Making Haste from Babylon

by Nick Bunker

  4. Says and Hondschoote: E. Coornaert, Un centre industriel d’autrefois: La draperie-sayetterie d’Hondschoote (Paris, 1930), pp. 418–21. Also, Herman Van Der Wee, “The Western European Textile Industries, 1500–1750,” in The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, ed. David Jenkins (Cambridge, UK, 2003), vol. 1, pp. 433–34 and 452–56. Refugees and textiles: Eric Kerridge, Textile Manufactures in Early Modern England (Manchester, UK, 1985), pp. 226–29.

  5. N. W. Posthumus, De Geschiedenis van de Leidsche Lakenindustrie (The Hague, 1939), vol. 3, pp. 965 and 1175–80.

  6. Estienne Richer, Le Mercure françois (Paris, 1617–18), vol. 4, pp. 415–18; Jonathan I. Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 436–38; and Jonathan I. Israel, The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606–1661 (Oxford, 1982), pp. 57–60.

  7. Jeremy Dupertuis Bangs, “Pilgrim Homes in Leiden,” NEHGR 154 (Oct. 2000), pp. 412–23.

  8. Kees van der Wiel, Leidse Wevershuisjes: Het Wisselende lot van zeventiende-eeuwse Leidse arbeiderswoningen (Leiden, 2001), pp. 35–38, 124–26, and 144–45; and Groenveld, De Geschiedenis, vol. 2, pp. 21–22 and 31–32.

  9. Richer, Le Mercure françois, vol. 5, pp. 25–26; Yorke, Letters to and from Carleton, p. 184; P. J. Blok, Geschiedenis eener Hollandsche Stad: Die Republiek (The Hague, 1916), pp. 106–8; an annotated print, d’Arminianze Schans tot Leyden (1618), in the British Museum; and Joke Kardux and Eduard van de Bilt, Newcomers in an Old City: The American Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609–1620, 3rd ed. (Leiden, 2007), pp. 37–40.

  10. Yorke, Letters to and from Carleton, p. 163. Oldenbarnevelt, Prince Maurice, and the crisis of 1617–18: Jan Den Tex, Oldenbarnevelt, trans. R. B. Powell (London, 1973), vol. 2, pp. 423–66 and 566–73; and Israel, Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, pp. 433–59 and 461–62.

  11. Yorke, Letters to and from Carleton, p. 435.

  12. Ibid., p. 307.

  13. Peter Lake, Moderate Puritans and the Elizabethan Church (Cambridge, UK, 1982), pp. 68–75.

  14. HMC, Downshire Manuscripts (1940), vol. 4, p. 454.

  15. HMC, Downshire Manuscripts (1988), p. 353; and Isaaci Casauboni Corona Regia (London, 1615), pp. 113–14.

  16. ODNB; and Alan R. Macdonald, “James VI and I, the Church of Scotland, and British Ecclesiastical Convergence,” Historical Journal 48 (2005), pp. 893–99.

  17. Yorke, Letters to and from Carleton, pp. 345, 346–53, 379–80, 385–99, 405–10, 423, and 437. Also: Anthony Milton, ed., The British Delegation and the Synod of Dort (Woodbridge, UK, 2005), pp. 211–12.

  18. Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647, by William Bradford (New York, 1979), pp. 23–27.

  19. Entries in London port books for 1617, E 190/21/2, NAK; and U 269/1Dec 1, CKS.

  20. Simon Hart, The Prehistory of the New Netherland Company: Amsterdam Notarial Records of the First Dutch Voyages to the Hudson (Amsterdam, 1959), pp. 17–38.

  21. J. R. Brodhead and E. B. O’Callaghan, eds., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York (Albany, NY, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 21–24.

  CHAPTER TWELVE: THE BEAVER, THE COSSACK, AND PRINCE CHARLES

  1. Pierre de La Primaudaye, The French Academie (London, 1618), p. 836.

  2. J. C. Jefferson, ed., Middlesex County Records, 1549–1688 (London, 1886–92), vol. 1, p. 191, and vol. 2, pp. xvii–xxii; and Digby entry in ODNB.

