95. See J. H. Mundy, Society and Government at Toulouse in the Age of the Cathars (Toronto 1997).
96. G. Langlois, Olivier de Termes: Le Cathare et le croisé (Toulouse 2001) for a recent study (note 509, p. 269 corrects the date of his death usually cited) and for other ‘Cathar crusaders’, ibid., pp. 121ff; WP, p. 111; Barber, Cathars, p. 164; Wakefield, Heresy, p. 187 and p. 213 (William Pelhisson’s chronicle: ‘there were at that time [1229] many who had taken the cross to go overseas because of their acts against the faith’).
97. WP, p. 67 and note 93.
98. WP, p. 111–12, note 26 and refs.
19: The Fifth Crusade 1213–21
1. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 91–2.
2. The best modern account is J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–21 (Philadelphia 1986).
3. On the general phenomenon, M. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record (London 1979).
4. PVC, p. 50; Legates’ report, WP, p. 127.
5. Above pp. 525, 530, 540–41, 542, 547, 551–2, 554.
6. In general, P. Raedts, ‘The Children’s Crusade of 1212’, Journal of Medieval History, 3 (1977), 279–323 and, especially, G. Dickson, ‘La Genèse de la croisade des enfants (1212)’, Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes, 153 (1995), 53–102 and idem, ‘Stephen of Cloyes, Philip Augustus and the Children’s Crusade of 1212’, Journeys towards God: Pilgrimage and Crusade, ed. B. N. Sarget-Baur (Kalamazoo 1992), pp. 83–105.
7. PVC, pp. 142, 150–51.
8. Waitz, Chronica Regia Colonesis, p. 234; cf. translation in E. Peters (ed.), Christian Society and the Crusades 1198–1229 (Philadelphia 1971), p. 36.
9. Sigeberti Gemblacenses chronica auctarium Mortui Maris, ed. W. Pertz, MGH SS, vi, 467; Annales Admuntenses, ed. W. Wattenbach, MGH SS, ix, 579–93.
10. PVC, p. 151; for the Cologne version see note 8 above.
11. See note 6 above.
12. For the sources, with stories of heavenly letters and visions of Christ, see Dickson, ‘Stephen of Cloyes’, pp. 84–6 and notes 7, 27, pp. 98, 101.
13. Wattenbach, Annales Admuntenses, p. 592.
14. See translation in PVC, p. 308.
15. Quotation from Quia Maior, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 120–21. The full text is at pp. 119–24.
16. Robert of Courçon, Summa, x, 15, cited by J. W. Baldwin, Masters, Princes and Merchants: The Social Views of Peter the Chanter and His Circle (Princeton 1970), ii, 148–9 note 37, and see i, 211; cf. Russell, Just War, pp. 225–6 and note 37.
17. See Innocent’s letter to members of the German clergy, c.May 1213, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 130–31; for a list of crusaders being kept by one Master Hubert in England, Roger of Wendover, Flores historiarum, ii, 323.
18. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 131–2 for Innocent’s correspondence and pp. 134–5 for an example of James of Vitry’s preaching; for the abbot’s letter book, F. Kempf, ‘Das Rommersdorfer Briefbuch des 13 Jahrhunderts’, Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Instituts für Geschichtsforschung, Erganzungsband, 12 (1933), 502–71.
19. Magna Carta, Clauses 52, 53 and 57.
20. On England, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 135, 136, 139; for Frederick, Powell, Anatomy, pp. 3, 23, 74, 75.
21. PL, 216, col. 830, no. xxxv.
22. For some of the letters of summons, see PL, 216, cols. 823–31.
23. Tanner, Decrees, p. 234.
24. Tanner, Decrees, pp. 267–71; J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 125–9.
25. Delaborde et al., Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste, no. 1,360.
26. Official hostility was reflected in Guillaume le Breton’s comments, R. Röhricht, ed., Testimonia Minora de quinto bello sacro, Société de l’Orient Latin, iii (Geneva 1882), 78–9 (trans. Powell, Anatomy, p. 35).
27. Cf. Powell, Anatomy, pp. 44–5 and note 50.
28. The forum for implementing Clause 12, ‘no scutage or aid shall be imposed… unless by the common counsel of our kingdom’, was explained in Clause 14, which details the composition and summoning of a representative assembly of clerical and lay magnates and all tenants-in-chief.
