Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical

by Sciabarra, Chris

  scholarship. See also academia

  on egoism, 215

  hermeneutics and, 3–8

  of Lossky, 40–43

  Marxism and, 36

  Objectivism and, 111, 360–61

  on Rand generally, ix–x, xii, 1–3, 359, 395, 466n. 2

  Schopenhauer, Arthur, 141

  Schumpeter, Joseph, 443n. 69

  Schwartz, Peter, 452n. 53

  Sciabarra, Chris Matthew

  Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical, ix–x, xi, xii, 2–3, 8–10, 18, 363, 366, 378, 381, 385, 391, 393

  “A Challenge to Russian Radical-and Ayn Rand,” xii, 393–400

  Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand, ix

  Marx, Hayek, and Utopia, xi, xii

  “The Rand Transcript,” ix, 363–80, 381, 385–86, 387, 391, 393, 396

  “The Rand Transcript, Revisited,” ix, 381–91, 393

  Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism, xi, xii

  science

  causality and, 123, 124, 132

  concepts and, 123

  consciousness and, 131, 151–52, 213

  dialectics and, 463n. 35

  dualism and, 321

  education and, 320–22, 371

  efficacy and, 213

  epistemology and, 124, 151–52, 213

  ethics and, 321

  humankind and, 164

  identity and, 134

  Objectivism and, 124

  ontology and, 142

  perception and, 151–52

  philosophy and, 116, 120–21, 122–24, 133

  rationalism and, 213

  reason and, 213, 321

  relations and, 123–24, 134

  religion and, 29

  sensation and, 151–52

  statism and, 320–22

  truth and, 116

  volition and, 426n. 24

  Scott, Duncan, 401n. 3, 417n. 17

  “Screen Guide for Americans” (Rand), 88, 106

  Second World War, 316–17

  self-esteem

  consciousness and, 238, 239

  efficacy and, 202

  egoism and, 247

  history and, 239–40

  pseudo-self-esteem, 278, 283–84

  psychology and, 167, 247

  selfishness and, 218–19

  sex and, 237–40

  as value, 228, 233–35

  selfishness, 110–11, 216–21, 232–36, 237–40, 258–59, 264–65

  Semenov, I. I., 74, 378

  sensation, 149–52, 156–57, 224. See also senses

  sense of life

  art and, 181, 191–92, 193, 238

  articulation and, 299–300

  childhood and, 178–80

  consciousness and, 177, 178–81

  contradiction and, 299–300

  culture and, 193, 297–301, 337–38

  emotions and, 178, 179, 180–81

  ethics and, 179–80

  history and, 337–38

  literature and, 193

  Ortega y Gasset and, 418n. 30

  psycho-epistemology and, 432n. 11

  reason and, 178

  tacit dimensions and, 299–300

  volition and, 181, 182

  senses, 132, 141, 144, 149–52, 154. See also sensation

  Serebrennikov, V., 387, 465n. 8

  Sergeev, V. S., 74, 372

  sex, 32, 37, 109, 186–88, 236–40, 286

  Shakespeare, William, 12, 76

  Shestov, Lev, 33, 43, 403n. 20

  Shimkevich, V. M., 364, 386

  Shpet, Gustav G., 34

  Sikorski, Helene Vladimirovna, 65–66, 85, 367–68, 465n. 9

  Silver Age

  of Russian culture generally, 23, 29–33, 96–97

  Russian philosophy in, 29–30, 32–33, 36, 38, 54, 77, 96–97, 246, 352

  skepticism, 146, 148

  slave ethics. See master-slave ethics

  Slavophiles, 25–27, 29, 38

  Smith, George, 151

  Smith, Kay Nolte, 114

  sobornost’

