Young Titan
Page 40
4. Young, Arthur James Balfour, xii; Lucy, The Balfourian Parliament, 7.
5. D’Este, Warlord, 155; Kenneth Rose, “Cecil, Hugh Richard Heathcote Gascoyne, Baron Quickswood,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; “Notes,” Saturday Review, May 16, 1896; WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, 53; Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 71; Rose, The Later Cecils, 231.
6. WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, 312; WSC to Lord Rosebery, June 10, 1902, CV 2:1, 146; Griffith-Boscawen, Fourteen Years in Parliament, 198; Balsan, The Glitter and the Gold, 114; Cecil, The Cecils of Hatfield House, 303.
7. Stuart, Dear Duchess, 58; Wolcott, Heritage of Years, 276; Kate Carew, “England’s Man of the Hour,” New York World, July 11, 1901. Lady Helen Stewart was the only daughter of the 6th Marquess of Londonderry.
8. The Duchess of Sutherland refers to her nickname and her desire to be an agitator in “Duchess Recalls Changes,” NYT, July 7, 1912. WSC defended the duchess in “Peat-Reek and Harris Tweeds,” Times (London), Sept. 9, 1901. Millicent’s recollection of the letters from Cecil and WSC is quoted in Bibesco, Sir Winston Churchill, 111–12.
9. WSC to Lord Rosebery, July 24, 1901, and July 25, 1902, CV 2:1, 76 and 163; “The Hooligans” to Lord Rosebery, Aug. 6 [1901], CV 2:1, 77.
10. Begbie, Master Workers, 161; WSC, Great Contemporaries, 16–17.
11. WSC to Lord Rosebery, Sept. 4, 1901, and Lord Rosebery to WSC, Sept. 5, 1901, CV 2:1, 78–79; Bill Glauber, “Saving a Portrait of U.S. History,” Baltimore Sun, March 2, 2001. Rosebery’s picture of Napoleon was acquired in 1961 by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. The Lans downe portrait of Washington found a permanent home at the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery.
12. Ian Malcolm, “In and Out of Parliament,” Living Age, Jan. 15, 1910. Roy Jenkins’s biography suggests that WSC wanted his group to be known as the “Hughligans,” but provides no supporting evidence (Churchill: A Biography, 76–77).
13. WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, 53–56; Gilbert and Sullivan, Iolanthe.
14. “Marriage with a Deceased Wife’s Sister’s Bill,” House of Commons, April 24, 1901, Hansard; Byron, Don Juan, Canto XV.
15. Wells, The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman, 292–93; WSC to Alfred Milner, March 17, 1901 (quoted in Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 17); Pakenham, The Boer War, 109 and 572; “Service Horses and Mules,” House of Commons, Dec. 13, 1900, Hansard. William Manchester and others have mistakenly attributed Healy’s comment to WSC (The Last Lion: Visions of Glory, 348).
16. “Army Organisation,” House of Commons, May 13, 1901, Hansard; William Harcourt to WSC, May 14, 1901, CV 2:1, 69.
17. Curzon, Lady Curzon’s India, 93; “The Passing Hour,” May 18, 1901, Black & White; “Policy and Armaments,” Westminster Budget, May 17, 1901; WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, 56.
18. “Mr. Punch’s Sketchy Interviews,” Punch, Sept. 10, 1902.
IV: The Duke’s Smile
1. WSC to Jennie Churchill, March 13, 1901, CV 2:1, 46.
2. Curzon, Lady Curzon’s India, 81, 93, and 106.
3. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, 4, 82, and 67; Beerbohm, Seven Men, 63; Fox, Five Sisters, 113.
4. Lee, Jean, Lady Hamilton, 46.
5. “Miss Plowden Engaged,” NYT, Feb. 2, 1902; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, 123; Leslie, Lady Randolph Churchill, 299; George Cornwallis-West to Jennie Churchill, Aug. 24, 1899 (CHAR 28/35/62); Cynthia Asquith, Diaries: 1915–1918, 154. Lady Curzon was shocked to hear in August 1901 that Pamela—whom Lord Lytton was then courting—was romantically involved with Asquith. In a letter to Lord Curzon, she wrote that Asquith had “fallen in love with Pamela Plowden & gone to her room at night! . . . Can you conceive of anything more grotesque than Henry in the role of a lover of girls!” Curzon replied that he had never dreamed the politician was capable of making “mid-night visits to virginal chambers” (Lady Curzon’s India, 123 and 128).
