27. Röhricht, Regesta, pp. 202–3; for the possible reply suggesting negotiation not war, J. Bongars (ed.), Gesta Dei Per Francos (Hanover 1611), pp. 1,125–9.
28. For the text of the treaty, G. L. Tafel and G. M. Thomas, Urkunden zur alteren Handelsund Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig (Vienna 1856–7), i, 362–73; cf. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 33.
29. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 40, 52–3.
30. Andrea, Sources, pp. 33–9; cf. J. M. Powell, ‘Innocent III and Alexius III: a Crusade Plan that Failed’, The Experience of Crusading, i, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge 2003), pp. 96–102.
31. Andrea, Sources, pp. 46–54, 61–4.
32. Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. E. Faral, i (Paris 1961), p. 14.
33. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 37; Roger of Howden, Chronica, iv, 73.
34. The Anonymous Monk of St Nicholas of the Lido, Historia de Translatione, RHC Occ., v, 253–78 and above pp. 255–6.
35. Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, i, 362–73; Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 33–5. Cf. the insightful discussion by J. Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade and the Diversion to Constantinople’, Experience of Crusading, ed. Bull and Housley, i, 103–23.
36. E.g. the Anonymous of Soissons reflecting, perhaps, the views of Bishop Nivelo concerning the Venetians’ ‘excessive’ demands, Andrea, Sources, p. 233; cf. Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 37–41.
37. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 40.
38. Pryor, ‘Venetian Fleet’, esp. pp. 114–17 and note 6; Nicetas, pp. 295–6; the Devastatio Constantinopolinana and Hugh of St Pol, Andrea, Sources, pp. 186–201, 212–21.
39. Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 52–8 is a sensitive reading.
40. Nicetas, p. 295.
41. Andrea, Sources, p. 23.
42. William of Tyre, History, i, 552–6.
43. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 35–41 for this and what follows.
44. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 76–7; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 45.
45. Villehardouin, Conquête, p. 42.
46. Villehardouin, Conquête, p. 42 cf. Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, pp. 25–7 and refs. for a different view of Boniface as a ‘brilliant choice’; I am grateful to Dr Jean Dunbabin for her thoughts on the French royal dimension.
47. Gesta Innocenti, chap. 83, PL, ccxiv, col. 132; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 38; Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus, p. 481 note 1. King Philip could have argued he was formally involved, his putative approval having been anticipated in the Treaty of Venice, Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, i, 367.
48. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 107–8. Boniface’s fame was also gilded by a personal publicist, his friend the troubadour Raimbaut of Vaqueiras.
49. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 37–8; Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, i, 369.
50. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 45.
51. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 76–7; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 45; Devastatio, probably reflecting a Rhinelander experience, Andrea, Sources, p. 213.
52. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 41.
17: The Fourth Crusade: Diversion
1. Andrea, Sources, p. 166 and for the whole letter, pp. 163–8.
2. The main narratives are Villehardouin, Robert of Clari and Gunther of Pairis; important shorter accounts by Hugh of St Pol, the Anonymous of Soissons, the author of The Deeds of the Bishops of Halberstadt and the Devastatio Constantinopolitana, are translated in Andrea, Sources, pp. 186–264; the useful Chronicle of Novgorod is translated by J. Gordon, Byzantion, 43 (1973), 297–311; cf. Innocent’s letters and his Gesta in PL, 214.
3. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 42; Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 40.
4. Andrea, Sources, p. 213.
5. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 40; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 42.
6. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 43; Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 41; Andrea, Sources, pp. 213, 233; Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 77–8.
7. Robert of Clari recorded 36,000 marks, Conquest, p. 41.
8. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 43–4.
9. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 42.
10. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 43; Andrea, Sources, p. 250 and pp. 35–48; for Innocent’s correspondence cf. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, p. 78.
11. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 47–8.
12. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 44.
13. Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay, The History of the Albigensian Crusade, trans. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge 1998), p. 58, and pp. 57–9 for the events at Zara in general; Peter was Abbot Guy’s nephew.
14. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 54.
15. For the term, Villehardouin, Conquête, ed. Faral, p. 200; Robert of Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. P. Lauer (Paris 1924), p. 81; Andrea, Sources, pp. 188, 213. For clarifying thoughts and discussion of this and related points on the structure of the army, I am indebted to a paper by Jonathan Riley-Smith given in Oxford in January 2004.
16. Villehardouin, Conquête, ed. Faral, p. 100.
17. Villehardouin, Conquête, ed. Faral, pp. 148–52.
18. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, p. 78.