  Chernyshevsky and, 27

  Christianity and, 32

  collectivism and, 251

  communism and, 98

  dialectics and, 37

  ethics and, 217

  The Fountainhead (Rand) and, 103–4

  individualism and, 26, 33

  Lossky and, 26, 45

  Marxism and, 35, 37, 353

  in Russian culture, 23

  in Russian philosophy, 26, 35, 251

  translation of, 406n. 3

  unity and, 26, 37, 352–53, 355

  socialism, 33, 210–11, 261, 267, 352, 373–74

  Socialist Realism, 32, 195

  social metaphysics, 167, 278, 283, 284–86, 292

  social theory. See also society

  action and, 298

  anarchism and, 260–64

  articulation and, 211, 299–300

  capitalism and, 248–49, 260–74, 307–14

  collectivism and, 250–51, 268–69

  conception and, 302–6

  consciousness and, 154, 272, 301–6

  conservatism and, 330–32

  constructivism and, 208, 210–12

  context and, 249–52

  culture and, 209–12, 265–66, 273–74, 278, 297–306, 344–45

  dialectics and, 17, 268–70, 276–77, 359–61, 377, 379

  dualism and, 210, 268–70, 330–32

  education and, 73, 302–6, 364–65, 377, 379

  emotions and, 208–9

  epistemology and, 154, 211, 332

  ethics and, 245–46, 255–56, 256–57, 261, 263–64, 265–66, 267, 344–45

  family and, 330–31

  force and, 277

  fragmentation and, 274

  history and, 17, 209, 211–12, 265–66

  humankind and, 255–60, 297–306

  individualism and, 249–52, 255–60, 264, 268–69

  infallibility and, 211

  liberalism and, 330–32

  Marx and, 8

  mind-body dichotomy and, 331–32

  mysticism and, 332

  Objectivism and, 120, 347–49, 359–61

  omniscience and, 211

  ontology and, 137–38, 331–32

  philosophy and, 344

  power and, 276–79, 301–2, 304

  racism and, 330

  radicalism and, x–xii

  rationalism and, 208–12, 214

  rationality and, 245–46, 297, 299–306, 344–45

  reason and, 208–12, 214, 268

  reification and, 137–38, 250, 267–68

  relations and, 166, 249–52, 276–79, 297–98, 301–2

  religion and, 302, 330

  rights and, 255–60, 264

  Russian culture and, 332

  selfishness and, 264–65

  sense of life and, 297–301

  society and, 297–306, 344–45

  statism and, x–xi, 307–14, 330–32

  synthesis and, 276–77

  systemics and, 17

  tacit dimensions and, 211, 299–300

  unintended consequences and, 208–9

  society. See also social theory

  action and, 298

  articulation and, 299–300

  capitalism and, 267–68

  consciousness and, 355–57

  culture and, 297–306, 343–45

  ethics and, 343–45

  humankind and, 249–52, 297–306, 349–52, 355–58

  individualism and, 355–58

  mysticism and, 352–53, 355

  Objectivism and, 345–58

  organicism and, 297

  philosophy and, 344

  rationality and, 343–45, 348, 355–57

  relations and, 297–98

  revolution in, 345–49, 354

  sense of life and, 297–301

  social theory and, 297–306, 344–45

  statism and, 344–45

  tacit dimensions and, 299–300

  So
lovyov, Vladimir, 24, 27–29, 34, 40, 207, 370, 372–73

  Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 330

  Song of Russia, 89

  Sorokin, Pitirim, 75, 81, 82, 86, 465n. 8

  soul, 101, 104, 218

  Soviet Union, 316–17, 317–18, 364–65

  speech, freedom of, 320. See also censorship

  Spinoza, Baruch, 11, 35, 410n. 27

  spirituality, 108–9, 170, 236–38, 285

  Spooner, Lysander, 260

  Stalin, Joseph V., 36, 195

  Starynkevich, K., 34

  statism

  action and, 344–45

  Atlas Shrugged (Rand) and, 107–8, 320–21

  Austrian school theory and, 309–14, 322

  authoritarianism and, 13

  capitalism and, 260–64, 265, 282, 307–14, 319–20, 323–24, 327–29, 336, 337–38

  collectivism and, 37–38, 310–11

  communism and, 308

  conception and, 323

  contradiction and, 345

  culture and, 344–45

  dialectics and, x–xi, 90

  dualism and, 97–98, 307–14, 321, 330–32

  education and, 320–22, 345

  efficacy and, 203

  ethics and, 321, 323–24, 344–45

  fascism and, 308, 310–11, 318–20

