God's War: A New History of the Crusades

by Tyerman, Christopher

  7. See note 1 above; Lotter, ‘The Crusading Idea’, p. 292; see rebuttals of Lotter in reviews by H. E. J. Cowdrey, English Historical Review, 94 (1979), 166–7; and J. Brundage, Speculum, 54 (1979), 172–3.

  8. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, p. 169. This is the tone of much of Helmold of Bosau’s account, below, note 9.

  9. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, pp. 169, 176–7.

  10. Otto of Freising, Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, p. 76, cf. p. 79 for the rejection of Henry the Lion’s suit at Frankfurt; above, pp. 292–3.

  11. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 180.

  12. Jaffé, Monumenta Corbeiensia, p. 245; above pp. 305–8.

  13. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, esp. pp. 165–72; see, in general, T. Riis, Les Institutions politiques centrales du Danemark 1100–1332 (Odense 1977).

  14. De Profectione Danorum, Gertz, Scriptores, ii, 465–7.

  15. Trans. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 69, and ref. note 37.

  16. PL, 200, cols. 860–61.

  17. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 188.

  18. Henry of Antwerp, Tractatus de captione urbis Brandenburg, ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH (Hanover 1880), p. 484; trans. Bartlett, Making of Europe, p. 35.

  19. Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, p. 221.

  20. Cf. trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 77.

  21. On the 1172 pilgrimage, Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, p. 10; generally, Helmold of Bosau, Chronicle, pp. 233, 242–5, 254–64, 266–7, 274–5, 281–2; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 61–2, 69–70, 72; Bartlett, Making of Europe, pp. 268, 274–8.

  22. Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, p. 215.

  23. Henry of Livonia, Chronicon Livoniae, ed. L. Arbusow and A. Bauer (Hanover 1955) (cf. trans. J. Brundage, The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (Madison 1961)), XIV, 11; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 95.

  24. Henry of Livonia, Chronicon, p. 9.

  25. Innocent III to Valdemar II, J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 78.

  26. For summaries, Forey, The Military Orders, esp. pp. 32–9; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 79–83, 99–103, 128.

  27. Gregory IX, Registres, ed. L. Auvray et al. (Paris 1890–1955), no. 2,097 (cf. nos. 2,098–2,102); Henry of Livonia, Chronicon, pp. 23, 29, 31, 34, 92, 132; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, esp. pp. 127–8; Bartlett, Making of Europe, p. 195.

  28. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 95–7, 221–2, 224–5.

  29. Trans. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 128.

  30. See, e.g., refs. and trans. of Bacon’s Opus Maius and Humbert’s Opusculum tripartitum, Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 152.

  31. Arnold of Lübeck, ‘De conversione Livonie’, Chronica Slavorum, pp. 212–31; Henry of Livonia, Chronicon, pp. 6–12 et seq.

  32. PL, 215, cols. 428–30.

  33. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 98; Bartlett, Making of Europe, p. 268 for Riga’s Fifth Crusade contribution.

  34. For Livonia, W. Urban, Baltic Crusade; Christiansen, Northern Crusade, esp. pp. 93–104.

  35. For Livonia after 1300, W. Urban, The Livonian Crusade (Washington, DC 1981). In general, N. Housley, The Later Crusades (Oxford 1992).

  36. Apart from the general surveys, see T. Lindkvist, ‘Crusades and Crusading Ideology in the Political History of Sweden’, Crusade and Conversion, ed. Murray, pp. 119–30; Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’.

  37. PL, 200, cols. 860–61.

  38. Henry of Livonia, Chronicon, p. 43.

  39. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, esp. pp. 109–13, 132–7.

  40. See note 39 and ibid., pp. 177–98.

  41. For refs. to the Revelationes S. Brigittae, Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 276 note 135 and pp. 190–92.

  42. W. Urban, The Prussian Crusade (Lanham 1980); Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 104–9 and pp. 199–226.

  43. Gregory IX, Registres, no. 2,097.

  44. Codex Diplomaticus Prussicus, ed. J. Voigt (Königsberg 1836–61), i, 59–60.

  45. See, apart from the general works cited, M. Burleigh, ‘The Military Orders in the Baltic’, New Cambridge Medieval History, v, ed. D. Abulafia (Cambridge 1999), pp. 743–53.

  46. E. N. Johnson, ‘The German Crusade in the Baltic’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, iii, esp. pp. 572–3.

  47. Epistolae saeculi XIII e regestis pontificum romanorum, ed. G. H. Pertz and C. Rodenberg, MGH, ii (Berlin 1887), no. 5.