19. Robert of Clari, Conquête, p. 16.
20. PL, 214, cols. 1,123–5; Andrea, Sources, pp. 35–9.
21. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 50.
22. For useful surveys, Angold, Byzantine Empire and Fourth Crusade; Magdalino, Empire of Manuel I Comnenus; J. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (London 2003).
23. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 99.
24. Nicetas, p. 296.
25. As in C. Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West (Cambridge, Mass. 1968); but cf. more nuanced views, e.g. A. M. Bryer’s in D. Baker (ed.), Relations between East and West in the Middle Ages (Edinburgh 1973).
26. Quoted in Angold, Byzantine Empire, p. 150.
27. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London 1872–84), v, 284–7.
28. Nicetas, pp. 323–4.
29. Andrea, Sources, pp. 163–8.
30. PL, 214, cols. 130 et seq., chap. 82; cols. 1,123–5; Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 44–5.
31. See note 30.
32. See his correspondence, Andrea, Sources, pp. 35–98.
33. Andrea, Sources, p. 188.
34. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 90–91.
35. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 52; Robert of Clari, Conquête, p. 40.
36. Devastatio Constantinopolitana, Andrea, Sources, p. 216.
37. Andrea, Sources, pp. 46–59.
38. Andrea, Sources, p. 48.
39. Andrea, Sources, pp. 62–3.
40. For the disputes at Corfu, Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 54–6; Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 58–9, 66; Andrea, Sources, pp. 188 et seq., 216 et seq., 250.
41. Nicetas, p. 297; Andrea, Sources, p. 254.
42. Andrea, Sources, p. 255.
43. The phrase in Innocent III’s in his letter of November 1202, above, notes 20 and 30.
44. Andrea, Sources, p. 199.
45. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 67.
46. Nicetas, p. 301.
47. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 74–5.
48. Robert of Clari, Conquest p. 81, who has 36,000 marks as the debt against Villehardouin’s possibly more informed 34,000, p. 43.
49. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 76–7.
50. Villehardouin, Conquête, ed. Faral, p. 200.
51. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 77.
52. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 78; Hugh of St Pol, Andrea, Sources, pp. 199–201.
53. Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 78–9; Robert of Clari, Conquest pp. 81–2; Devastatio Constantinopolitana, Andrea, Sources, p. 218; Nicetas, p. 304.
54. Nicetas, pp. 302–4.
55. Nicetas, p. 305.
56. Nicetas, pp. 304–6; Villehardouin, Conquest pp. 81–3; Robert of Clari, Conquest p. 82.
57. Nicetas, pp. 306–12, p. 309 for the murder; Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 83–6; Andrea, Sources, p. 105, for the lurid detail
s in Baldwin of Flanders’s circular after his election as emperor.
58. Anonymous of Soissons, writing before 1207 with material from Bishop Nivelo, Andrea, Sources, p. 234.
59. Tafel and Thomas, Urkunden, i, 445; Andrea, Sources, pp. 140–44; Villehardouin, Conquest, p. 88; Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 91–2.
60. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 84–5; Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, xxii, cols. 231–3.
61. Robert of Clari, Conquest, p. 94.
62. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 91–5; Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 99–102; Nicetas, pp. 314–25; Nicholas Mesarites in Brand, Byzantium, p. 269; Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 106–13; Andrea, Sources, pp. 100–112, 221, 235–7, 255, 261–3; Chronicle of Novgorod, pp. 309–10.
63. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, p. 107, perhaps special pleading to exonerate his abbot of guilt by association; a usefully calm discussion is by Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 111–13 and refs.
64. The phrase is Gunther of Pairis’s, describing his abbot, Capture, p. 111; the figures are discussed in Queller and Madden, Fourth Crusade, pp. 294–5; cf. Villehardouin, Conquest pp. 94–5.
65. Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 111–12; cf. Nicetas, pp. 323–5.
66. Robert of Clari, Conquête, p. 81 for the phrase ‘quemun de l’ost’; Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 100–102.
67. Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 94–5; Devastatio Constantinopolitana, Andrea, Sources, p. 221; Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 101–2.
68. Villehardouin, Conquest p. 93.
69. Andrea, Sources, pp. 100–112. For the Latin Empire, Angold, Fourth Crusade, part 2, esp. pp. 113–50; P. Lock, The Franks in the Aegean 1204–1500 (Harlow 1995); D. Jacoby, ‘The Encounter of Two Societies’, American Historical Review, 78 (1973), 873–906.
70. PL, 215, cols. 1,372–5, of March 1208; the initiative may have come from Theodore Lascaris; see Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 195–8.
