American Way of War

by Tom Engelhardt

  Here, the hum of the world seemed to lower to a selling hush, a baby-doll whisper, but somewhere off in the distance, you could faintly hear the high-pitched whistle of an incoming mortar round amid brief bursts of machine-gun fire. And then, suddenly, you stepped across a threshold and out of a world of pastels into a kingdom of darkness, of netting and camouflage, of blasting music and a soundtrack of destruction, as well-muscled male models in camo performed battle routines while displaying the upcoming line of little G.I. Joe action figures or their evil Cobra counterparts.

  It was energizing. It was electric. If you were a toy buyer, you wanted in. You wanted Joe, then the rage in the boy’s world of war play, as well as on children’s TV where an animated series of syndicated half-hour shows was nothing but a toy commercial. I was as riveted as any buyer, and yet the world I had just been plunged into seemed alien. These figures bore no relation to my toy soldiers. On first sight, it was hard even to tell the good guys from the bad guys or to figure out who was fighting whom, where, and for what reason. And that, it turned out, was just the beginning.

  In summer 2009, G.I. Joe returned, this time to the big screen in G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra. Nobody mentioned it then, but the most impressive thing about the movie came during the eight minutes or so of credits, which made it clear that to produce a twenty-first-century shoot-’emup, you needed to mobilize a veritable army of experts. There may have been more “compositors” than actors and more movie units (Prague Unit, Prague Second Unit, Paris Unit) than units of Joes. After the last shot, those credits still scrolled inexorably onward, like a beachhead in eternity, the very eternity in American cultural life that G.I. Joe already seems to inhabit. The credits did, of course, finally end, and on a note of gratitude that, almost uniquely in the film, evoked an actual history. “The producers also wish to thank the following,” and the list that followed was headed by the Department of Defense, which has been “advising” Hollywood on how to make war movies, with generous loans of equipment, troops, consultants, and weaponry in return for script “supervision,” since the silent era.

  I caught G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra one sunny afternoon in a multiplex theater empty of customers except for a few clusters of teenage boys. So where to start? How about with the Joes’ futuristic military base, all flashing screens, hi-tech weaponry, and next-generation surveillance equipment, built under the Egyptian desert. (How this most postmodern of bases got under pharaonic sands or what kind of Status of Forces Agreement the Joes have with the government of Egypt are not questions this film considers.) But here’s the thing: well-protected as the base is, spectacularly armed and trained as the Joes are, it turns out to be a snap to break into—if you happen to be a dame in the black catsuit of a dominatrix and a ninja dressed in white. And then there’s that even spiffier ultra-evil base under the Arctic ice (a location only slightly less busy than Times Square in movies like this). It’s the sort of setup that would have made Captain Nemo salivate. Oh, and don’t forget the introductory scene about a Scottish arms dealer in seventeenth-century France condemned to having a molten mask fitted over his face for selling weapons to all sides or his great-great-great-something-or-other who’s doing the same thing in our world. Then there are those weaponized exoskeletons lifted from Iron Man (which also had its own two-faced arms dealer), the X-wing-fighter-style space battle from Star Wars but transposed under the ocean (à la James Bond in Thunderball), not to speak of the Bond-like scene in which the evildoer, having captured the hero, introduces him to a fate so much worse than death and so time-consuming it can’t possibly work.

  And then there is the requisite scene in which a famous landmark (in this case, the Eiffel Tower) is destroyed by the forces of evil, collapsing on panicked crowds below, as in Independence Day or just about any disaster movie you’d care to mention. Throw in the sort of car chase introduced a zillion years ago in Bullitt, but now pumped up beyond all recognition, and, oh yes, there’s someone who wants to control the world and who will do anything, including killing millions, to achieve his purpose (ha-ha-ha!).

