56. Catholic University faculty also opposed the plan because Chicago economics was seen as ignoring social justice seen by many as central to the mission of a Christian university; ibid., 125.
57. Ibid., 138.
58. Ibid., 165.
59. Ibid., 144n48.
60. Ibid., chap. 1.
61. Ibid., 161.
62. Ibid., 186.
63. Murray Yudelman (RF), Diary Excerpt of meeting with Albion W. Patterson, 2 October 1956; RFA 1.2; 309S, box 32, folder 268; Catholic University Economic Research Center.
64. Interview, NSB (RF) with Theodore W. Schultz—Chairman, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, 27 July 1956; RFA 1.2; 309S, box 32, folder 1.
65. Diary Note, by Montague Yudelman, of a meeting with Professor T. W. Schultz, 29 November 1956; RFA 1.2; 309, box 34, folder 283.
66. The Chile Project: First Report to the Catholic University of Chile and the International Cooperation Administration; 20 July 1956; by the Department of Economics, University of Chicago; RFA 1.2, 309S, box 32, folder 268.
67. Ibid., 11–12.
68. Sergio Molina, for example, was finance minister from 1964 to 1968.
69. For full details, see Valdes, Pinochet’s Economists, chap. 10.
70. Interview, CMH (RF) with Grunwald, 8–10–12–15 May 1961; RFA 1.2, 309S, box 35, folder 291.
71. Ibid.
72. Veronica Montecinos, Economists, Politics, and the State: Chile 1958–1994 (Amsterdam: CEDLA, 1998), 137–138.
73. Grant Allocation, RF to University of Chile—Institute of Economic Research, 3 April 1957; RFA 1.2, series 309, box 34, folder 283.
74. Grant Allocation, RF to University of Chile—Graduate School of Economics, 22 October 1959; RFA 1.2, series 309, box 43, folder 283.
75. Letter, Grunwald to Yudelman, 22 February 1957; RFA 1.2, series 309S, box 34, folder 283.
76. Interview, CMH (RF) with Grunwald, 8–11–12–15 May 1961; RFA 1.2, 309S, box 35.
77. Interview, Montague Yudelman and Grunwald, 11 January 1957; RFA 1.2, series 309S, box 35, folder 291.
78. William D. Carmichael, “Education in the Field of Economic Development and Administration in Argentina and Chile,” November 1965; Report 000117; 79; FFA.
79. John Strasma, “A Note on Chilean Economics in 1960,” in PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA.
80. Ibid.
81. John Strasma, “Background,” memo on economics at the University of Chile, November 1965; PA61–372, reel 3126.
82. Ibid., 4–6.
83. Ibid., 14–17.
84. Request for Grant Action, Graduate Program in Economics, University of Chile; 2; PA61–372, reel 3126; FFA.
85. Carlos Massad, Research Program 1964–1965, ESCOLATINA, University of Chile, 7; 19; 24; PA61–372, reel 3126; FFA.
86. Ibid., 19–27.
87. “A Report to the Ford Foundation,” by Roberto Maldonado, director of the Institute of Economic Research and Planning, and Edgardo Boeninger, dean of the Faculty of Economics; PA61–372, reel 3126; see appendices; FFA.
88. Ibid.
89. John Strasma, “Survey of Student Leader Opinion of the School of Economics of the University of Chile, 1967,” in PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA.
90. John Strasma, Inter-Office Memorandum, “A footnote on ESCOLATINA,” to Peter D. Bell, 11 January, 1971; PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA.
91. John Strasma, Inter-Office Memorandum, “ESCOLATINA Situation and Outlook for 1972,” to Peter D. Bell, 17 December 1971; PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA.
92. John Strasma, “Some Program Notes Towards a History of the Graduate Program (ESCOLATINA), 1957–1972,” written 24 January 1972; PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA.
93. Inter-Office Memorandum, William D. Carmichael to John S. Nagel and Donald Finberg, “University of Chile, Faculty of Economics (Institute of Economics and INSORA), 24 August 1965, 1–2; 7; PA61–372A, reel 3126.
94. John Strasma, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Comments on Interim Narrative Report by the Institute of Economics and Planning, University of Chile (PA 61–372A),” to Peter D. Bell, 25 January 1972; 1; PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA.
95. John Strasma, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Comments on Interim Narrative Report by the Institute of Economics and Planning, University of Chile (PA 61–372A),” to Peter D. Bell, 25 January 1972; 14; PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA.
96. Peter D. Bell, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Recommendation for Grant Modification, University of Chile, Graduate Program of Latin American Economic Studies (ESCOLATINA (PA61–372A),” to William D. Carmichael, 3 February 1972; PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA. Kalman Silvert also questioned any continued support for ESCOLATINA, given changed political conditions; see Silvert, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Modification ESCOLATINA (PA 61–372A),” to William D. Carmichael, 13 March 1972; PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA.
