Bury Me Standing

by Isabel Fonseca

  Folktales, Folklore, and Memoir

  Bercovici, K. The Story of the Gypsies. London: Jonathan Cape, 1929. A ludicrously romantic account (“Where do the [Gypsies] come from? Where do swallows come from?”), this book nevertheless contains some intriguing legends.

  Borrow, G. The Zincali [or, an account of the Gypsies of Spain]. London: John Murray, 1841.

  ———. The Bible in Spain. London: John Murray, 1843.

  ———. Lavengro. London: John Murray, 1851.

  ———. The Romany Rye. London: John Murray, 1857.

  ———. Wild Wales. London: John Murray, 1862.

  ———. Romano Lavo-lil: Word Book of the Romany. London: John Murray, 1874. As an agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society and a gifted linguist, Borrow traveled to St. Petersburg, and then to Portugal and Spain. He did translate the Gospel of St. Luke into Spanish Romani, but, more important, his travels, and his adventures, inspired some of the richest and most enjoyable books ever written about Gypsies. The Bible in Spain was the most popular during Borrow’s lifetime and it is perhaps the most brilliant.

  Boswell, S. G. The Book of Boswell. Edited by J. Seymour. London: Gollancz, 1970. Memoir of an English Gypsy.

  Gorog-Karady, V., and Lebarbier, M., eds. Oralité Tsigane: Cahiers de Littérature Orale, no. 30. Paris: Publications Langues’O, 1991. Essays on Romany oral traditions and culture.

  Groome, F. H. Gypsy Folk-tales. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1899.

  Hancock, I. “Marko: Stories of My Grandfather.” Lacio Drom supplement to no. 6 (December 1985): 53–60. Lively memoir of the activist’s differently active ancestors in London. This issue of Lacio Drom is dedicated to folklore, folk-tales, and traditions—including essays about Greek, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Slovak, Kosovan, and English Gypsies.

  Hübschmanová, M., Šebková, H., and Žlnayová, E. Fragments Tsiganes: Comme en haut, ainsi en bas. Paris: Lierre et Coudrier, 1991. Personal histories (including songs, recipes, and wartime terrors) of Slovak Roma told by them in the first person. Their Czech amanuenses, all Romani speakers, have done an admirable job of retaining in translation the tone and flavor of Romany speech.

  Marushiakova, E., and Popov, V., eds. Studii Romani, vol. 1. Sofia, Bulgaria: Club ’90 Publishers, 1994. A collection of legends, myths, and songs of Bulgarian Gypsies.

  Starkie, W. Raggle-Taggle, Adventures with a Fiddle in Hungary and Roumania. London: Readers Union, 1949.

  ———. In Sara’s Tents. London: John Murray, 1953. More adventures, this time in Spain.

  Tong, D. Gypsy Folktales. New York: Harvest, 1991.

  Vesey-Fitzgerald, B. “Gypsy Medicine.” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (third series) vol. 23 (1944): 21–50.

  Yates, D., ed. A Book of Gypsy Folk-tales. London: Phoenix House, 1948.

  Yoors, J. The Gypsies. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1967. At the age of twelve, Jan Yoors left his home in Antwerp to join a passing band of Lovara Roma. The result of a boy’s dream adventure, his memoir is one of the most valuable accounts of Gypsy life. Years later, during the Second World War, Yoors rejoined his adopted family, with a mission. In a second book, Crossing (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971; reissued, Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland, 1988), he tells a story of Gypsies in the Resistance and his own role in their involvement.

  Eastern Europe

  Ascherson, N. Black Sea. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995. *

  Cioran, E. M. from the French, The Temptation to Exist. New York: Quadrangle, 1968, with an introduction by Susan Sontag; London: Quartet, 1987. This collection of essays, along with most of the rest of the late Romanian aphorist and essayist’s oeuvre, is not about Eastern Europe; but one might argue that only a Mittel-european (or perhaps a Latin American) could have written it.*

  Crowe, D. A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.

  Crowe, D., and Kolsti, J., eds. The Gypsies of Eastern Europe. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1991.

  Havel, V. Living in Truth. London: Faber & Faber, 1987. *

  Huttenbach, H. R., ed. Nationalities Papers 19: 3 (1991). Special issue: “The Gypsies in Eastern Europe.”