  48. Voigt, Codex Diplomaticus Prussicus, i, 59–60.

  49. Alexander IV, Registres, ed. C. Bourel de la Roncière et al. (Paris 1895–1953), no. 3,068.

  50. In general, Urban, Livonian Crusade; Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 138–98; A. Ehlers, ‘The Crusade of the Teutonic Knights Reconsidered’, Crusade and Conversion, ed. Murray, pp. 21–44.

  51. Bruno of Olmütz’s Relatio, ed. C. Hofler, ‘Analecta zur Geschichte Deutschlands und Italiens’, Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 3rd series, 4 (1846), 1–28.

  52. Liv-, Esth-, und Curländisches Urkundenbuch, ed. F. G. Bunge (Revel and Riga 1853–1910), ii, no. 630.

  53. In general, W. Paravicini, Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels (Sigmaringen 1989–).

  54. G. Chaucer, General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, ll. 52–4.

  55. For what follows, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 266–76; M. Keen, ‘Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy, and the Crusade’, English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages, ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne (London 1983).

  56. Calendar of Patent Rolls (Public Record Office, London 1901–), 1367–70, pp. 24, 56, 57, 58, 64, 72, 127, 128.

  57. Calendar of Papal Registers, ed. W. T. Bliss et al. (London 1893–1960), iv, 19.

  58. J. Capgrave, De Illustribus Henricis, ed. F. C. Hingeston, Rolls Series (London 1858), p. 99; cf. Ehlers, ‘Crusade of the Teutonic Knights’.

  59. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 272 and note 55 for ref. to Henry’s accounts.

  60. Calendar of Close Rolls (Public Record Office, London 1902–), 1374–77, p. 11.

  61. For these commercial aspects, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 272–4.

  62. In general, Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 227–58; M. Burleigh, Prussian Society and the German Order 1410–66 (Cambridge 1984).

  63. See the discussion, Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 231–41.

  22: Survival and Decline: the Frankish Holy Land in the Thirteenth Century

  1. In general, Holt, Age of the Crusades, esp. pp. 53–106, 138–53; Irwin, Middle East, esp. pp. 21–84.

  2. E.g. Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, passim. Cf. Mayer, Crusades, esp. pp. 247–59, 272–88.

  3. Edbury, Cyprus.

  4. Eracles, RHC Occ., ii, 313–15, 318, 347–8, 349.

  5. E.g. John of Jaffa’s Livre des Assises (1264×66).

  6. See the work on Acre by D. Jacoby, Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion (Northampton 1989).

  7. J. Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1174–1277 (London 1973), p. 48 and refs.; Mayer, Crusades, pp. 278–9.

  8. D. Jacoby, ‘Montmusard, Suburb of Crusader Acre’, Outremer, ed. Kedar et al., pp. 205–17.

  9. Matthew Paris, ‘Itinéraire de Londres à Jerusalem’, ed. H. Michelant and G. Raynaud, Itinéraires à Jerusalem (Geneva 1882), p. 137.

  10. Eracles, p. 428 mentions the Frankish army at the battle of Gaza included 600 knights, more or less exactly the figure estimated as the kingdom’s levy in the 1180s. For trade, E. Ashtor, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Princeton 1983).

  11. Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, pp. 175–84, 208–9; Edbury, John of Ibelin pp. 67–8.

  12. Willibrand of Olbenburg’s description of the Ibelin palace in Beirut, which he visited in 1212, Peregrinatores medii aevi quatuor, ed. J. C. M. Laurent (Leipzig 1864), pp. 166 et seq.

  13. Marino Sanudo Torsello, Sec
reta Fidelium Crucis, ed. J. Bongars (Hanau 1611), ii, 1–33 (Book I).

  14. Mayer, Crusades, pp. 278–9.

  15. D. Jacoby, ‘L’Expansion occidentale dans le Levant: les Vénitiens à Acre dans la seconde moitié du treizième siècle’, Journal of Medieval History, 3 (1977), 225–64.

  16. Trans. Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 190–98, at p. 194.

  17. Les Gestes des Chiprois, RHC Arm. ii (Paris 1906), bk III, trans. P. Crawford, The Templar of Tyre: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’ (Aldershot 2003), chap. 382.

  18. John of Joinville, The Life of St Louis, trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London 1963), p. 252.

  19. See Crawford, Templar of Tyre, pp. 4–5.

  20. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 93.

  21. Above p. 509.

  22. E.g. above, note 9.

  23. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 488–9.

  24. Gregory X, Registres, ed. J. Guiraud and E. Cadier (Paris 1892–1906), nos. 160–61; cf. no. 220; this advice is discussed by P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade (Amsterdam 1940).

