More Than a Score
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4. Dean Paton, “The Myth Behind Public School Failure,” Yes!, February 21, 2014, http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/education-uprising/the-myth-behind-public-school-failure.
5. “Infographic: Why Corporations Want Our Public Schools,” Yes!, February 21, 2014, accessed July 28, 2014, http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/education-uprising/why-corporations-want-our-public-schools.
6. Walter F. Roche Jr., “Bush’s Family Profits from ‘No Child’ Act,” Los Angeles Times, October 22, 2006, http://articles.latimes.com/2006/oct/22/nation/na-ignite22.
7. Alfie Kohn, The Case Against Standardized Testing: Raising the Scores, Ruining the Schools (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000), 63.
8. Chicago Teachers Union, “Resolution to Oppose the Common Core State Standards,” May 7, 2014, http://www.ctunet.com/blog/chicago-teachers-union-joins-opposition-to-common-core.
9. Lydia Ann Stern, “More Area Parents Are Taking Children Out of Standardized Tests,” York Daily Record, April 14, 2014, http://www.ydr.com/local/ci_25558877/more-area-parents-are-taking-children-out-standardized; Lisa Guisbond, “Testing Reform Victories: The First Wave,” a report for the National Center for Fair & Open Testing, September 2014, http://www.fairtest.org/sites/default/files/TestingReformVictoriesReport.pdf; PDK/Gallup Poll, “Public’s Attitudes Toward the Public Schools,” October 2014, http://pdkpoll.pdkintl.org/october.
10. Kohn, Case Against Standardized Testing, 14.
11. Lisa Gartner and Cara Fitzpatrick, “Confused by Florida’s Teacher Scoring? So Are Top Teachers,” Tampa Bay Times, March 1, 2014, http://www.tampabay.com/news/education/k12/confused-by-floridas-teacher-performance-scores-so-are-award-winning/2168062.
12. American Statistical Association, “ASA Statement on Using Value-Added Models in Educational Assessment,” April 8, 2014, http://www.scribd.com/doc/217916454/ASA-VAM-Statement-1.
13. “What Parents Should Know,” Common Core State Standards Initiative website, http://www.corestandards.org/what-parents-should-know/.
14. Lyndsey Layton, “How Bill Gates Pulled Off the Swift Common Core Revolution,” June 7, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-bill-gates-pulled-off-the-swift-common-core-revolution/2014/06/07/a830e32e-ec34-11e3-9f5c-9075d5508f0a_story.html.
15. “The Trouble with Common Core,” Rethinking Schools, Summer 2013, http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/27_04/edit274.shtml.
16. Diane E. Levin and Dr. Nancy Carlsson-Paige, “One Size Doesn’t Fit All, ” Boston Globe, April 18, 2010, http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2010/04/18/one_size_doesnt_fit_all/.
17. Bill Gates, “Speech to National Conference of State Legislatures,” Gates Foundation website, July 21, 2009, http://www.gatesfoundation.org/media-center/speeches/2009/07/bill-gates-national-conference-of-state-legislatures-ncsl.
18. Alyssa Figueroa, “8 Things You Should Know about Corporations Like Pearson That Make Huge Profits from Standardized Tests,” Alternet, August 6, 2013, http://www.alternet.org/education/corporations-profit-standardized-tests?page=0%2C0.
19. “Statements of Support,” Common Core State Standards Initiative website, http://www.corestandards.org/other-resources/statements-of-support/.
20. “Key Shifts in Language Arts,” Common Core State Standards Initiative website, http://www.corestandards.org/other-resources/key-shifts-in-english-language-arts/.
21. David Coleman, “Bringing the Common Core to Life,” YouTube, posted by Tim Furman, March 2, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu6lin88YXU.
22. Daniel E. Ferguson, “Martin Luther King Jr. and the Common Core: A Critical Reading of ‘Close Reading,’” Rethinking Schools 28 (Winter 2013/2014), http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/28_02/28_02_ferguson.shtml.
23. Javier C. Hernandez and Robert Gebeloff, “Test Scores Sink as New York Adopts Tougher Benchmarks,” New York Times, August 7, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/nyregion/under-new-standards-students-see-sharp-decline-in-test-scores.html.
24. Ibid.
25. “The Gathering Resistance to Standardized Tests,” editorial, Rethinking Schools 28, no. 3 (Spring 2014).
26. Wayne Au, Unequal by Design: High-Stakes Testing and the Standardization of Inequality (New York, NY: Routledge, 2009), 47–48.