  3. Philip Stubbes, The Anatomie of Abuses, 3rd ed. (London, 1585; repr., 1836), pp. 50–51.

  4. Bernard Bailyn, The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, MA, 1979), pp. 23–26; Bernard Allaire, Pelleteries, manchons et chapeaux de castor: Les fourrures nord-américaines à Paris, 1500–1632 (Paris, 1999), esp. pp. 67–83 and 157–74.

  5. Bacon Papers, MS 650, fols. 222 and 286; MS 651, fols. 76, 147, 184, 235, and 281; MS 657, fols. 103 and 188; MS 658, fol. 172; MS 659, fol. 79; MS 661, fol. 236, LPL. Also, regarding beaver hat alterations: May 16, 1622, Lancs RO, Kenyon of Peel Papers, DDKE HMC 51. Anthony Bacon: Daphne du Maurier, Golden Lads: A Study of Anthony Bacon, Francis, and Their Friends (London, 2007), esp. pp. 144–48.

  6. Arnolds: Wills of Samuel Arnold, Aug. 20, 1618, PROB 11/132, PCC, NAK, and Richard Arnold, May 24, 1621, PROB 11/138, PCC, NAK; Minutes of the Court of Assistants of the Haberdashers’ Company, MS 15842, vol. 1, fols. 208 and 214, Guildhall Library; and R. G. Lang, ed., Two Tudor Subsidy Assessment Rolls for the City of London: 1541 and 1582 (London, 1993), pp. 114 and 236. Haberdashers and Puritans: Ian Archer, The History of the Haberdashers’ Company (Chichester, UK, 1991), pp. 74–80, with references to Richard Arnold on p. 237.

  7. Berthold Laufer, “The Early History of Felt,” American Anthropologist, n.s., 32, no. 1 (1930), pp. 1–18.

  8. On the natural history and anatomy of the beaver, see Lewis H. Morgan, The American Beaver and His Works (Philadelphia, 1868), pp. 17–29 and 46–51; and Dietland Müller-Schwarze and Lixing Sun, The Beaver: Natural History of a Wetland Engineer (Ithaca, NY, 2003), esp. pp. 10–21.

  9. Ben Jonson, A Celebration of Charis in Ten Lyric Pieces: Her Triumph, in Ben Jonson: The Complete Poems, ed. George Parfitt (Harmondsworth, UK, 1975), p. 129.

  10. J. F. Crean, “Hats and the Fur Trade,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 28, no. 3 (Aug. 1962), pp. 379–82.

  11. “Chapeau,” in Denis Diderot, Encyclopédie; ou, Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (Paris, 1751–65); Thierry Lefrançois, “L’art du chapelier,” in La Traite de la fourrure: Les Français et la découverte de l’Amérique du Nord (La Rochelle, France, 1992); Allaire, Pelleteries, pp. 125–31 and 188–92; and Michael Sonenscher, The Hatters of Eighteenth-Century France (Berkeley, CA, 1987), pp. 20–25.

  12. Thomas Mun, England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade (first printed in 1664, but probably written in 1626 or 1627), in Early English Tracts on Commerce, ed. J. R. McCulloch (Cambridge, UK, 1954), p. 132. Luxury trades: Chapter 1 of an excellent recent book by Linda Levy Peck, Consuming Splendor: Society and Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge, UK, 2005).

  13. Wardrobe accounts of Prince Charles: E 101/434/9 (1617–18); E 101/434/14 (1618–19); E 101/436/1 (1622–23); E 101/436/9 (1623–24); and E 101/435/20 (extraordinary expenses for the journey to Spain, 1623), NAK.

  14. On fur from Russia, see London Port Book (imports) for 1621, entries for Oct. 20–Nov. 17, esp. the entry for the Encrease on Oct. 31, E 190/24/4, NAK.

  15. Will of Ralph Freeman (1634), PROB/11/165, NAK.

  16. Paul Bushkovitch, The Merchants of Moscow, 1582–1701 (Cambridge, UK, 1980), pp. 44–45.

  17. Tar, ropes, and cordage and their cost and sources of supply (1610–18) in the papers of Sir John Coke, Add. MSS 69895, fols. 109–10, 146–49, 152, and 168–69, BL.

  18. Siberian fur: Raymond H. Fisher, The Russian Fur Trade, 1550–1700 (Berkeley, CA, 1943), esp. pp. 4–29, 49–78, 113, and 153–55. Political background: George Vernadsky, The Tsardom of Moscow, 1547–1682 (New Haven, CT, 1969), pt. I, pp. 276–91.