  25. M. Barber, ‘The Crusade of the Shepherds in 1251’, Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, ed. J. F. Sweet (Lawrence 1984); G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the Pastores (1251), Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 66 (1988), 249–67.

  26. For the treaties, see T. Van Cleve, ‘The Crusade of Frederick II’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, ii, 455–6; P. Jackson, ‘The Crusades of 1239–41 and Their Aftermath’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 50 (1987), 32–60.

  27. Eracles, pp. 427–31; cf. pp. 562–6 for the Rothelin Continuation version.

  28. Holt, Age of Crusades, esp. pp. 86–8, 91–2, 102; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 37–102; C. Cahen, ‘The Mongols and the Near East’, History of the Crusades, ii, 715–32.

  29. For references to the arrivals of foreign troops, Eracles, pp. 441–78; C. J. Marshall, ‘The French Regiment in the Latin East 1254–91’, Journal of Medieval History, 15 (1989); on Geoffrey of Sergines, J. Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades?, (3rd edn London 2003), pp. 77–80; for Olivier of Termes, Langlois, Olivier de Termes, pp. 128–34, 137–42, 211–32.

  30. J. R. Strayer, ‘The Crusade of Louis IX’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, ii, 508.

  31. Gregory X, Registres, nos. 802–3; Eracles, p. 462.

  32. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 125 and note 59, p. 405.

  33. In general, Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, 76–104, 171–233, 293–348, 387–423; Mayer, Crusades, esp. pp. 239–59, 272–88; Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, passim; Edbury, John of Ibelin, pp. 1–103; idem, Cyprus, pp. 23–100; Holt, Age of the Crusades, pp. 60–66, 82–104.

  34. Eracles, p. 305.

  35. Charles of Anjou, who in 1277 bought Maria of Antioch’s claim to the throne of Jerusalem, below pp. 731–2, 817–18.

  36. Eracles, p. 220; Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, 93 and note 2.

  37. Edbury, Cyprus, p. 32.

  38. Edbury, Cyprus, pp. 39–73.

  39. Eracles, pp. 306–10.

  40. See above chapter 19.

  41. The main source, if heavily biased against the Hohenstaufen and in favour of the Ibelins, is Philip of Novara, The Wars of Frederick II Against the Ibelins, trans. J. La Monte and M. J. Hubert (New York 1936).

  42. Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, pp. 177–84.

  43. P. Jackson, ‘The End of Hohenstaufen Rule in Syria’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 59 (1986), 20–36; D. Jacoby, ‘The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Collapse of Hohenstaufen Power in the Levant’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 40 (1986), 83–101.

  44. Above note 11. Simon played the leading role in establishing the Commune of England in 1258.

  45. Cf. Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades?, pp. 77–80.

  46. Jacoby, ‘L’Expansion occidentale’.

  47. Edbury, John of Ibelin, esp. pp. 96–7; Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, pp. 215–7.

  48. Edbury, John of Ibelin, esp. p. 96; for examples, see Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 312–16, 323–33.

  49. Ibn Furat’s chronicle trans. M. C. Lyons and J. Riley-Smith, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders, ii, 104–5, 113, 135, 164; Eracles, pp. 462, 479; Runciman, History of the Crusades, pp. 342–3; idem, ‘The Crusader States 1243–91’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, ii, 580, 584, 586; Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, pp. 28, 224; Edbury, Cyprus, pp. 91, 96 and note 84.

  50. On John and his lawbook, Edbury, John of Ibelin, passim, esp. pp. 58–106. The text of John’s book is in RHC Lois, i.

  51. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 203–4, 269–70, 295, 297.

  52. Edbury, John of Ibelin, p. 106. For the redating of ‘Bracton’, De Legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae, ed. and trans. S. E. Thorne (Cambridge, Mass. 1968–77).

  53. H. Buchtal, Miniature Painting in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford 1957); J. Folda, Crusader Manuscript Illumination at Saint-Jean d’Acre 1275–91 (Princeton 1976); idem, ‘Art in the Latin East’, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Riley-Smith, pp. 66–90.

  54. E.g. Kennedy, Crusader Castles; D. Pringle, ‘Architecture in the Latin East’, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Riley-Smith, pp. 160–83.

  55. A. Jotischky, The Perfection Solicitude: Hermits and Monks in the Crusader States (Philadelphia 1995).

  56. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 297.

  57. For a commentary, Edbury, Cyprus, esp. pp. 39–73 and idem, John of Ibelin, pp. 1–103.

  58. Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, pp. 220–28; Edbury, Cyprus, pp. 90–100; Mayer, Crusades, pp. 282–7.

  59. Gestes des Chyprois, Arm. ii, Bk iii, and Crawford, Templar of Tyre, chap. 410; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 343.