71. Robert of Clari, Conquest, pp. 86–8.
72. Alberic of Trois Fontaines, Andrea, Sources, p. 306 and note.
73. Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 148, 237–40.
74. Gunther of Pairis, Capture, pp. 109–12, 119–27; Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 228–47.
75. Andrea, Sources, pp. 235–7, 261–3; Robert of Clari, Conquest p. 5.
76. Ralph of Coggeshall, Chronicon Anglicanum, pp. 201–3, trans. Andrea, Sources, pp. 288–90. In general, M. Barber, ‘Western Attitudes to Frankish Greece in the Thirteenth Century’, Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204, ed. B. Arbel et al. (London 1989), pp. 111–28.
77. Andrea, Sources, p. 108.
78. Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, 477.
18: The Albigensian Crusades 1209–29
1. Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay, Historia Albigensis, translated as The History of the Albigensian Crusade by W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge 1998), p. 197. (Hereafter PVC.)
2. In general, in English, A. P. Evans, ‘The Albigensian Crusades’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, ii, 277–324; W. L. Wakefield, Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100–1250 (London 1974); J. Sumption, The Albigensian Crusade (London 1978); M. Barber, The Cathars (London 2000).
3. Mainly on the evidence of mishaps and losses, including the death of Louis VIII, Roger of Wendover, Flores Historiarum, ed. H. G. Hewlett, Rolls Series (London 1886–9), ii, 315.
4. Wakefield, Heresy, p. 245.
5. Barber, Cathars, passim; for general surveys, M. D. Lambert, Medieval Heresy (2nd edn Oxford 1992); idem, The Cathars (Oxford 1998); R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (Oxford 1985).
6. William of Newburgh, Historia, ed. Howlett, pp. 131–4; J. Sayers, Innocent III (London 1994), p. 157 and note 55.
7. P. Biller, ‘The Cathars of Languedoc and Written Materials’, Heresy and Literacy 1000–1350, ed. P. Biller and A. Hudson (Cambridge 1994), p. 63 and, generally, pp. 61–82.
8. For a summary, see L. M. Paterson, The World of the Troubadours (Cambridge 1993), pp. 249–52 and refs.
9. William Pelhisson, Chronicle, trans. Wakefield, Heresy, p. 210.
10. William of Puylaurens, Chronicle, trans. W. A. and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge 2003), p. 12 (hereafter WP); Barber, Cathars, pp. 21–2 and note 43, and passim for Sacconi; Wakefield, Heresy, pp. 139, 143 and 192 note 4 for Robert; PVC, p. 18 for Theodoric.
11. See the important article by B. Hamilton, ‘Wisdom from the East’, Heresy and Literacy, pp. 38–60.
12. For the St Félix Council, Barber, Cathars, esp. pp. 21–2 and 71–3.
13. Wakefield, Heresy, pp. 68–81.
14. WP, p. 25.
15. WP, pp. xxix – xxx and notes for a discussion of the term.
16. WP, p. 22.
17. Paterson, World of Troubadours, pp. 70–71; Barber, Cathars, pp. 55–8.
18. Wakefield, Heresy, p. 52.
19. La Chanson de la croisade contre les Albigeois, trans. J. Shirley, The Song of the Cathar Wars (Aldershot 1996), pp. 84–5. (Hereafter Song.)
20. Decree 27.
21. Gervase of Canterbury, Historical Works, i, 270–71.
22. Barber, Cathars, p. 52 and note 62.
23. PVC, p. 117; WP, p. 40; Song, p. 41.
24. A point made in order to damn Raymond VI by WP, pp. 16–18.
25. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, xxii, cols. 231–3.
26. WP, p. 12 and note 36 to refs. to the narratives of the 1181 expedition.
27. Ketzer und Ketzerbekampfung im Hochmittelalter, ed. J. Fearns (Göttingen 1968), pp. 61–3.
28. PVC, p. 8.
29. On Innocent III, Barber, Cathars, esp. pp. 115–20; Wakefield, Heresy, pp. 86–91.
30. PL, 215 cols. 358–60 for Arnold Aimery’s appointment; col. 362 for talk of the spiritual virtue of the ‘material sword’.
31. See, for example, PVC, pp. 16–22; WP, pp. 23–9.
32. PVC, p. 19.
33. Innocent’s letter is translated in J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 78–80.
34. PVC, pp. 31–8 for Innocent III’s account; cf. Song, p. 13 for the culprit.
35. PVC, p. 33.
36. PVC, pp. 31–8.
37. See papal letters in PL, 215, nos. clvi–clviii; Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, p. 107 and note 215.