  Kiš, D. A Tomb for Boris Davidovich. London: Faber & Faber, 1985.*

  Jelavich, B. History of the Balkans. Vol. 1: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.* History of the Balkans. Vol. 2: Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.*

  Kundera, M. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.*

  Lockwood, W. G. “Balkan Gypsies: An Introduction.” In Papers from the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, New York, 1985.

  Magocsi, P. R. Historical Atlas of East Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993.*

  Magris, C. Danube. London: Collins Harvill, 1990. *

  Manea, N. On Clowns: the Dictator and the Artist. London: Faber & Faber, 1994. *

  Milosz, C. The Captive Mind. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953.*

  Poulton, H. The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict. London: Minority Rights Publications, 1991.

  Silverman, C. “Rom (Gypsy) Music.” Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, European volume. Eds. James Porter and Timothy Rice (forthcoming in 1996).

  Soulis, G. C. “The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 15 (1961): 143–65.

  Particular Countries

  Albania

  Courtiade, M. “I Rom in Albania. Un profilo storico-sociale.” Lacio Drom 28 (gennaio-aprile 1992): 3–14.

  Bulgaria

  Marushiakova, E. “Ethnic Identity Among Gypsy Groups in Bulgaria.” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (fifth series), 2 (1992): 95–115.

  ———. “Gruppi e organizzazioni zingare in Bulgaria e il loro atteggiamento verso l’impegno politico.” Lacio Drom 28 (gennaio-aprile 1992): 51–63.

  Popov, V. “Il problema zingaro in Bulgaria nel contesto attuale.” Lacio Drom 28 (gennaio-aprile 1992): 41–50.

  Silverman, C. “Bulgarian Gypsies: Adaptation in a Socialist Context.” Nomadic Peoples, nos. 21/22 (1986): 51–60.

  Zang, T. Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991.

  Czechoslovakia

  Davidová, E. “The Gypsies in Czechoslovakia.” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (third series), 50 (1971): 40–54.

  Erich, R. “Roma in Slovakia: Experiments with an Ethnic Minority,” draft report. Vienna: International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, 1992–93.

  Gross, T. “The Czech Republic: Citizenship Research Project,” an unpublished report on how the new citizenship law affects Roma. See also Ina Zoon’s report (1994), both written for The Tolerance Foundation, Senovazne Nam. 1, Prague 1, Czech Republic.

  Guy, W. “Ways of Looking at Roms: The Case of Czechoslovakia.” In Rehfisch, Gypsies, Tinkers and Other Travellers, pp. 201–29.

  Hübschmanová, M. “What Can Sociology Suggest About the Origin of Roms?” Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 4 (1972): 51–64.

  ———. “Economic Stratification and Interaction: Roma, an Ethnic Jati in East Slovakia.” Giessener Hefte für Tsiganologie, 3/4, 1984/1985, 3–25.

  Kamm, H. A particularly good series of reports on the plight of Roma in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. See The New York Times, November 7, 1993, p. A9; November 17, 1993, p. A6; November 28, 1993, p. A4; December 8, 1993, p. A7; December 10, 1993, p. A4.

  Kólvada, J. “The Gypsies of Czechoslovakia.” Nationalities Papers 19:3 (1991): 269–96.

  McCagg, W. D. “Gypsy Policy in Socialist Hungary and Czechoslovakia, 1945–1989.” Nationalities Papers 19:3 (1991): 313–36.

  Mann, A. “The Roma—An Ethnic Minority in Slovakia,” unpublished paper presented at a Project on Ethnic Relations conference, Stupava, Slovakia, 1992.

  Orgovanová, K. “Human Rights Abuses of the Roma (Gypsies).” Testi
mony before the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Human Rights of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 103rd Cong., 2nd sess., April 14, 1994. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994, 26–28.

  Tritt, R. Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia’s Endangered Gypsies. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1992.

  Zoon, I. “Equal Rights Project.” Prague: Tolerance Foundation Report, 1994. An unpublished report on the dangers to Roma posed by new citizenship laws in the Czech Republic.

  Germany

  Buruma, I. The Wages of Guilt. London: Jonathan Cape, 1993.*

  ———. “Outsiders.” In The New York Review of Books, April 9, 1992. A particularly good analysis of antiforeigner violence. *

  Cartner, H. Foreigners Out: Xenophobia and Right-Wing Violence in Germany. New York: Human Rights Watch Report, October 1992. A particularly good work of documentation.