29. Oliver of Paderborn, Die Schriften des Kölner Domscholasters, ed. H. Hoogeweg (Tübingen 1984), pp. 285–6, the account in a letter to the count of Namur; for other copies circulated, D. U. Baratier, ‘A Propos de Jacques de Vitry’, Revue Bénédictine, 27 (1910), 521–4, and for a translation, J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 135–6; for the story in Oliver’s account of the Damietta campaign, Peters, Christian Society, pp. 60–61.
30. Waitz, Chronica Regia Colonensis, pp. 192–3.
31. Burchardus Urspergensis, MGH SS, xxiii, 378–9.
32. E. Baratier, ‘Une Prédication de la croisade à Marseille en 1224’, Economies et sociétés au moyen age: Mélanges offerts à Edouard Perroy (Paris 1973), pp. 690–69.
33. James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 77; cf. his own misogynist exemplum, from his Sermones Vulgares, ed. T. F. Crane (London 1890), p. 56.
34. Registro del Cardinale Ugolino d’Ostia, ed. G. Levi (Rome 1890), esp. pp. 128–33; cf. pp. 7–9, 11–13, 19–24, 101, 109–10, 113–14, 138–40, 152–3; Powell, Anatomy, esp. pp. 33–50 (for Courçon’s mission to France), 67–87.
35. Ordinatio de predicatione S. Crucis in Angliae, Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores, ed. R. Röhricht, Société de l’Orient Latin, ii (Geneva 1879), vii – x and 1–26; p. 24 for the definition of exempla.
36. Röhricht, Ordinatio, p. 22.
37. C. T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades (Cambridge 1994), pp. 118, 173. For Frisian pole-vaulters, J. A. Mol, ‘Frisian Fighters and the Crusade’, Crusades, 1 (2002), pp. 107–8.
38. Powell, Anatomy, esp. p. 35 and above, note 26.
39. Powell, Anatomy, pp. 38–9 for a discussion, and refs. at note 22, p. 48; Abbot Gervase of Premontré’s account of popular unease, RHGF, xix, 604–5; Delaborde et al., Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste, no. 1360. For the agreement with Genoa for transport by the counts of Nevers and La Marche, Annales Genuenses, Rohricht, Testimonia minora, p. 238.
40. E.g. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 217–24.
41. James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 116.
42. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 95–101, 133–44, 180, 201, 205, 211, 227, 329.
43. For Savaric in Languedoc, and a note of his other crusading exploits, PVC, p. 130 and note 12.
44. E.g. by Oliver of Paderborn, Capture of Damietta, trans. Peters, Christian Society, pp. 49–139. (Hereafter Oliver of Paderborn.) (The Latin text is in Hoogeweg’s 1894 Tübingen edition.)
45. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 98–9 and p. 401 notes 49 and 50 for refs.
46. Frederick’s role is exhaustively discussed in Powell, Anatomy, passim.
47. Powell, Anatomy, p. 116.
48. James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 73–4.
49. Thomas of Split, Historia pontificum Spalatensis, ed. L. von Heineman, MGH SS, xxix, 577–9, for Andrew’s crusade; for the Venice treaty, Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium, i (1868), 29–31; T. Van Cleve, ‘The Fifth Crusade’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, pp. 387–9; J. R. Sweeny, ‘Hungary and the Crusades’, International History Review, 3 (1981), 467–81.
50. The two main sources are the Gesta Crucigerorum Rhenanorum and De Itinere Frisonum in Röhricht, Scriptores Minores, pp. 29–56 and 59–70.
51. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 61 and pp. 53–9 for the Palestine campaigns of 1217–18. In general, also, see Röhricht, Scriptores Minores and Testimonia Minora; for Ibn al-Athir, see the extracts in Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 255–66, and, for French translation, RHC Or., ii–i, and Abu Shamah’s compilation, RHC Or., v. Powell, Anatomy, pp. 128–93 provides a thorough analytical account of the war in Palestine and Egypt with full references to eastern as well as western accounts and some discussion of sources.
52. Thomas of Split, Historia, pp. 578–9.
53. Mas Latrie Chronique d’Ernoul, pp. 414, 436;
James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 100, 102; Patriarch Aymar of Jerusalem’s 1199 advice to Innocent III on Damietta, Bongars, Gesta Dei Per Francos, p. 1,128.
54. For this curious incident, J. M. Powell, ‘Francesco d’Assisi e la Quinta Crociata’, Schede Medievali, 4 (1983), 68–77; Kedar, Crusade and Mission, pp. 126–31.
55. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 62.
56. The Eracles Continuation of William of Tyre, RHC Occ., ii, 329.
57. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 80, 104; cf. p. 115 for his largesse on the advance in July 1221.