  19. London port book (exports) for 1617, Sackville Papers, U 269/1OEC1, CKS. Bullion shipments are listed in a special section at the back of the port book.

  20. Collapse of the Muscovy Company: The events are chronicled in the Calendar of Colonial State Papers, East Indies, China, and Japan, 1617–1621, ed. W. N. Sainsbury (London, 1870), esp. pp. 350 and 453–54. Freeman in the 1620s: Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus; or, Purchas His Pilgrimes (Glasgow, 1906), vol. 13, pp. 24–26; and J. Kotilaine and M. Poe, eds., Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Russia (New York, 2004), pp. 191–92.

  21. S. M. Kingsbury, ed., Records of the Virginia Company of London (London, 1906–35), vol. 3, p. 308.

  CHAPTER THIRTEEN: IN THE ARTILLERY GARDEN

  1. Philip E. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1580–1631 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1986), vol. 1, p. 429.

  2. Bill of complaint of
Edward Pickering, 1622, E 112/104/1502, NAK.

  3. Peter Wilson Coldham, “Thomas Weston: Ironmonger of London and America, 1609–1647” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 62, no. 3 (Sept. 1974), pp. 163–72. Coldham made errors in dating the documents, and he overlooked the Sackville Papers, and hence his account of events is imperfect. Even so, his article shines a brilliant light on the unsentimental realities of Jacobean London.

  4. Weston and Welsh cottons: Rowland & Rudge v. Vaughan et al. (1622), E 134/20JasI/Mich30, deposition of Andrew Weston, NAK; and lists of Shrewsbury drapers’ apprentices in Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society 50 (1939–40), p. 26. On the Welsh cotton trade: T. C. Mendenhall, The Shrewsbury Drapers and the Welsh Wool Trade in the XVIth and XVIIth Centuries (Oxford, 1953), esp. pp. 13–17, 34–48, and 56–68.

  5. Donald F. Harris, “The More Children of the Mayflower: Their Shropshire Origins and the Reasons Why They Were Sent Away,” Mayflower Descendant 43, no. 2 (July 1993), pp. 123–32, and 44, no. 1(Jan. 1994), pp. 11–19, and no. 2 (July 1994), pp. 109–18.

  6. See note 4 to chapter 15, below.

  7. L. M. Midgley, ed., A History of the County of Stafford (London, 1959), vol. 5, pp. 155–57 and 160–61.

  8. Staffordshire Parish Registers Society, Rugeley Parish Register, Part 1 (Stafford, UK, 1928); 1616 Metropolitical Visitation: Excommunication book B/V/2/8, LDRO; and W. N. Landor, “Staffordshire Incumbents and Parochial Records (1530–1680),” in Collections for a History of Staffordshire, 1915 (London, 1916), pp. 381 and 392.

  9. Statistics: Richard Grassby, The Business Community of Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge, UK, 1995), pp. 76–81. Will of Ralph Weston: Aug. 12, 1605, LDRO.

  10. Grassby, Business Community, pp. 82–91.

  11. For discussion of credit and bills of exchange, see P. McGrath, ed., The Merchants Avizo (Cambridge, MA, 1957), pp. 48–51; and Robert Ashton, The Crown and the Money Market, 1603–1640 (Oxford, 1960), pp. 1–4.

  12. London port book (exports), eleven entries, Sackville Papers, U269/1/Oec1, CKS.

  13. Astrid Friis, Alderman Cockayne’s Project and the Cloth Trade (Copenhagen, 1927), esp. pp. 306–26; also, Cokayne entry in ODNB.

  14. Interlopers: Friis, Alderman Cockayne’s Project, pp. 108–12. Marshalsea: Chamberlain to Carleton, in The Letters of John Chamberlain, ed. N. E. McClure (Philadelphia, 1939), vol. 2, p. 131. Will of Edward Pickering (1623): PROB 11/142, NAK.

  15. In the 1950s, the American scholar Ruth A. McIntyre conducted some excellent research into the business affairs of the Plymouth Colony, examining the background of many of the investors. Her book Debts Hopeful and Desperate: Financing the Plymouth Colony (Plymouth, MA, 1963) remains a fine source, but much more can now be said.