97. Memo, Peter S. Cleaves, “ESCOLATINA,” to Peter T. Knight, 29 March 1973; PA 372A, reel 3126; FFA.
98. Inter-Office Memorandum, Lovell S. Jarvis, “Final Reporting and Evaluation, University of Chile, Graduate Program in Economics (ESCOLATINA), (PA61–372A),” to Peter D. Bell, 2 January 1974; 3; FFA.
99. Memo, Peter Hakim, “Recommendation for Closing of Grant, University of Chile, Graduate Program in Economics (ESCOLATINA),” to William D. Carmichael, 2 January 1974; PA61–372A, reel 3126; FFA.
100. Montecinos, Economists, Politics, and the State, 32–33.
101. Lovell S. Jarvis, Inter-Office Memorandum, “First Annual Report of Institute of Economics, Catholic University,” to Peter Hakim, 19 June 1973; PA72–107, reel 3954; FFA.
102. Jeffrey Puryear, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Second Annual Reporting, Catholic University, Institute of Economics (PA72–107),” to Peter Hakim, 21 June 1974; PA72–107, reel 2857; FFA.
103. Letter, Willard J. Hertz (Ford, acting secretary), to Vice Admiral Jorge Swett Madge (Rector), Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, 29 August 1975; PA72–107, reel 3888; FFA.
104. Jeffrey Puryear, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Recommendation for Closing—Institute of Economics—Catholic University of Chile (PA72–107 and A),” 10 May 1978; PA72–107, reel 2857; FFA. Puryear notes that Ford was “guilty of naivete” in this memorandum, though it remains a source of some mystery.
105. Norman R. Collins, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Economics (70–629),” to Peter D. Bell, 2 November 1973; PA70–0629, reel 4276; FFA. The roles of the Chicago boys in the Pinochet regime are explored in detail in Carlos Huneeus, “Technocrats and Politicians in an Authoritarian Regime: The ‘ODEPLAN Boys’ and the ‘Gremialists’ in Pinochet’s Chile,” Journal of Latin American Studies 32 (2000): 461–501.
106. Alain de Janvry, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Programo Postgrado de Economia Agraria, Catholic University of Chile,” 21 September 1973, to Peter Bell; PA70–0629, reel 4276.
107. Norman R. Collins, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Economics (70–629),” to Peter D. Bell, 2 November 1973; PA70–0629, reel 4276; FFA.
108. Alain de Janvry, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Graduate Program in Agricultural Economics (PPEA) at the Catholic University,” to Peter D. Bell, 19 November 1973; PA70–0629, reel 4276; FFA. According to Huneeus, ODEPLAN, dominated by the Chicago boys, signed fourteen institutional agreements with Catholic University from 1973 to 1989, transferring US$12.6 million to the university (465).
109. Letter, Peter D. Bell to Fernando Martinez, 3 January 1974; PA70–0629, reel 4276; FFA.
110. Alain de Janvry, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Graduate Program in Agricultural Economics at the Catholic University of Chile,” to Peter D. Bell, 18 March 1974; PA70–0629, reel 4276; Peter Hakim, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Annual Reporting, Catholic University of Chile, Agricultural Economics (PA70–629A),” to William D. Carmichael, 23 April 1974; PA70–0629, reel 4276; Reed Hartford, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Final Ev
aluation, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Agricultural Economics,” to Norman R. Collins, Peter Hakim, and Lowell S. Hardin, 15 June 1977; PA70–0629, reel 3865; FFA; and, finally, James Trowbridge, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Final Evaluation: Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Development of a Graduate Teaching and Research Program in Agricultural Economics—(PA700–0629A),” to William D. Carmichael, 8 April 1985; PA70–0629, reel 4932; FFA.
111. Jeffrey M. Puryear, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Recommendation for Closing—Institute of Economics—Catholic University of Chile,” to Richard W. Dye, 10 May 1978; PA72–107, reel 2857; FFA.
112. Lovell Jarvis, Inter-Office Memorandum, “CEPLAN Seminar on Income Distribution and Economic Growth,” to Peter D. Bell, 10 April 1973; 6; PA71–0369, reel 3905; FFA.
113. Ibid.
114. Peter D. Bell, Memorandum, “Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Center for National Planning Studies,” to Carlson, Dye, Funari, Himes, and Nicholson, 29 September 1972; PA71–0369, reel 3905; FFA.
115. John Strasma, Inter-Office Memorandum, “CEPLAN,” to Peter D. Bell, 13 April 1971; PA71–0369, reel 3905; FFA.
116. Ford’s Richard Dye suggested that the CEPLAN group were “outstanding young economists” that Ford had funded from their very beginnings in 1968; letter, Dye to Frank Bonilla, 2 June 1972; PA71–0369, reel 3905; FFA.