58. Epistolae selectae saeculi XIII, ed. C. Rodenberg, MGH SS, i, no. 124, pp. 89–91 dated 24 July 1220. For a tabulation of the sums received and sent, Powell, Anatomy, p. 100.
59. RHC Occ., ii, 349.
60. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 102.
61. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 122–3; E. Blochet, ‘Extraits de l’histoire des patriarches d’Alexandrie relatifs au siège de Damiette’, Revue de l’Orient Latin, II (1908), 260.
62. Letter trans. Peters, Christian Society, p. 141. Cf. James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 150, 152; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 89.
63. As emphasized by Oliver of Paderborn, p. 124.
64. See the convenient table, Powell, Anatomy, p. 117 and the discussion pp. 166–72 and 187.
65. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 107–8, perhaps somewhat ben trovato.
66. As revealed by James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 106; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 65 is modestly reticent.
67. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 257.
68. Powell’s guess, Anatomy, p. 148.
69. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 257–8.
70. RHC Occ., ii, 336.
71. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 122, 125; Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 261.
72. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 257–8 and 260.
73. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 260; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 108.
74. The gloom on the Ayyubid side is well captured by Ibn al-Athir, no friend to the dynasty, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 257–61.
75. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 114, figures based on those from the ‘estimators of the army’.
76. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 105.
77. Above note 54 and Kedar, Crusade and Mission, passim.
78. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 85–6; Blochet, ‘Histoire des patriarches’, p. 253; Eracles, RHC Occ., ii, 341–2; James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 124–5; Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 260. Cf. Ernoul, p. 435.
79. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 262; Oliver of Paderborn, p. 124.
80. See the end of the first section, addressed to Cologne, finished soon after the fall of Damietta in November 1219, Oliver of Paderborn, p. 89.
81. James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 141.
82. James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 135, 139; cf. William of Tyre, History, bk V, chap. 10.
83. For these prophetic works and the rumours of ‘David’ and ‘Prester John’, Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 89–91, 112–14; James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 141–53; Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 260; P. Pelliot, ‘Deux passages de la La Prophétie de Hanna, fils d’Isaac’, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Mémoires, 44 (1951), 73–96; cf. J. Richard, ‘L’Extrème-Orient légendaire au moyen âge’, Orient et Occident (Paris 1976), no. XXVI; Mayer, Crusades, p. 226; Powell, Anatomy, pp. 178–9.
84. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 264.
85. Richard of San Germano, Chronica, quoted by Powell, Anatomy, p. 196. For a survey of other reactions, see Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, pp. 34–5, 85–6, 102–3, 107–8, 152–3, 165, 193.
86. John of Tubia, De Johanne Rege Ierusalem, Scriptores Minores, ed. Röhricht, pp. 138–9; Eracles, RHC Occ., ii, 346, 348–9. Oliver of Paderborn provides a highly sanitized account, pp. 95–7.
87. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 104.
88. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 101–2, 103–4; Eracles, RHC Occ., ii, 347, 349; Ernoul, in Röhricht Testimonia Minora, 300–301.
89. Van Cleve, ‘Fifth Crusade’, pp. 422–8; Powell, Anatomy, pp. 180–91. Cf. Oliver of Paderborn, pp. 114–34, and the letters recorded by Roger of Wendover, trans. pp. 142–5; Eracles, RHC Occ. ii, 350–52; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 261–6.
90. Peters, Christian Society, p. 144; cf. a similar image Oliver of Paderborn, p. 123.
91. Oliver of Paderborn, p. 132.
92. See below pp. 745–7.
93. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 99–101.
94. Although some resistance to further preaching was recorded in Germany, H. Hoogeweg, ‘Die Kreuzzpredigt des Jahres 1224’, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 4 (1890), 72–3.
20: Frontier Crusades 1: Conquest in Spain
1. Trans. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 27.
2. Trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 40.
3. In general, see now J. F. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia 2003); for the myth, P. Linehan, History and the Historians in Medieval Spain (Oxford 1993).
4. R. Fletcher, Moorish Spain (London 1992), a very accessible introduction, esp. pp. 35–8, based on R. W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period (Cambridge, Mass. 1979).
5. The central study of the crusade bulls from the eleventh to the twentieth century is J. Goni Gaztambide, Historia de la bula de la cruzada (Vitoria 1958).
6. As in R. I. Burns, The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass. 1967) and his other pioneering works on the region.
7. See texts quoted by O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 5.
8. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 185–7.