  16. Will of Thomas Beacham (1614), PROB/11/123, NAK; will of Christopher Beachom (1623), archdeaconry of Northampton wills, 2nd ser., M247, Northants RO; Northants Record Society, A Copy of Papers Relating to Musters, Beacons, Subsidies, etc., in the County of Northampton, A.D. 1586–1623 (Kettering, UK, 1926), pp. 44, 60, 92, 117, 130, 177, and 178; J. J. Howard, ed., Visitation of London, 1633–4 (London, 1880), vol. 1, p. 59; will of John Beauchamp (the Plymouth Colony investor) (1655), PROB/11/245, NAK.

  17. For the business dealings of Beauchamp and Sherley, see London Port Book (exports) for 1617, numerous entries, Sackville Papers, U269/1/Oec 1; London Port Book (imports) for 1621, E 190/24/4, NAK; and London Port Book for 1626, E 190/31/3, NAK.

  18. W. F. Craven, The Dissolution of the Virginia Company (Oxford, 1932), pp. 222–30.

  19. Artillery company: G. A. Raikes, The Ancient Vellum Book of the Honourable Artillery Company (London, 1890); G. Goold-Walker, The Honourable Artillery Company, 1537–1987 (London, 1986), pp. 25–39; Thomas Adams, The Souldiers Honour (London, 1617), “Epistle Dedicatorie.” Bingham and the Dutch connection: Jean Tsushima, “Members of the Stationers’ Company Who Served in the Artillery Company Before the Civil War: Ralph Mabbe and His Network,” in The Stationers’ Company and the Book Trade, 1550–1990, ed. R. Myers and M. Harris (Winchester, UK, 1997), pp. 69–74.

  20. Kenneth Rogers, “Bread Street, Its Ancient Signs and Houses,” London Topographical Record 16 (1932), pp. 52–76.

  21. Merchant Taylors’ Company, “Register of Apprentice Bindings, 1606–1609,” MS 34038/5, p. 101, May 18, 1607, Guildhall Library; wills of John Harrison, Ralph Longworth, Nathaniel Wade, and Edward Pocock, PROB 11/133, 11/135, 11/136, and 11/164, NAK; postmortem inquisition of John Pocock Sr., July 24, 1627, C142/436/34, NAK; Longworth v. Pocock (1629–30), DL4/79/57, NAK; and Memorials of the Guild of Merchant Taylors (London, 1875), pp. 714–21.

  22. Stock: ODNB; Tom Webster, Godly Clergy in Early Stuart England: The Caroline Puritan Movement, c. 1620–1643 (Cambridge, UK, 1997), pp. 80–83; and Stock’s will (proved 1626), PROB/11/149, NAK.

  23. Christopher Hill, “Puritans and ‘the Dark Corners of the Land,’” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 19 (1963), pp. 91–97.

  24. James I to Sir Walter Aston, Jan. 5, 1620, SP 94/23, fols. 279–90, NAK.

  25. Charles P. Kindleberger, “The Economic Crisis of 1619–1623,” Journal of Economic History 51, no. 1(March 1991), pp. 149–75.

  26. Mendenhall, Shrewsbury Drapers, pp. 190–96; and also Barry Supple, Commercial Crisis and Change in England, 1600–1642 (Cambridge, UK, 1964), pp. 54–58; Joan Thirsk and J. P. Cooper, eds. Seventeenth-Century Economic Documents (Oxford, 1972), pp. 1–4; and tables of data on wages, rents, and prices in the appendices to Joan Thirsk, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales (Cambridge, UK, 1967), vol. 4.

  27. Archbishop Abbot’s account book: Midsummer 1620, MS 1730, fol. 114, LPL.

  CHAPTER FOURTEEN: COMFORT AND REFRESHING

  1. Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647, by William Bradford (New York, 1979), p. 72. For this chapter, the principal narrative sources are Bradford’s history and Dwight B. Heath, ed., Mourt’s Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Bedford, MA, 1963).

  2. Benjamin Bangs, diary, Oct. 28, 1747, typewritten transcript, Massachusetts Historical Society; Simeon Deyo, ed., History of Barnstable County, Massachusetts (New York, 1890), p. 791; and Theresa M. Barbo, Cape Cod Bay: A History of Salt and Sea (Charleston, SC, 2008), pp. 90–92.