6. Mosley, Julian Grenfell, 175–76.
7. Wheeler, Cherry, 267; Holmes, The Essential Holmes, 86.
8. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, 65–66 and 161; “The Four-in-hand Club Meet in Hyde Park on Monday,” Black & White, July 20, 1901; Hugh Cecil to WSC, Aug. 31, 1903, CV 2:1, 222.
9. Balsan, The Glitter and the Gold, 161; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, 93, 161–62, and 363.
10. WSC, Marlborough, 2:754.
11. Ibid., 2:28.
12. Cornwallis-West, Reminiscences, 86.
13. “The Gathering of the Unionist Clans,” Westminster Budget, Aug. 16, 1901.
14. Representative articles on the rally include “Unionist Demonstration at Blenheim,” Times (London), Aug. 12, 1901; “Great Unionist Gathering at Blenheim,” Daily Express, Aug. 12, 1901; “The Blenheim Fete,” Primrose League Gazette, Sept. 2, 1901; “Unionists at Blenheim,” Lloyd’s Weekly, Aug. 11, 1901.
15. Balsan, The Glitter and the Gold, 89. (In her account of the Blenheim rally Consuelo gives the wrong date, but other details clearly indicate 1901.) WSC, Marlborough, 2:1039.
V: Empire Dreams
1. WSC, My Early Life, 359–60, and Great Contemporaries, 64; Mackintosh, Joseph Chamberlain, 257.
2. Malcolm, Vacant Thrones, 96; Arthur Balfour to Lady Elcho, Mar. 15, 1892, quoted in Zebel, Balfour, 79; Brett, Journals and Letters, 1:319.
3. WSC, Great Contemporaries, 72; Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 41; Elletson, The Chamberlains, 53.
4. Austen Chamberlain, Politics from Inside, 367; Marsh, Joseph Chamberlain, 324–26 and 667.
5. “Young Men in Commerce,” Puritan, October 1899; WSC, Great Contemporaries, 73.
6. Elletson, The Chamberlains, 135; John Foster Fraser, “The New House of Commons,” Living Age, March 16, 1901.
7. “Riot in Birmingham at Pro-Boer Meeting,” NYT, Dec. 19, 1901; “Mr. Lloyd-George at Birmingham,” and “The Rioting in Birmingham,” Times (London), Dec. 19 and 20, 1901.
8. WSC to J. Moore Bayley, Dec. 19, 1901, CV 2:1, 103.
9. “Birmingham and Free Speech,” Echo, Dec. 19, 1901; Elletson, The Chamberlains, 136; “ ‘I Withdraw Nothing,’ ” Daily Mail, Jan. 13, 1902.
10. “Mr. Lloyd-George at Birmingham,” Times (London), Dec. 19, 1901. A printer by trade, Joseph G. Pentland served on the Birmingham School Board, and later on the town council.
11. WSC to Shane Leslie, Oct. 2, 1920 (Gilbert, Churchill, 425–26); WSC to J. Moore Bayley, Dec. 23, 1901, CV 2:1, 104.
12. WSC, Conservative Association Meeting, Blackpool, Jan. 9, 1902, CS, 114; WSC to Lord Rosebery, Jan. 17, 1902, CV 2:1, 114.
13. WSC, Conservative Club Dinner, Manchester, March 19, 1902, CS, 135.
14. “Detention of Mr. Cartwright,” House of Commons, April 24, 1902, Hansard.
15. Malcolm, Vacant Thrones, 95 and 97; WSC, My Early Life, 371; Gardiner, The Pillars of Society, 47–48.
16. The dialogue at the Hooligan dinner is taken from the two surviving eyewitness accounts in Malcolm, Vacant Thrones, 97–98, and WSC, My Early Life, 371–72. For an earlier version of Malcolm’s account, see his “In and Out of Parliament,” Living Age, Jan. 15, 1910.