  60. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 326–33.

  61. See below, pp. 818–22.

  62. Ludolph of Suchem, Liber de Itinere Terrae Sanctae, ed. F. Deycks (Stuttgart 1851), p. 89.

  23: The Defence of the Holy Land 1221–44

  1. Waverley Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, ii, 295.

  2. Regesto del cardinale Ugolino d’Ostia, ed. G. Levi (Rome 1890).

  3. Baratier, ‘Une prédication de la croisade à Marseille’, pp. 690–99.

  4. Archives de l’Hôtel Dieu de Paris, ed. L. Briele (Paris 1894), no. 203, pp. 87–8.

  5. E.g. the 1237 case of Peter of Erdington’s land in Shropshire, Curia Regis Rolls (London 1922–), xvi, 31 no. 115.

  6. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 323.

  7. N. Vincent, Peter des Roches (Cambridge 1996), p. 234.

  8. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 86 and notes 249–51 for refs.

  9. S. Lloyd, ‘Political Crusades in England c.1215–17 and c.1263–5’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. Edbury, pp. 113–20; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 144–51.

  10. F. M. Powicke, The Thirteenth Century (Oxford 1962), p. 80.

  11. Theobald of Champagne, Seigneurs, sachiez: oui or ne s’en ira l. 18 ‘the ashy people will remain behind’, trans. M. Routledge, An Eyewitness History of the Crusades, ed. C. J. Tyerman, Folio Society (London 2004), iv, 269; Rutebeuf, La desputizions dou croisié et dou descroisié in Onze poèmes concernant la croisade, ed. J. Bastin and E. Faral (Paris 1946), pp. 84–94.

  12. Vincent, Peter des Roches, p. 252 and refs. at note 118.

  13. In general, T. C. Van Cleve, The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (Oxford 1972), pp. 158–233; idem, ‘The Crusade of Frederick II’, 429–62; D. Abulafia, Frederick II (London 1988), pp. 148–201; Mayer, Crusades, pp. 228–38.

  14. Van Cleve, Frederick II, p. 229.

  15. Above p. 491.

  16. The contemporary Ibn Wasil’s account in Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 267–8, 269–70; Maqrizi, Histoire d’Egypte, trans. E. Blocquet, Revue de l’Orient Latin, 9 (1901), 509–10 seems based on this.

  17. MGH Constitutiones et Acta publica Imperatorum et Regum, iv (Hanover 1896), ed. L.
Weiland, IV-ii, 129–31, no. 102.

  18. Richard of San Germano, Chronica, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS, xix (Hanover 1866), 347–9, cf. pp. 343–4; Vincent, Peter des Roches, pp. 238–9 and refs. notes 52 and 53.

  19. Vincent, Peter des Roches, pp. 233–4.

  20. Above, note 13.

  21. Vincent, Peter des Roches, pp. 229–58; K. R. Giles, ‘Two English Bishops in the Holy Land’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 31 (1987), 46–57; Lloyd, English Society, in index under ‘Peter des Roches’, ‘William Brewer’, etc.; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 99–101.

  22. Calendar of Patent Rolls 1225–32, pp. 90–91; Vincent, Peter des Roches, pp. 235–9 for Bishop Peter’s finances.

  23. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 323; Calendar of Liberate Rolls (Public Record Office, London 1916–64), 1226–40, p. 93 for Aubigny.

  24. A. Forey, ‘The Military Order of St Thomas of Acre’, English Historical Review, 92 (1977), 481–503.

  25. Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 63–5; cf. R. S. Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus (Albany 1977).

  26. John of Joinville, Histoire de St Louis, ed. N. M. Wailly (Paris 1868), pp. 69–70.

  27. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 268.

  28. Sibt Ibn al-Jauzi, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 273–4; cf. pp. 272–3 for Ibn Wasil’s account.

  29. Giovanni Codagnelli (a Piacenza notary fl. 1200–30), Annales Placentini, ed. O. Holder-Egger, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum (Hanover 1901), pp. 85–6.

  30. J. L. Huillard-Bréholles, Historia Diplomagtica Friderici Secundi (Paris 1852–61), iii, 23–30; Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 178–9.

  31. According to the hostile Philip of Novara, Wars of Frederick II, p. 73; for preparations, Richard of San Germano, Chronica, pp. 348–9.

  32. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 351–2 and generally, pp. 364–73. For the events of 1227–9, Eracles, pp. 363–75; Philip of Novara, Wars of Frederick II, pp. 73–92 (who emphasizes Frederick’s confrontation with the Ibelins in Cyprus).

  33. For these and other exchanges, Eracles, pp. 369–72; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 267–75.