  3. Thomas Prince, A Chronological History of New England (Boston, 1852), p. 165.

  4. U.S. Bureau of the Census, A Century of Population Growth: From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth (Washington, DC, 1909), p. 191.

  5. Wendell S. Hadlock, “Three Contact Burials from Eastern Massachusetts,” Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 10, no. 3 (April 1949), pp. 63–66.

  6. N. J. G. Pounds, A History of the English Parish (Cambridge, UK, 2000), pp. 417–29; and Nigel Llewellyn, Funeral Monuments in Post-Reformation England (Cambridge, UK, 2000), pp. 6–14 and 146–63.

  7. Heath, Mourt’s Relation, p. 17.

  8. SP 14/130/106, NAK.

  9. Theological Miscellanies of David Pareus, trans. A.R. (London, 1645), p. 735.

  10. S. M. Kingsbury, ed., Records of the Virginia Company of London (Washington, DC, 1906–35), vol. 3, pp. 130–35 and 623.

  11. Town book of Blyth, 1560–94, Clifton Papers, CL M 62, U Nott.

  12. Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, ed. Mary Dewar (Cambridge, UK, 1982), p. 57.

  13. William Hubbard, A General History of New England from the Discovery to 1680 (Boston, 1848), p. 67.

  14. Levett (1628), in J. Phinney Baxter, Christopher Levett of York (Portland, ME, 1893), pp. 102 and 119.

  15. Thomas Hunt: His will of 1619, PROB/11/134, NAK. His voyage to Russia: Sackville Papers, U269/1 Oeci, April 23, 1617, CKS; and Philip E. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1580–1631 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1986), vol. 2, p. 401. The Thomas Hunt who left the will and sailed to Archangel must have been the same as the Hunt who kidnapped Tisquantum, because only one ship’s master o
f that name appears in the port books of the period.

  CHAPTER FIFTEEN: THE MYSTIC AND THE THAMES

  1. N. E. McClure, ed., The Letters of John Chamberlain (Philadelphia, 1939), vol. 2, p. 405.

  2. Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647, by William Bradford (New York, 1979), p. 66; and draft warrant for Weston’s arrest, 1622, Sackville Papers, U269/1 OE 1247, CKS.

  3. R. B. Turton, The Alum Farm (Whitby, UK, 1938), pp. 88–91.

  4. The legal documents relating to Thomas Weston fall into four categories. First, the official records concerning Guest and Weston’s alum smuggling are among Lord Cranfield’s papers at CKS Sackville Papers, files U269/1 OEc180, and OE 682, 779, 1135, and 1247. Second, details of Weston’s business activities can be found in the files relating to the Exchequer lawsuit Rowland and Rudge v. Vaughn et al. (1622), E 112/103/1414 and E 134/20JasI/Mich30, NAK. His legal quarrel with the Separatist haberdasher Edward Pickering gave rise to the third set of documents, in the case of Pickering et al. v. Weston et al. (1622–25). These files can be found at NAK, E 112/104/1502 and 1569; E 124/32/254; E 124/33/74; E 124/34/22–23; E 124/35/268; E 134/22Jas1/Hil8; E 134/22JasI/Mich22 and Mich59; and E178/5451. Finally, Privy Council orders relating to Weston are in Acts of the Privy Council of England, 1621–1623 (London, 1932), pp. 136–37, and Acts of the Privy Council of England Colonial Series, Vol. 1, 1613–1680 (London, 1908), pp. 50–51.

  5. Slany and the Merchant Taylors: Court Minutes of the Merchant Taylors’ Company, 1611–20, MS 34010/5, Guildhall Library; and List of Freemen, MS 34037, Guildhall Library. Humphrey Slany and the Mayflower: J. R. Hutchinson, “The ‘Mayflower,’ Her Identity and Tonnage,” NEHGR, Oct. 1916, p. 341.

  6. Fynes Moryson, “Of the Turkes, French, English, Scottish, and Irish Apparrell,” in An Itinerary… Containing His Ten Yeeres Travell (London, 1617), pt. 3, bk. 4, chap. 2.

  7. Samuel Hartlib, Samuel Hartlib His Legacie (London, 1651), pp. 46, 79, and 88–90.