  Movies like this are Hollywood’s version of recombinant DNA. They can be written in the dark or, as in the case of G.I. Joe, in a terrible hurry because of an impending writers’ strike. All that matters is that they deliver the chases and explosions, the fake blood and weird experiments, the wild weaponry and futuristic sets, the madmen and heroes at such a pace and decibel level that your nervous system is brought fully to life jangling like a fire alarm. Their sole justification is to deliver boys and young men—and so the franchise—to studios like Paramount (and, in cases like G.I. Joe, to the Department of Defense as well): the Batman franchise, the Bond franchise, the Terminator franchise, the X-Men franchise, the Bourne franchise, the Iron Man franchise, the Transformers franchise. And now—if it works—the G.I. Joe franchise.

  After all, the first word that appears on screen without explanation in this latest junior epic is, appropriately enough, Hasbro. We’re talking about the toy company that is G.I. Joe and, in a synergistic fury, was then releasing an endless range of toys, action figures, video games, board games, Burger King giveaways, and who knows what else as synergistic accompaniments to this elaborate “advertainment.”

  Barbie’s Little Brother

  Hasbro first brought Joe to market in 1964. He was then twelve inches tall and essentially a Barbie for boys, a soldier doll you could dress in that “Ike” jacket with the red scarf or a “beachhead assault fatigue shirt,” then undress, and take into that pup tent with you for the night. Of course, nobody could say such a thing. Officially, the doll was declared to be a “poseable action figure for boys,” and that phrase, “action figure,” for a new boy toy, like Joe himself, never went away. He had no “backstory” (a word still to be invented), and no name. G.I.—for “Government Issue”—Joe was a generic term for an American foot soldier, redolent of the last American war in which total victory had been possible. Nor did he have an enemy, in part because young boys still knew a version of American history, of World War II and the cold war. They still knew who the enemy was without a backstory or a guidebook.

  Though born on the cusp of the Vietnam War, Joe prospered for almost a decade until antiwar sentiment began to turn war toys into the personae non gratae of the toy world, and, in 1973, the first oil crunch hit, making the twelve-inch Joe far more expensive to produce. First, he shrank, and then, like so many of his warring kin, he was (as Hasbro put it) “furloughed.” He left the scene, in part a casualty, like much of war play then, of Vietnam distaste and of an American victory that never came.

  Despite being in his grave for a number of years, as the undead of the toy world he would rise again. In 1977, paving the way for his return, George Lucas brought the war flick and war play back into the child’s world via the surprise hit Star Wars and its accompanying three-and-three-quarter-inch-high action figures that landed on Earth with an enormous commercial bang. Between them, they introduced the child to a self-enclosed world of play (in a galaxy “far, far away”) shorn of Vietnam’s defeat.

  In 1982, seeing an opening, Hasbro’s planners tagged Joe “a real American hero,” and reintroduced him as part of a set of Star Wars-sized small action figures, each with its own little backstory. Hundreds of millions of these would subsequently be sold. The Joe team now had an enemy as well—another team, of course. In this case, though the cold war was still going full blast in those early years of Ronald Reagan’s presidency, it wasn’t the Russians. As it happened, Hasbro’s toymakers did a better job of predicting the direction of the cold war than the CIA or the rest of our government. They sensed that the Russians wouldn’t last and so chose a vaguer, potentially more long-lasting enemy, a bogeyman called “terrorism” embodied in Cobra, an organization of super-bad guys who lived not in Moscow, but in—gasp—Springfield, U.S.A. (Hasbro researchers had discovered that a Springfield existed in every state except Rhode Island, where the company was located.)

  In story and styl
e, the Joes and their enemies now left history and the battlefields of this planet behind for some alternate Earth. There, they disported themselves with bulked-up weaponry and a look that befitted not so much “real American heroes” as a set of superheroes and supervillains in any futuristic space epic. And so, catching the zeitgeist of their moment, at a child’s level, the crew at Hasbro created the most successful boy’s toy of that era by divorcing war play from war American-style.

  The Next War, On-Screen and Off

  Twenty-seven years later, Joe, who lost his luster a second time in the 1990s but never quite left the toy scene, returned yet again with his new movie and assorted products. Whether the latest iteration proves to be another lucrative round for the franchise depends not just on whether enough American boys turn out to see him, but on whether his version of explosive action, special effects, and futuristic conflict is beloved by Saudis, Poles, Indians, and Japanese. Today, for Hollywood, when it comes to shoot-’em-ups, the international market means everything.