9. Quoted, Fletcher, Moorish Spain, p. 75.
10. Glaber, Historiarum, pp. 82–5.
11. D. Wasserstein, The Rise and Fall of the Party Kings (Princeton 1985); for a corrective view of Spain and holy war, Bull, Knightly Piety.
12. Trans. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, p. 99.
13. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, pp. 100–110; idem, The Quest for El Cid (London 1989).
14. Trans. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 8, 30.
15. A. Ubieto Arteta, Coleccion diplomatica de Pedro I de Aragon y Navarra (Zaragoza 1951), p. 115 note 9.
16. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 24 and note 6, p. 228; in general, R. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050–1150’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 37 (1987), 31–47.
17. The phrase is R. Menendez Pidal’s, La España del Cid (Madrid 1947), i, 147.
18. E. Emerton, The Correspondence of Gregory VII (New York 1969), p. 6; O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 29.
19. Contacts that impressed Bishop Pelayo of Orviedo (1101–30, 1142–3) in his Chronicon regum Legionensium, trans. S. Barton and R. Fletcher, The World of El Cid (Manchester 2000), pp. 87–8.
20. See, for example, the texts in Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, passim.
21. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 31–2 for translation; cf. Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 18–20.
22. Ubieto Atreta, Diplomatica Pedro I, pp. 113 note 6 and 115 note 9.
23. Historia Silense, in Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, pp. 50–52.
24. The Poem of the Cid, ed. and trans. R. Hamilton, J. Perry and I. Michael (London 1984); Barton and Fletcher, World of El Cid, pp. 90–147 for the Historia Roderici.
25. See the discussion of this by R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe (London 1994), pp. 240–42.
26. See the discussion by N. Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002), esp. pp. 75–82, 201–4.
27. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, xxi (Venice 1776), col. 284; for a narrative, O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 32–41.
28. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 74.
29. R. Fletcher, St James’s Catapult (Oxford 1984), pp. 298–9.
30. E. Lourie, ‘The Will of Alfonso I’, Speculum, 50 (1975), 635–51; A. Forey, ‘The Will of Alfonso I’, Durham University Journal, 73 (1980), 59–65; O’Callaghan, Rec
onquest, p. 40.
31. Caffaro, Annales Ianuenses and the Ystoria captionis Almarie et Turtuose, ed. L. T. Belgrano, Fonti per la Storia d’Italia, ii (Rome 1890), 33–5, 79–89; G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’, Traditio, 9 (1953), 226–35; Eugenius III, ‘Epistola et privilegia’, PL clxxx, cols. 1,203–4.
32. Coleccion de documentos ineditos de la Corona de Aragon, ed. P. Bofarull et al. (Barcelona 1847–1910), iv, 314–15, no. 128; cf. N. Jaspert, ‘Tortosa and the Crusades’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 90–110.
33. Fletcher, Moorish Spain, p. 123.
34. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 62–4, and cf. pp. 59–61.
35. Above, notes 33 and 34.
36. In general see Forey, The Military Orders, pp. 23–32.
37. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 148–9.
38. For a recent discussion, O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 70–76; for the financial precedents, ibid., pp. 152–76.
39. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, pp. 102, 119; in general see Bartlett, Making of Europe, esp. pp. 197–242.
40. See P. E. Russell, Prince Henry the Navigator (New Haven and London 2000); idem, ‘Some Fifteenth Century Eyewitness Accounts of Travel in the Atlantic Ocean before 1492’, Historical Research, 66 (1993), 115–28.
41. In general, see J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool 1979).
42. Housley, Religious Warfare, esp. pp. 75–82, 201–4.
43. Toribio Motolinia, History of the Indians of New Spain, trans. E. A. Foster (Berkeley 1950), pp. 110–17. I am grateful to J.- J. Lopez Portillo for bringing this incident to my attention.
44. Quoted Housley, Religious Warfare, p. 202.
21: Frontier Crusades 2: the Baltic and the North
1. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 394, p. 467; see above pp. 292–3, 304–5.
2. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 75–77.
3. Above pp. 221, 243–7.
4. Above pp. 251–3; in general, Lotter, ‘The Crusading Idea’.
5. H. Richter, ‘Militia Dei’, Journeys Towards God, ed. B. N. Sargent-Baur (Michigan 1992), pp. 107–26.
6. The best general account is by Christiansen, Northern Crusades; see also W. Urban, The Baltic Crusade (2nd edn Chicago 1994) and Bartlett, Making of Europe; A. V. Murray (ed.), Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150–1500 (Aldershot 2001), esp. the bibliography pp. 278–85, with important refs.
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