  force and, 260–61, 262–63, 315, 323

  foreign aid and, 318–20

  fragmentation and, 61, 307, 323–29

  freedom and, 317, 344–45

  history and, 310–12, 334, 335, 336, 337–38

  individualism and, 93, 97–98

  language and, 293–96

  libertarianism and, 331–32

  Marxism and, 13, 36, 37–38

  master-slave ethics and, 322–23

  Objectivism and, 2, 347–49

  ontology and, 331–32

  poverty and, 246

  power and, 278, 289, 307–9, 311, 312, 314

  productive work and, 308–9, 319, 322

  racism and, 324, 327–29

  radicalism and, x–xi

  rationality and, 245, 299–300, 323, 344–45

  relations and, 307, 318

  religion and, 90, 93

  rights and, 308, 315, 344–45

  science and, 320–22

  social theory and, x–xi, 307–14, 330–32

  society and, 344–45

  totalitarianism and, 37–38

  unity and, 37–38

  warfare and, 315–18

  welfare and, 314, 315–16, 318, 329, 345

  We the Living (Rand) and, 97–98, 118, 416n. 71

  Stirner, Max, 260

  Stoiunina, Maria Nikolaievna, 65, 66–67, 80, 82, 367

  Stoiunin, Vladimir, 65, 66–67, 367

  Stoiunin Gymnasium, 65–67, 80, 81, 84, 367, 388, 398

  stolen concept, fallacy of. See fallacies, stolen concept

  Strakhov, Nicholas N., 27

  Stubblefield, Robert W., 402n. 5

  style, 432n. 11

  the subconscious, 172–73, 177–82, 189, 191–92, 227, 228–29, 237, 240

  subjectivism

  concepts and, 162–66

  consciousness and, 146, 148, 150–51, 161

  Dionysus and, 31

  emotions and, 205

  empiricism and, 207–8

  epistemology and, 144–49, 150–51, 162–66

  ethics and, 219

  force and, 253

  idealism and, 144–49

  intrinsicism and, 47, 162–66

  Kant and, 51, 52, 146–47, 424n. 62

  Lossky and, 46–47, 50–52

  Marxism and, 36–37

  mysticism and, 146

  objectivism and, 165–66

  ontology and, 142, 162–63, 165–66

  perception and, 150–51

  rationalism and, 205, 207–8

  realism and, 29

  reason and, 164–65

  sensation and, 150–51

  skepticism and, 146

  survivalism, 243

  Symbolists

  Christianity and, 30

  education and, 77

  gender and, 186–87

  history and, 333

  in literature, 30–33, 194–95

  Manichaeism and, 246

  Nietzsche and, 30–33, 219

  religion and, 30, 306

  synoptic delusion, 211

  synthesis. See also integration; transcendence

  dialectics and, 14–16, 38, 90

  dualism and, 22, 38

  Lossky and, 50, 61

  Objectivism and, 9–10, 22, 110–11, 117–19, 148–49

  philosophy and, 63–64, 276

  Russian philosophy and, 26, 27–29, 33–34, 38, 111, 186–87, 276, 360

  social theory and, 276–77

  systemics, x–xi, 9–10, 16–17, 323

  Szamuely, Tibor, 406n. 4

  Szasz, Thomas, 354

  tacit dimensions, 197–201, 211, 238, 240, 291, 299–300

  Takhtarev, K. M., 365, 377

  Tarle, E. V., 75, 375–76, 377, 378, 465n. 8

  Taylor, Joan Kennedy, 431n. 59

  taxation, 263–64, 319, 322, 345, 349, 441n. 28

  technology, 320–22

  terrorism, 318

  Thales, 121

  theater, 417n. 24

  theory, 24–25, 276

  thinking. See consciousness

  Think Twice (Rand), 417n. 24

  Thomas, Paul, 246, 261

  Thorslev, Peter L., 15, 405nn. 42, 44, 46

  thought. See ideas

  Thus Spake Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 414n. 38, 416n. 8, 418n. 40

  Tiumenev, A. I., 74, 371

  Toffler, Alvin, 350

  Tolstaya, Tatyana, 23

  Tolstoy, Leo, 432n. 7, 448n. 72

  Torres, Louis, 418n. 30

  Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism (Sciabarra), xi, xii

  totalitarianism. See also authoritarianism

  authoritarianism and, 12–13, 452n. 53

  communism and, 88–89, 94

  Marxism and, 12–13, 37–38

  Objectivism and, 353–55

  “The Only Path to Tomorrow” (Rand) and, 105–6

  sex and, 37

  statism and, 37–38

  unity and, 29

  Tracinski, Robert, 402n. 5

  trade, 235, 269–70, 315, 377–78

  transcendence, 15–16, 25–26, 32, 50, 119, 148–49, 220–21, 228–29. See also integration; synthesis