38. Recueil des Chartes de l’abbaye de Cluny, ed. Bruel, v, nos. 4,452–3, pp. 826–8.
39. PVC, p. 116.
40. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 164 and ref.
41. Quoted Riley-Smith, Oxford History of the Crusades, pp. 10–11.
42. Sigeberti Gemblacensis chronica auctarium Mortui Maris, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS, vi (Hanover 1844), p. 467.
43. N. P. Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (London and Washington 1990), p. 234.
44. WP, pp. 35–6, 39; Song, p. 32.
45. PVC, p. 97.
46. Loc. cit.
47. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 312–13.
48. Anecdotes historiques, légendes et apologues d’Etienne de Bourbon, ed. A. Lecoy de la Marche (Paris 1877), pp. 36–7.
49. PVC, p. 209.
50. Translated in PVC, Appendix F, p. 308.
51. PVC, pp. 250–51 and note 29; Wakefield, Heresy, p. 73.
52. For a clear narrative, Sumption, pp. 77–87.
53. PL, 216, cols. 97–9.
54. PVC, p. 56.
55. PVC, p. 60.
56. PVC, pp. 44–5 and note 75 and refs.; Song, pp. 13–18; WP, p. 32 (misdates Raymond’s overtures to Philip II and Otto IV).
57. Translated WP, Appendix A, pp. 127–9; for a full discussion in English of the massacre and the sources, PVC, Appendix B, pp. 289–93.
58. WP, p. 128.
59. Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus Miraculorum, ed. J. Strange (Cologne etc. 1851), i, 302.
60. WP, p. 128.
61. Song, pp. 19–22; PVC, p. 291.
62. For a discussion of this, see Barber, Cathars, pp. 133–5.
63. PVC, p. 189, quoting a papal letter of 21 May 1213.
64. PVC, pp. 299–301, Appendix D, for mercenaries; 144; Song, pp. 181–9; WP, pp. 64–5.
65. PVC, pp. 62–3.
66. PVC, pp. 84–5, 117, 120; WP, pp. 40–41; Song, pp. 41, 48; H. C. Lea, A History of the Inquisition (New York and London 1888), i, 162.
67. PVC, p. 70, 71–2, 163, 237–8 and note 98.
68. WP, pp. 65–6; Song, pp. 181–3.
69. Quoted by M. Routledge in Riley-Smith, Oxford History of the Crusades, p. 109.
70. Song, pp. 26–8; PVC, pp. 55–9 and Appendix C, pp. 294–8; J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort (Cambridge 1994), pp. 1–5.
71. See Innocent III’s letters of January and May, PVC, pp. 186–9, 308.
72. PVC, pp. 154, 228 and note 50, 232, 234 and note 90.
73. PVC, p. 95.
74. WP, p. 58.
75. PVC, pp. 98–9 and 90–100; Song, pp. 34–6.
76. PVC, pp. 63–4 and note 105.
77. WP, p. 42, precipitated by the treachery at Castelnaudary in 1211 of William Cat, a former intimate; cf. PVC, pp. 134–5.
78. Translated PVC, pp. 320–29.
79. PVC, p. 310; for the correspondence, pp. 308–11.
80. PVC, pp. 186–9; J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 122.
81. PVC, pp. 203–17; Song, pp. 68–71 and WP, pp. 45–9 are later but informed.
82. PVC, pp. 242–5.
83. Song, pp. 74–5.
84. Translated PVC, pp. 311–12.
85. WP, p. 56.
86. Song, p. 172 (and cf. p. 176 for a wonderfully hostile obituary notice); PVC, pp. 276–7; WP, pp. 61–2.
87. WP, p. 65.
88. R. Kay, ‘The Albigensian Twentieth of 1221–3’, Journal of Medieval History, vi (1980), 307–16.
89. Chronicon Turonense, RHGF, ed. Bouquet et al., xviii, 314; cf. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, p. 131 and refs. to Honorius III’s letters and bulls.
90. Its terms are translated in WP, Appendix C, pp. 138–44.
91. For a useful recent summary, Barber, Cathars, pp. 141–75, which has full references.
92. Wakefield, Heresy, pp. 179–89, 193.
93. WP, pp. 107–8; Barber, Cathars, pp. 154–8 and refs.
94. An incident made famous by E. Le Roi Ladurie, Montaillou (Eng. trans. London 1978), a rather misleading work (cf. comments by L. E. Boyle, ‘Montaillou Revisited’, Pathways to Medieval Peasants, ed. J. Raftis (Toronto 1981), pp. 119–40); for a scholarly recent discussion of the revival, Barber, Cathars, pp. 176–202.
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