  Enzensberger, H. M. “The Great Migration.” Granta 42 (1992): 17–64.*

  Grass, G. “Losses.” Granta 42 (1992): 99–108.

  Heuss, H. “Die Migration von Roma aus Osteuropa im 19 und 20 Jahrhundert: Historische Anlässe und staatliche Reaktion.” Unpublished paper.

  Ignatieff, M. Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism. London: BBC Books and Chatto & Windus, 1993, 57–102.*

  Macfie, R. A. S. “Gypsy Persecutions: A Survey of a Black Chapter in European History,” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (third series), 22 (1943): 64–78.

  Survey of the Policy and Law Regarding Aliens in the Federal Republic of Germany. Bonn: Federal Ministry of the Interior, 1991; Daten und Fakten zur Ausländersituation. Bonn: Federal Ministry of the Interior, 1992. *

  See the Holocaust and Nationalism sections for other sources on Germany and the Roma.

  Hungary

  Féher, G. Struggling for Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Hungary. New York: Human Rights Watch, Helsinki, 1993.

  Stewart, M. S. “Brothers in Song: The Persistence of (Vlach) Gypsy Identity and Community in Socialist Hungary.” Doctoral thesis submitted to the London School of Economic and Political Science, Faculty of Economics, 1987. Based on fourteen months of field work in Hungary. Stewart takes as his thesis the Rom reaction to compulsory wage labor, though his study also includes, for example, an investigation into Roma notions of community and sharing.

  Macedonia

  Puxon, G. “Roma in Macedonia,” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (fourth series), 1:2 (1976): 128–33.

  Tassy, M. “La poésie des Roms de Macédoine,” Etudes Tsiganes, no. 4 (1991): 20–29.

  Poland

  Ficowski, J. The Gypsies in Poland. Warsaw: Interpress, 1990.

  ———. “The Gypsies in the Polish People’s Republic,” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (third series), 35 (1956): 28–38.

  Kowalski, G. The Story of a Gypsy Woman, a documentary film about Papusza. Ul Brogi 19/4, 31-431, Kraków, Poland.

  Mirga, A. “The Effects of State Assimilation Policy on Polish Gypsies,” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (fifth series), 3 (1993): 69–76.

  ———. “Human Rights Abuses of the Roma (Gypsies).” Testimony before the subcommittee on International Organizations and Human Rights of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 103rd Cong., 2nd sess., April 14, 1994. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1994, 29–32.

  Romania

  Cartner, H. Ethnic Conflict in Tîrgu Mures. New York: Human Rights Watch Helsinki, 1990, May newsletter.

  ———. News from Romania. New York: Human Rights Watch Helsinki, 1990. July newsletter.

  ———. Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Persecution of Gypsies in Romania. New York: Human Rights Watch Helsinki, 1991.

  ———. Romania Lynch Law: Violence Against Roma in Romania. New York: Human Rights Watch Helsinki, 1994. November newsletter.

  Deak, I. “Survivors,” The New York Review of Books, March 5, 1992, 43–51.

  Florescu, R., and McNally, R. T. Dracula Prince of Many Faces: His Life and Times. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989.

  Gheorghe, N. “Origin of Roma’s Slavery in the Rumanian Principalities,” Roma 7: (1983): 12–27.

  Gilberg, T. Nationalism and Communism in Romania: The Rise and Fall of Ceausescu’s Personal Dictatorship. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990.*

  Maximoff, M. La Prix de la liberté. Paris: Flammarion, 1947. Rom novelist’s fictional version of his ancestor’s experience of slavery in the Romanian principalities.

  Panaitescu, P. N. “The Gypsies in Wallachia and Moldavia: A Chapter of Economic History,” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (third series) 20 (1941): 58–72.

  Potra, G. Contributiuni la istoricul Tiganilor din România. Bucharest: Fundatia Regele Carol 1, 1939.

  Holocaust

  Bandy, A. “European Gypsies Forgotten Victims in Story of Nazi Genocide,” Los Angeles Times, June 26, 1994, p. A6.

  Berenbaum, M. The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993.