17. Marsh, Joseph Chamberlain, 307 and 425.
18. Lindsay, The Crawford Papers, 67.
19. WSC to Ernest Fletcher, Nov. 14, 1902, and to Jennie Churchill, Dec. 19, 1902, CV 2:1, 174–75. Gilbert (Churchill, 153) says that WSC left England for Egypt on November 20, but “The Assouan Dam,” Echo, Nov. 18, 1902, notes that Cassel and WSC left on November 18.
20. WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, 52; Bonham Carter, Churchill, 77.
21. WSC to Jennie Churchill, [Dec. 9, 1902], CV 2:1, 176.
VI: The Great Rift
1. Herbert Vivian, “Studies in Personality: Winston Churchill,” Pall Mall Magazine, April 1905.
2. Chamberlain, Imperial Union and Tariff Reform, 18; “Duty of Empire,” Daily Express, May 16, 1903.
3. Herbert Vivian, “Studies in Personality: Winston Churchill,” Pall Mall Magazine, April 1905.
4. WSC, Free Trade, Hoxton, May 21, 1903, CS, 191; WSC to J. Moore Bayley,
May 20, 1903, CV 2:1, 183. The old saying about goods and frontiers is sometimes attributed to Frédéric Bastiat, the French philosopher of classical liberalism.
5. Margot Asquith, Autobiography, 228; Elletson, The Chamberlains, 144.
6. WSC, Great Contemporaries, 249; Balfour to WSC, May 26, 1903, CV 2:1, 185.
7. “Sugar Convention Bill” and “Consolidated Fund,” House of Commons, July 29 and Aug. 14, 1903, Hansard.
8. WSC to Jennie Churchill, Aug. 12, 1903, CV 2:1, 218.
9. Joseph Chamberlain to WSC, Aug. 15, 1903, CV 2:1, 219–20.
10. “Sugar Convention Bill,” House of Commons, July 29, 1903, Hansard.
11. MacKenzie, The Fabians, 126, and Hunt, Building Jerusalem, 366.
12. Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, 1:263–64.
13. Webb, The Diary of Beatrice Webb, 2:287–88 and 326. Beatrice Webb to WSC, [July 14, 1903], CV 2:1, 213. The appendix Webb recommended to WSC by a shortened title is in the 1902 one-volume edition of her Industrial Democracy.
14. WSC to Jennie Churchill, Sept. 11 [1903], CHAR 28/27/18; “Resignation of Mr. Chamberlain,” Daily Mail, Sept. 18, 1903; Marsh, Joseph Chamberlain, 590–91.
15. WSC to Hugh Cecil, Oct. 24, 1903 (not sent), and WSC to Lord Cranborne (Salisbury), Nov. 2, 1903, CV 2:1, 243 and 248.
16. “Cecil and Churchill,” Daily Express, Nov. 10, 1903; “Angry Birmingham,” Daily Mirror, Nov. 11, 1903; WSC to Hugh Cecil, Nov. 3, 1903, CV 2:1, 248.
17. “Free Trade Meeting,” Daily Express, Nov. 12, 1903; “Free Fooders Speak in Chamberlain’s City,” NYT, Nov. 12, 1903.
18. WSC, Town Hall, Birmingham, Nov. 11, 1903, CS, 220–24.
19. Jennie’s tears are noted in a sardonic description of the Birmingham speech on the front page of the Saturday Review, Nov. 14, 1903.
20. “Our Celebrities,” Daily Mirror, Nov. 16, 1903.
21. In his excellent Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations (2008), Richard M. Langworth includes part of this sentence but says that its source has not been identified: “Many references cite this remark but without attribution.” Its correct source is Harold Begbie, “Master Workers: Mr. Winston Churchill, MP,” Pall Mall Magazine, September 1903. Begbie later reprinted the interview in his Master Workers, 161–77.
22. Ibid.
23. “London Theatrical and Musical News,” NYT, July 13, 1902. Barrymore discusses her close friendship with the Duchess of Sutherland in Memories, 106 and 124–27. For Millicent’s plan to stage a play with Ethel, see “Court & Society,” Daily Mail, Aug. 27, 1902. For the one-night London performance of Captain Jinks, see Ethel’s comments in “Oceanic’s Passengers Praise Ship’s Officers,” NYT, Aug. 15, 1901. For Ethel’s comment on the first time WSC saw her, see Ogilvy, An Autobiography, 63–64.
