at the White House.” WhiteHouseHistory.org.
Price, George R., and James Brewer Stewart, eds. To Heal the Scourge of Prejudice: The Life and Writings of Hosea Easton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999.
Putz, Andrew. “Skullduggery,” Indianapolis Monthly (October 2003): 128–31, 224–27.
Pybus, Cassandra. Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty. Boston: Beacon Press, 2006.
Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961, 1996.
Quintal, George, Jr., comp. Patriots of Color: A Peculiar Beauty and Merit. Boston: Boston National Historical Park, 2004.
Rabinowitz, Howard N. Race Relations in the Urban South. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1978, 1996.
Raboteau, Albert J. Canaan Land: A Religious History of African Americans. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
——. A Fire in the Bones: Reflections on African-American Religious History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.
Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Ramsey, William L. “‘Something Cloudy in Their Looks’: The Origins of the Yamasee War.” Journal of American History 90 (June 2003): 44–75.
Ransby, Barbara. Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
“Rapper Blasts Bush Over Katrina.” CBSNews.com. 2009.
Rasmussen, Daniel. American Uprising: The Untold Story of America’s Largest Slave Revolt. New York: HarperCollins, 2011.
Reidy, Joseph. From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South: Central Georgia, 1800–1880. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
The African Americans Page 38