  Berenbaum, M., ed. A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. New York: New York University Press, 1990.

  Bernadec, C. L’Holocauste oublié: Le Massacre des Tsiganes. Paris: France-Empire, 1979.

  Braun, H. “A Sinto Survivor Speaks.” In Papers from the Sixth and Seventh Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, Cheverly, Md., pub. no. 3, edited by Joanne Grumet and translated by H. Silver, 165–71.

  Burleigh, M., and Wippermann, W. The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

  Czerniakow, A. The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom. Edited by R. Hilberg, S. Staron, J. Kermisz. New York: Stein and Day, 1982.

  Dawidowicz, L. S. The Holocaust and the Historians. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.

  Djuric, R. “Il calvaio dei Roma nel campo di concentramento di Jasenovac,” Lacio Drom 4 (1992): 14–42.

  Ficowski, J. Cyganie na polskich drogach. Kraków-Wroclaw: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1985. Gypsies on Polish Roads, translated by Regina Gelb, 129–51.

  Friedman, I. The Other Victims: First-Person Stories of Non-Jews Persecuted by the Nazis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990, pp. 7–28.

  Gilbert, M. The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy. London: Collins, 1986.

  Gutman, I., ed. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. 4 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1990.

  Hancock, I. “ ‘Uniqueness’ of the Victims: Gypsies, Jews and the Holocaust.” In Without Prejudice 1:2 (1988): 45–67.

  Hilberg, R. The Destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Press, 1961.

  Hoess, R. Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of R. Hoess. London: Pan, 1961.

  Huttenbach, H. “The Romani Porajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Europe’s Gypsies,” in Nationalities Papers 19:3 (1991): 373–94.

  Kenrick, D., and Puxon, G. The Destiny of Europe’s Gypsies. London: Sussex University Press and Chatto-Heinemann, 1972. Revised and updated edition forthcoming from University of Hertfordshire Press in 1995 and retitled Gypsies Under the Swastika, with greater focus on the war period. This study is still the only work that deals with all the occupied and satellite countries.

  Levi, P. The Drowned and the Saved. London: Michael Joseph, 1988.

  ———. If This Is a Man. London: Orion, 1960; published in the United States as Survival in Auschwitz. New York: Collier Books, 1993.

  ———. If This Is a Man/The Truce. London: Sphere, 1958, 1963.

  Wiesenthal, S. Justice Not Vengeance. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989.

  Lifton, R. J. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 1986.

  Michalewicz, B. “The Gypsy Holocaust in Poland.” In Papers from the Sixth and Seventh Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, Cheverly, Md., edited by Joanne Grumet, 73–83.

  Milton, S. “The Context of the Holocaust,” German Studies
Review 13:2 (1990): 269–83.

  ———. “Gypsies and the Holocaust,” The History Teacher 24:4 (1991): 375–87.

  ———. “The Racial Context of the Holocaust.” Social Education, February 1991: 106–10.

  ———. “Nazi Policies Towards Roma and Sinti, 1933–1945,” Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (fifth series), 2:1 (1992): 1–18.

  ———. “Holocaust: The Gypsies,” Genocide in the Twentieth Century: Critical Essays and Eye-witness Accounts. William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny, and Samuel Tot-ten, eds. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1995, pp. 209–64.

  Müller-Hill, B. Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies and Others, 1933–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

  Piper, F. Auschwitz: How Many Jews, Poles, Gypsies … Kraków: Poligrafia, 1992.

  Wytwycky, B. The Other Holocaust: Many Circles of Hell. Washington: Novak Report, 1980: 30–39.

  Yoors, J. Crossing. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971; Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland, 1988.

  Zimmermann, M. “From Discrimination to the ‘Family Camp’ at Auschwitz: National Socialist Persecution of the Gypsies,” Dachau Review, no. 2. (1990): 87–113.

  Nationalism, Ethnopolitics, etc. *

  Anderson, B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Spread and Origins of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983; revised edition, 1991.

  Berlin, I. The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas. London: John Murray, 1990.

  ———. “Two Concepts of Nationalism: An Interview with Isaiah Berlin,” The New York Review of Books, November 21, 1991.

  Breilly, J. Nationalism and the State. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982.

  Brubaker, R. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.

  Gellner, E. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.

  Gottlieb, G. Nation Against State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1993.