  Abroad, G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra opened smashingly in South Korea, and, in its first week, hit number one in China and Russia, as well. It took in nearly $100 million overseas in its first twelve days, putting its U.S. take in the shade.

  Whatever his fate, Joe, we know, can’t die. On the other hand, that once supreme all-American tale of battle triumph shows little sign of revival. Admittedly, the new G.I. Joe movie does mention NATO in passing, and one member of Joe’s force is said, also in passing, to have been stationed in Afghanistan. In addition, the evil arms maker’s company produces its superweapons in the obscure but perfectly real former Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan, where the United States now rents out a base to support its Afghan operations. Otherwise, the film’s only link with real-world battlefields comes from the Pentagon-loaned Apache helicopters and Humvees, and the fact that some of the military extras lent by the Pentagon were unable to see the film when it opened because they were then stationed in Iraq or Afghanistan.

  Soon after the film begins, a caption announces, Star Wars-style, that we’re “in the not too distant future,” and immediately you know that you’re in Hollywood’s comfort zone, a recognizable battle landscape that is no part of what once would have been the war movie. Also recognizable is that loaned Pentagon equipment and the fantasy weaponry mixed so seamlessly in with it—“That’s a Night Raven!”—make the film an “advertainment” for the techno-coolness of the U.S. military. The Pentagon, you might say, is perfectly willing to make do with post-historical battle space. It may be ever less all-American, but it’s where the recruitable young are heading.

  For Hollywood, deserting actual American battlefields isn’t the liberal thing to do, it’s the business thing to do. In fact, those planning out the film for Hasbro and Paramount reportedly wanted to transform the Joes into an international special ops force based in Belgium, where NATO is headquartered. However, fan grumbling at the early teasers Paramount released (and evidently a Pentagon reluctance to help a less-than-American force) caused them to pull back somewhat.

  Still, one thing is certain: if the American car has gone to hell, Hollywood’s products still rule the globe. And yet, in that international arena, American-style war, as in Iraq or Afghanistan, is a complete turnoff and real-world all-American triumph just doesn’t fly anymore. That’s certainly part of what’s happened to the American war film, but far from all of it. After all, how long has it been since all-American mythology and imagery—the bluecoats’ charge, the marines’ advance—has brought a mass audience to a movie screen. The last such film, in 1998, was Saving Private Ryan, and it was already an anomaly. Today, as close as it gets is the parallel universe that passes for World War II in Quentin Tarantino’s Inglourious Basterds.

  It seems that American audiences are largely in accord with the international crowd. They may not want their Joe force stationed in Belgium, but they don’t want to see real war American-style on a recognizable planet Earth either. They voted with their feet most recently on a bevy of Iraq films. Given the couple of hundred years that made triumphalism a kind of American sacrament, it’s nothing short of remarkable that the young are no longer willing to troop to movie theaters to see such films. If you think of Hollywood as a kind of crude commercial democracy, this can be seen as a popular measure of imperial overstretch or the decline of the globe’s sole superpower.

  Only recently has a mainstream discussion of U.S. decline begun in Washington and among the pundits. But at the movies it’s been going on for a long, long time. It’s as if the grim reality of our seemingly never-ending wars seeped into the pores of a nation that no longer really believes victory is our due, or that American soldiers will triumph forever and a day. There may even be an unacknowledged element of shame in all this. At least there is now a consensus that we fight wars not fit for entertainment.

  As a result, war as entertainment has been sent offshore—like imprisonment and punishment. Hollywood has launched it into a nether-world of aliens, superheroes, and robots. Something indelibly American, close to a national religion, has gone through the wormhole and is unlikely to return.