117. Lovell S. Jarvis, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Authorization of Quarterly Payment to the Center for National Planning Studies (CEPLAN), Pontifical Catholic University,” to Peter D. Bell, 27 December 1973; 2; PA71–0369, reel 2677; FFA.
118. Ibid.
119. Jeffrey M. Puryear, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Final Evaluation of CEPLAN (PA71–369),” to Peter D. Bell, 17 May 1974; PA71–369, reel 2677; FFA.
120. Jeffrey M. Puryear, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Recommendation for Closing (CEPLAN) (PA71–389A),” to Richard W. Dye, 31 January 1977; PA71–0369, reel 2677; FFA.
121. Peter D. Bell, Inter-Office Memorandum, “The Aftermath of the Military Coup in Chile,” to William D. Carmichael, 22 November 1973; 6; Report 010668; FFA. In a report of April 1974, Bell estimated that up to half of all Marxist professors had been dismissed from the universities; Bell, Inter-Office Memorandum to William Carmichael, “Review of the Foundation’s Program in Chile and Staff Deployment for the Southern Cone,” 1 April 1974; 2; Report 008957; FFA.
122. “OLAC and the Social Sciences,” December 5 1973; no report number; FFA.
123. Peter D. Bell, Inter-Office Memorandum, “The Aftermath of the Military Coup in Chile,” to William D. Carmichael, 22 November 1973; 4; Report 010668; FFA.
124. Jeffrey M. Puryear, “Higher Education, Development Assistance, and Repressive Regimes,” Ford Foundation Reprint (New York: Ford Foundation, 1983), 2.
125. Susan Cantor, Inter-Office Memorandum, “The Ford Foundation’s Experience in Assisting Refugees,” to Bruce Bushey, 27 February 1979; 1; Report 004654; FFA.
126. U.S. Department of State Fact Sheet, November 15 1973, by Jack J. Kubisch, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch10-05.htm.
127. Susan Cantor, Inter-Office Memorandum, “The Ford Foundation’s Experience in Assisting Refugees,” to Bruce Bushey, 27 February 1979; 1; Report 004654; FFA.
128. Puryear, “Higher Education, Development Assistance, and Repressive Regimes,” 16.
129. Ibid., 7.
130. The three organizations so funded were the Latin American Studies Association, the Latin American Social Science Research Council (CLACSO), and the World University Service; Cantor, Inter-Office Memorandum, “The Ford Foundation’s Experience in Assisting Refugees,” 2.
131. Ibid., 7.
132. Richard W. Dye, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Report on My Visit to Chile—March 20–23,” to William D. Carmichael, 26 March 1974; Report 008958; FFA.
133. Ibid.
134. Kalman Silvert, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Chile,” to William D. Carmichael, 26 March 1974; 2–5; report 008959; FFA (emphasis added).
135. Dye, Inter-Office Memorandum, “Report on My Visit to Chile.”
136. Puryear, “Higher Education, Development Assistance, and Repressive Regimes,” 12. Emphasis added.
137. Decades later, William Carmichael noted that Ford’s senior leadership was, by the 1970s, of the view that “we ought to be concerned about the nature of the governments in countries in which we were heavily engaged,” explaining further why Ford stayed in Chile; “Interview with Bill Carmichael,” Alliance 14, no. 2 (June 2009): 30.
138. Nita Manitzas, “The Ford Foundation’s Social Science Program in Latin America,” December 1973; no report number cited; FFA.
139. Kalman Silvert, “Looking Backward to Santa Maria,” 3 June 1974; no report number cited; FFA.
140. “OLAC Social Science Conference: The Social Sciences in Latin America,” 5 December 1973; 3–5; no report number cited; FFA.
141. “OLAC Social Science Conference: The Social Sciences in Latin America,” 5 December 1973; Sunkel quote, 9; Bell quote, 15; no report number cited; FFA.
142. “OLAC Social Science Conference: The Interplay Between the Foundation and the Grantee,” 7 December 1973; no report number cited; Carmichael, 16; FFA.
143. “OLAC Social Science Conference: Concluding Discussion,” 7 December 1973; no report number cited; Lagos, 8; FFA.
144. “OLAC Social Science Conference: Concluding Discussion,” 7 December 1973; no report number cited; Peter Cleaves, 9; FFA. Emphasis added.
145. Nita Rous Manitzas, “Evaluation of the Southern Cone DAP,” February 1980; Report 011879; FFA. DAP is an abbreviation of “delegated-authority project.”
146. Ibid., 6.
147. Ibid., 10.
148. Ibid., 12.
149. Elizabeth Fox (with the “cooperation of Nita Manitzas”), Support for Social Sciences Research in the Southern Cone [no publication information provided], 13; http://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/123456789/36041/1/75106_v1.pdf.