  Trebesnul, N. A., 378

  Trotsky, Leon, 82, 350–52

  truth

  epistemology and, 145

  Hegel and, 35, 58

  intuition and, 34

  language and, 291

  Objectivism and, 428n. 55

  philosophy and, 116

  Russian philosophy and, 25, 26, 28–29

  Tuccille, Jerome, 421n. 6

  Tucker, Benjamin, 260

  Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich, 66

  “Types of Worldviews” (Lossky), 370, 396

  The Unconquered (Rand), 417n. 24

  unintended consequences, 208–9, 210–11, 213–14

  United Nations, 451n. 49

  units, 157, 158–59, 162–63, 191

  unity. See also organicism

  collectivism and, 37–38

  epistemology and, 117

  ethics and, 29, 228

  freedom and, 25, 26

  history and, 372–73

  in ideal-realism, 34

  language and, 294–96

  literature and, 197

  Lossky and, 50, 53–54

  love and, 239

  Marxism and, 37–38

  ontology and, 117, 123–24

  religion and, 25, 29

  sex and, 32

  sobornost’ and, 26, 37, 352–53, 355

  statism and, 37–38

  totalitarianism and, 29

  truth and, 28–29, 35

  utopianism, 138, 343–44

  Val’d
gauer, O. F., 371–72

  values

  abstraction and, 99–100

  action and, 222, 224–27

  art and, 191–92

  articulation and, 200

  capitalism and, 273, 307

  circularity and, 225, 226

  context and, 221–22

  definition of, 221–22, 228

  epistemology and, 221–22, 226–27

  ethics and, 215–28, 240–43

  facts and, 215–21, 222

  freedom and, 99–100

  happiness and, 240–43

  life and, 221–27

  ontology and, 221–22, 226–27

  productive work as, 240–41

  purpose and, 228, 230–32

  rationality and, 240–42

  reason as, 228

  relations and, 221–22, 226–27

  religion and, 97

  self-esteem as, 228, 233–35

  society and, 357

  totalitarianism and, 13

  unity and, 228

  virtues and, 226–27, 240–43

  volition and, 224–27

  Veatch, Henry, 240

  Vietnam War, 294–95, 317

  Vilga, Helena Posener, 412n. 11

  Vinogradov, P., 74, 373

  Vinogradsky, Sergei Nikolaevich, 371

  The Virtue of Selfishness (Rand), 110, 111, 235, 264

  virtues, 219, 227–36, 240–43

  visibility, 238–40

  Vladimir of Kiev, 409n. 6

  The Voice of Reason (Rand), 111

  volition. See also autonomy; freedom

  articulation and, 200

  causality and, 137

  as concept, 132

  conception and, 156–57, 161

  consciousness and, 131, 137, 152–54, 165, 182, 201, 252

  dialectics and, 16

  epistemology and, 152–54, 161, 252

  ethics and, 224–27

  focus and, 152–54

  history and, 9–10, 16

  humankind and, 137

  life and, 224–27

  measurement and, 161

  ontology and, 137, 165

  perception and, 154

  philosophy and, 201

  rationality and, 228

  rights and, 258, 259

  science and, 426n. 24

  sense of life and, 181, 182

  senses and, 154

  sex and, 187–88

  values and, 224–27

  Volsky, Stanislav, 32–33

  Vvedenksy, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 40, 78, 81, 365, 366, 369, 459n. 6, 460n. 8

  Wallace, George, 330

  Walsh, George, 7, 139, 139, 140–41, 443n. 52, 448n. 77

  Ward, James, 409n. 12

  warfare, 265, 294–95, 315–18

  We (Zamiatin), 37, 86

  Weber, Max, 435. See also Rand, Ayn, Weberian view of politics

  Weidle, Vladimir Vasilyevich, 414n. 35

  Weinstein, James, 311

  welfare, 259–60, 265, 314, 315–16, 318, 329, 345

  We the Living (film), 417n. 17

  We the Living (Rand)

  altruism and, 96–97

  as autobiographical, 37–38, 390, 393, 414n. 37, 463n. 4, 464n. 7, 468n. 111

  communism in, 37–38, 91, 93–98

  education in, 73

  egalitarianism and, 95–96

  ethics in, 230