  Joe lives. So does war, American-style, the brutal, real thing in Afghanistan and Iraq, at Guantánamo and Bagram, in the Predator- and Reaper-filled skies over the Pakistani tribal borderlands, among the Blackwater (now Xe) mercenaries and the tens of thousands of other private military contractors who outnumber U.S. troops in Afghanistan. But the two of them no longer have much to do with each other.

  If the Chinese, and South Koreans, and Saudis, and enough American young men vote with their feet and their wallets, there will be another G.I. Joe film. And if Washington’s national security managers have anything to say about it, there will be what’s already regularly referred to as “the next war.” Film and war, however, are likely to share little other than some snazzy weaponry, thanks to the generosity of the Department of Defense, and American kids who will pay good money to sit in the dark and then perhaps join up to fight in the all-too-real world. In this way, an entertainment era ends. The curtain has come down and the children have gone off elsewhere to play.

  Meanwhile, behind that curtain, you can still faintly hear the whistle of incoming mortars, the rat-a-rat of machine guns, the sounds of actual war that go on and on and on.

  Why Military Dreams Fail—and Why It Doesn’t Matter

  For drone freaks (and these days Washington seems full of them), here’s the good news: drones are hot. Not long ago (2006 to be exact), the air force could barely get a few armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the air at once; in 2009, the number was thirty-eight; by 2011, it will reputedly be fifty, and beyond that, in every sense, the sky’s the limit.

  Better yet, for the latest generation of armed surveillance drones, whole new surveillance capabilities will soon be available. Their newest video system, due to be deployed next year, has been dubbed “Gorgon Stare” after the creature in Greek mythology whose gaze turned its victims to stone. According to Julian Barnes of the Los Angeles Times, Gorgon Stare will offer a “pilot” back in the Langley, Virginia, headquarters of the CIA, the ability to “stare” via twelve video feeds (where only one now exists) at a 1.5 square mile area, and then, with Hellfire missiles and bombs, assumedly turn any part of that area into rubble. Within the year, that viewing capacity is expected to double to three square miles.

  What we’re talking about here is the gaze of the gods, updated in corporate labs for the modern American war-fighter—a gaze that can be focused on whatever moves just about anywhere on the planet, 24/7, with an instant ability to blow it away. And what’s true of video capacity will be no less true of the next generation of drone sensors—and, of course, of drone weaponry like that “5-pound missile the size of a loaf of French bread” meant in some near-robotic future to replace the present 100-pound Hellfire missile, possibly on the Avenger or Predator C, the next generation drone under development at General Atomics Aeronautical Systems. Everything, in fact, wi
ll be almost infinitely upgradeable, since we’re still in the robotics equivalent of the age of the “horseless carriage,” as Peter Singer of the Brookings Institution assures us. The first nanodrones will, according to Jane Mayer of the New Yorker, be able to “fly after their prey like a killer bee through an open window.”

  When it comes to drones, the air force and the CIA are no longer the only games in town. The navy wants in, too. Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Gary Roughead, reports Jason Paur of Wired’s Danger Room blog, is looking for “a robotic attack aircraft that can land and take off from a carrier.” According to Paur, the X-47B, which theoretically should be able to do just that, could be checking out those carrier decks by 2011 and be fully operational by 2025.

  Not only that, but drones are leaving the air for the high seas where they are called unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). In fact, Israel—which, along with the United States, is leading the way on drones—reportedly has already launched USVs off the coast of Hamas-controlled Gaza. The United States can’t be far behind, and it seems that, like their airborne cousins, these ships, too, will be weaponized.

  Taking the Measure of a Slam-Dunk Weapons System

  Soon, it seems, the world will be a drone fest. In his first nine months, President Obama authorized more drone attacks in the Pakistani tribal borderlands than the Bush administration did in its last three years in office.

  In Washington, drones are even considered the “de-escalatory” option for the Afghan War by some critics. Among the few people who don’t adore them are hard-core war-fighters who don’t want an armada of robot planes standing in the way of sending in more troops. Vice President Joe Biden, however, is a drone-atic. He reportedly wanted to up their missions, especially in Pakistan, rather than go the full boots-on-the-ground route.