150. P. Cerny, “Embedding Neoliberalism,” Journal of International Trade and Development 2, no. 1 (2008): 1–46.
151. Fox, Support for Social Sciences Research in the Southern Cone, 10.
152. Silva, “Technocrats and Politics in Chile,” 386.
153. Fox, Support for Social Sciences Research in the Southern Cone, 47.
154. Ibid., 48. Ford funded CIEPLAN to the tune of $125,000 per annum between 1978 and 1980, while the UNDP awarded it approximately $85,000 per annum.
155. Patricio Meller and Ignacio Walker, “CIEPLAN: Thirty Years in Pursuit of Democracy and Development in Latin America,” paper for “Ownership in Practice” workshop, OECD Development Forum, Paris, September 27–29, 2007, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/59/39370440.pdf. In actual fact, growth with equity was hardly a new formulation for Christian Democrats—it was the approach favored by Foxley back in the 1970s; see Lovell Jarvis, Inter-Office Memorandum, “CEPLAN Seminar on Income Distribution and Economic Growth,” to Peter D. Bell, 10 April 1973; PA71–0369, reel 3905. In the memo, Jarvis summarizes a paper written by Foxley and Munoz in which the authors largely ruled out income redistribution in conditions of low productivity and economic growth (6).
156. Meller and Walker, “CIEPLAN: Thirty Years in Pursuit of Democracy and Development in Latin America,” 4.
157. Ibid., 10.
158. Interview with PBS Commanding Heights program, at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/int_ricardolagos.pdf. Lagos argued that distributive questions had to follow economic growth, not precede it. He also noted that this had nothing to do with being left or right wing: “It’s simply sound economic policies now.” Lagos fits the template of technocrat described by Miguel Centeno and Patricio Silva: “fluency in international discourses and an implicit (and often explicit) discomfort with nationalist language… emphasis on economic growth and the implied inevitability of following the dictates of the international market… rejection of conflict as unproductive… dismissing the inheren
t antagonism between classes or groups.” Miguel Centeno and Patricio Silva, eds., The Politics of Expertise in Latin America (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1998), 3–4.
159. Fox, Support for Social Sciences Research in the Southern Cone, 52.
160. Ibid., 71.
161. Jeffrey M. Puryear, Thinking Politics: Intellectuals and Politics in Chile, 1973–1988 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 50, quoting Jose Joaquin Brunner, a Chilean social scientist.
162. Ibid., 51. Puryear argues that had it not been for foreign funding, “the [research] centers might not have existed at all”; 51.
163. Ibid., 52.
164. Ibid., 37.
165. Osvaldo Sunkel, “Consolidation of Chile’s Democracy and Development,” Discussion Paper 317 (Institute of Development Studies, 1993), 2.
166. Christian Democrats such as Foxley, Patricio Aylwyn, Robert Zahler, among others, established the Chilean Institute of Humanistic Studies as a means of keeping alive their political activity; Puryear, Thinking Politics, 40.
167. Indeed, the negotiated settlement that led to civilian rule also institutionalized the power of the military as well as its guaranteed bloc of representatives in the Senate. In practice, along with the guaranteed position of the business community in a market democracy, this meant that the settlement created a centrist polity commanding the confidence of international investors but with relatively minor social protection for the poor; the project-planning mentality of neoliberalism had become a permanent fixture in Chile. Emanuel de Kadt, “Poverty-Focused Policies: The Experience of Chile,” Discussion Paper 319 (Institute of Development Studies, 1993), 19.
168. It is also important to bear in mind that the experience of exile also played a role in redefining political strategies in Chile; see Alan Angell and Susan Carstairs, “The Exile Question in Chilean Politics,” Third World Quarterly 9, no. 1 (January 1987): 148–167.
169. Puryear, Thinking Politics, 57.
170. Ibid., 58.
171. Ibid., 60.
172. Patricio Silva, “Technocrats and Politics in Chile,” 399, argues that leftists accept relegating the role of the state in economic policy and courting foreign investment. Osvaldo Sunkel also came to accept the inevitability and irreversibility of globalization; the most anyone could do, he argued, was to minimize the disadvantages and maximize the advantages through economic and social progress; Sunkel, “Consolidation of Chile’s Democracy and Development,” 5. Sunkel told PBS: “I think we have also come to accept the workings of the market as a fact of life…. We have to be competitive in world markets”; Sunkel, PBS interview, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/int_osvaldosunkel.pdf. For a radically different take on this matter, see James Petras, “The Metamorphosis of Latin America’s Intellectuals,” Latin American Perspectives 17, no. 2 (Spring 1990): 102–112.
Foundations of the American Century Page 44