24. Landor, Everywhere, 2:81; Geoffrey C. Ward, “The Desperate Barrymores,” American Heritage, December 1990.
25. Barrymore, Memories, 125. In 1903 Henry James seems to have been on very close terms with Millicent (see James, Henry James: A Life in Letters, 392–93).
26. Ethel B. [Ethel Barrymore] to WSC, [late October 1903], filed among “unknown” correspondents in CHAR 1/25, but the handwriting matches Barrymore’s, the West Fifty-ninth Street address on the letter is her New York apartment in 1903 (see Peters, The House of Barrymore, 549), and several internal references point to a date in October shortly after the Broadway opening of her play Cousin Kate on October 19.
VII: Departures
1. “Adjournment of the House (Easter),” House of Commons, March 29, 1904, Hansard; “Parliament in Perspective,” Echo, March 30, 1904.
2. On April 2, 1904, in “News of the Week,” the Spectator mentioned Balfour’s excuse of a prior engagement. See “The Adjournment,” Lloyd’s Weekly, April 3, 1904, for the criticism of Balfour’s “schoolboy antics.”
3. WSC to Hugh Cecil, Oct. 24, 1903, CV 2:1, 243.
4. Hugh Cecil to WSC, December [1903], CV 2:1, 267–68; Scotsman, March 12, 1904.
5. “Free Food,” House of Commons, May 18, 1904, Hansard; “The Outlook: Parliament in Perspective,” Echo, May 19, 1904; “Chamberlain Called Coward in Commons,” NYT, May 19, 1904.
6. WSC to Hugh Cecil, Oct. 11, 1904, CV 2:1, 364. Other quotations taken from Richard A. Rempel, “Lord Hugh Cecil’s Parliamentary Career, 1900–1914,” Journal of British Studies, May 1972.
7. WSC, Philomathic Society, Liverpool, Nov. 21, 1901, CS, 110; J. L. Wanklyn to WSC, Feb. 5, 1904, CV 2:1, 311.
8. WSC to Lord Rosebery, Oct. 10, 1902, CV 2:1, 168.
9. WSC to J. Moore Bayley, Dec. 23, 1901, CV 2:1, 104; Morley, Recollections, 2:255; Margot Asquith, Autobiography, 251.
10. J. L. Wanklyn to David Lloyd George, Jan. 1, 1904 (quoted in Grigg, Lloyd George: The People’s Champion, 65).
11. The Times, Jan. 17, 1899 (quoted in A. J. A. Morris, “Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography).
12. “Trade Unions and Trades Disputes Bill,” House of Commons, April 22, 1904, Hansard; “Moving Incident in the House,” and “Mr. Churchill’s Health,” Daily Mirror, April 23 and 25, 1904.
13. Ethel’s arrival on April 28, 1904, was announced in the Daily Mirror under the headline “Over for the Season.”
14. WSC pocket engagement diary for 1904, CHAR 1/48/1. Quotations about WSC’s romance with Barrymore are taken from Moir, I Was Winston Churchill’s Private Secretary, 78; and Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, 244.
15. “Wyndham’s Theatre,” Times, May 17, 1904; Peters, The House of Barrymore, 93; “Cynthia to Go,” Daily Express, June 3, 1904.
16. Blanche Partington, “Ethel Barrymore,” San Francisco Call, July 17, 1904.
17. Peters, The House of Barrymore, 101.
18. “A Precarious Majority,” Manchester Guardian, June 1, 1904; Hugh Cecil to WSC, Jan. 13, 1904, CV 2:1, 299.
VIII: The Bachelor and the Heiress
1. Herbert Vivian, “Studies in Personality: Winston Churchill,” Pall Mall Magazine, April 1905.
2. “Politicians and Caricaturists,” Westminster Budget, Sept. 2, 1904; “According to Cocker,” Black & White, July 2, 1904; “Character Sketch,” Review of Reviews, July 1904; “Characters in Outline,” Speaker, Aug. 27, 1904.
3. Wilson, CB, 419.
4. WSC, Carnarvon, Oct. 18, 1904, CS, 368.
5. Times (London), Oct. 19, 1904 (quoted in Toye, Lloyd George & Churchill, 33); WSC, Carnarvon, Oct. 18, 1904, CS, 368.
6. Lloyd George to Margaret Owen, [c. 1885], quoted in Kenneth O. Morgan, “George, David Lloyd, first Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
7. Grigg, Lloyd George: The People’s Champion, 66 and 155.
8. WSC to Bourke Cockran, June 19 [1904]. See McMenamin and Zoller, Becoming Winston Churchill, 194, for the full text and an excellent discussion of Cockran’s influence on WSC.