27. Alan Stoskopf, “The Forgotten History of Eugenics,” in Rethinking Multicultural Education: Teaching for Racial and Cultural Justice, ed. Wayne Au (Milwaukee, WI: Rethinking Schools, 2009), 49.
28. Au, Unequal by Design, 38.
29. Stoskopf, “The Forgotten History of Eugenics,” 49.
30. Megan Behrent, “Literacy and Revolution,” in Education and Capitalism: Struggles for Learning and Liberation, ed. Jeff Bale and Sarah Knopp (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012), 227.
31. Glenda Kwek, “Brains and Bracelets: Gates Funds Wrist Sensors for Students,” Sydney Morning Herald, June 14, 2012, http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/brains-and-bracelets-gates-funds-wrist-sensors-for-students-20120614-20bqa.html.
32. Ibid.
33. Michelle Castillo, “Should Computer-Led Instruction Be the Teachers of the Future?,” TIME, January 18, 2011, http://techland.time.com/2011/01/18/should-computer-led-instruction-be-the-teachers-of-the-future/.
34. The “Hare and the Pineapple” standardized reading test question was given to eighth-grade students in New York and sparked outrage for its incomprehensibility. Read more about it at: Valerie Strauss, “‘Talking Pineapple’ Question on Standardized Test Baffles Students,” Answer Sheet Blog, April 20, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/talking-pineapple-question-on-standardized-test-baffles-students/2012/04/20/gIQA8i01VT_blog.html.
35. Richard Shaull, “Foreword,” in Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Paulo Freire (New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, Inc., 2009), 34.
1. Our Destination Is Not on the MAP
1. Sue Peters, “15 Reasons Why the Seattle School District Should Shelve the MAP® Test—ASAP,” Seattle Education blog, March 15, 2011, http://seattleducation2010.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/15-reasons-why-the-seattle-school-district-should-shelve-the-map%C2%AE-test%E2%80%94asap.
3. “Well, How Did I Get Here?”
1. Michael Winerip, “Move to Outsource Teacher Licensure Draws Protest,” New York Times, May 6, 2012.
12. Testing Assumptions
1. Kids Count Data Center, “Children in Poverty (100% Poverty): Rhode Island,” 2012, http://datacenter.kidscount.org.
14. Walk Out!
1. This Senate bill, as interpreted by the Oregon Department of Education, would require teachers to be evaluated based on test scores, while it is widely known that test scores really only correlate to students’ socioeconomic status, not a teacher’s ability to teach.
2. These demographics included: All students, economically disadvantaged students, students with disabilities, limited English proficient students, American Indian/Alaska Native students, Asian students, Pacific Islander students, Hispanic students, Black/African American students, White students, and Multi-racial/Multi-ethnic students.
3. Linda Shaw, “Garfield Teachers Refuse to Give District-Required Test,” Seattle Times, January 10, 2013, http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2013/01/garfieldteachersrefusetogivedistrictrequiredtest/.
17. Student Revolution
1. Marion Brady, “Standardized Snake Oil,” Washington Post, December 15, 2010.
2. Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman, “The Creativity Crisis,” Newsweek, July 10, 2010.
3. Cevin Soling, Conference on Alternatives to Education, Harvard Graduate School of Education, April 27, 2013.
4. Nikhil Goyal, “Why I Opted Out of APPR,” StudentNation blog, May 21, 2013, http://www.thenation.com/blog/174468/why-i-opted-out-appr.
5. Jenny Anderson, “Curious Grade for Teachers: Nearly All Pass,” New York Times, March 30, 2013.
6. Adam Bryant, “In Head-Hunting, Big Data May Not Be Such a Big Deal,” New York Times, June 19, 2013.
20. Forget Teaching to the Test
1. Rachel Monahan, “Kindergarten Gets Tough as Kids Are Forced to Bubble In Multiple Choice Tests,” Daily News, October 11, 2013.
2. Rachel Monahan, “Forget Teaching to the Test—at This Washington Heights Elementary School, Parents Canceled It!,” Daily News, October 22, 2013.
3. Andrea Fonseca, “Should First Graders Take a Test? Teachers Say No,” Labor Notes, November 26, 2013; Owen Davis, “Turn On, Tune In, Opt Out,” Nation.com, StudentNation, November 5, 2013, www.thenation.com/blogs/studentnation?page=0%2C9; Don Lash, “Our Kids Aren’t Taking Your Test,” SocialistWorker.org, November 11, 2013, http://socialistworker.org/print/2013/11/11/our-kids-arent-taking-your-test.