9. Martin Gilbert, “Churchill’s London: Spinning Top of Memories of Ungrand Places and Moments in Time,” International Churchill Society, London, Sept. 17, 1985.
10. On Sept. 24, 1904, WSC wrote his mother that he had visited Chamberlain two days earlier (CV 2:1, 456). See also WSC to J. Moore Bayley, Oct. 17, 1904, and Joseph Chamberlain to WSC, CV 2:1, 366–67 and 457; and WSC, Great Contemporaries, 73–74.
11. “Small-Talk of the Week,” Sketch, Dec. 7, 1904.
12. Lionel Barrymore, We Barrymores, 291; Attwood, The Wilsons of Tranby Court, 219; “Well-Known Women,” London Journal, June 8, 1901; Cassell’s Magazine, June 1900. For discussions of Muriel Wilson’s acting career, and for photos of her as allegorical figures, see Leo Trevor, “Recollections of the Chatsworth Theatricals,” Pall Mall Magazine, November 1903; George A. Wade, “Amateur Theatricals,” Lady’s Realm, November 1901; Credland, The Wilson Line, 74.
13. WSC to Muriel Wilson, n.d. [1904], and Dec. 25, 1904 (Private Collection). Muriel’s letters from WSC were sold by Christie’s in 1994. For quotations, see the sale catalog or Dalya Albe
rge, “Churchill Letters Show Torment of Unrequited Love,” Independent (UK), April 28, 1994.
14. Brook-Shepherd, Uncle of Europe, 144–45.
15. Muriel Wilson to WSC, [August 1907], CHAR 1/66/82; WSC to Muriel Wilson, n.d. [1904].
16. “Winston at Mombasa,” Bystander, Dec. 4, 1907.
17. “Winston Churchill May Wed Miss Muriel Wilson,” San Francisco Call, Oct. 8, 1905.
IX: Fortunate Son
1. WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, 32.
2. Ibid., 242.
3. Blunt, My Diaries, 1:142. For Blunt’s obsession with Byron, see MacCarthy, Byron, 562.
4. Blunt, My Diaries, 2:104.
5. Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill, 177 and 127; Rosebery, Lord Randolph Churchill, 113.
6. WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, 803 and 818.
7. Rosebery, Lord Randolph Churchill, 72, 71, and 114; Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill, 218.
8. Leslie, Lady Randolph Churchill, 201.
9. WSC to Jennie Churchill, Nov. 2 [1894], CV 1:1, 531.
10. Moran, Diaries, 394.
11. Harold Begbie, “Master Workers: Mr. Winston Churchill, MP,” Pall Mall Magazine, September 1903. Gardiner, Prophets, Priests and Kings, 104.
12. WSC to Hugh Cecil, Nov. 30, 1905, CV 2:1, 407.
13. Frank Harris to WSC, Oct. 7, 1905, CV 2:1, 466.
14. Quoted in Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, 1:407. The Saturday Review essay on Lord Randolph appeared in 1895 as a leading article under Harris’s editorship, and his authorship of it was no mystery. For confirmation see “Lord Randolph Churchill,” Review of Reviews, March 1895.
15. Harris, Contemporary Portraits, 90 and 95–96.
16. “Business of the House,” House of Commons, March 15 and July 31, 1905, Hansard.
17. Master of Elibank to WSC, July 27, 1905; WSC to Lord Rosebery, Nov. 1, 1905; and Sidney Greville to WSC, Jan. 2 [1906], CV 2:1, 399, 425, and 480.
18. Marsh, Joseph Chamberlain, 625.
19. Manchester Guardian, Dec. 6, 1905 (quoted in Wilson, CB, 441). A summary of Cabinet suggestions is given in “Loaves and Fishes,” Daily Mail, Dec. 5, 1905. WSC to Jennie Churchill, Dec. 4, 1905, CV 2:1, 409; Cortissoz, The Life of Whitelaw Reid, 2:317.